With regard to agribusiness, one of the areas that are constantly developing is the segment of trees grown for industrial purposes, especially Eucalyptus and Pine.

Climate-Smart Agriculture is a production system which or largely excludes the use of synthetically compounded fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. To the maximum extent feasible, Climate Smart Agriculture systems rely on crop rotations, crop residues, and good agriculture practices.

Experiments to determine occurrence of pathogens on grains of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) and maize (Zea mays) infested by Callosobruchus maculatus (F) and Sitophilus zeamais (Mots) was conducted at the Department of Crop, Soil and Pest Management, Federal University of Technology Akure (FUTA). The cowpea varieties (Oloyin, Sokoto white, and Drum) and the maize varieties (SWAN 1 SR, White and yellow maize) were used for the experiment. Two hundred grams of cowpea and maize grains were infested with 0-48 hrs old adults of Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus zeamais respectively. After 14 days of oviposition, the insects were sieved out and the setup left on the laboratory bench for the emergence of fresh adults. After the emergence of the first generation of insects, ten infested grains were selected and plated to isolate the associated pathogens. Similarly, ten grains were selected after the emergence of the 2nd generation of insects for the isolation of associated pathogens.

The sub-micro watershed in 42 acres of land owned by Govinda Pai Memorial Govt. College, Manjeshwar Block, Kasaragod District in lateritic Peninsular India has been selected for the demonstrative project on artificial recharge of ground water. In the study area, ground water occurs under water table conditions in laterites and the weathered zone and semi-confined conditions in the fractured crystalline aquifers. The water level in the area ranges between 6 to 25 meters below ground level (mg) depending on the geomorphic settings and the prevailing hydrogeological conditions. The study area is underlain thick laterite at the top followed by Archean crystalline rocks and thickness of laterite ranges from 5 to12 m.

When I read the report "Advance of Eucalyptus worries", published in the newspaper Gazeta do Povo on 01/04/2009, I was really concerned, not with all the legends attributed to the species, but rather with the lack of preparation of some rulers and their advisors, as well as some technicians from other areas who put their ideas irresponsibly and without technical knowledge to do so, causing unnecessary terrorism among many readers who do not have a duty to know the subject, but rather curiosity to seek greater Information.

Cotton leaf curl disease is a devastating disease in the sub-continent. There are huge seed cotton yield and economic losses due to it. There is dire need to establish such a breeding program that contains a morpho-fiber strong base of the genotypes. The present study is designed to evaluate the morphological and fiber quality traits of cotton. The significant variation is seen in all the studied traits. The CLCuD retards plant growth. However, some genotypes later recover. The genotypes CRIS-134, CRIS-543, CRIS-129, and CRIS-134 needs to be exploited and used in the breeding programs to develop better genotypes under ClCuD infinity with a strong performance.

Karnali region i.e. province no 6 of federal Nepal is a treasure house of a wide range of biological resources, cultural heritage, and diverse natural landscapes. Diversity and uniqueness have made the region one of the most important tourist destinations and biodiversity hotspots in Nepal. The region has protected areas with global significance also. The people of Karnali region are on the way to improve their quality of life by conservation and utilization of available natural and cultural resources through their active involvement in development planning and implementation. However, the region’s existing socio-economic scenario and environmental situation demand an integrated development initiation that integrates environment, economic, social and cultural spectrum of the area for better understanding the dynamics of these four pillars of sustainable development with pragmatic solutions.

Nepal is an agriculture-based country and livestock is an integral part of the Nepalese economy, contributing about 26 percent to the agricultural domestic products (AGDP). Livestock provides meat, milk, eggs for human nutrition; wool and hides for the industry and manure for crop production. Nepal has a large livestock population consisting of cattle 7 million, buffaloes 5 million, goats 10 million, sheep 1 million, pigs 1 million and fowl 48 million. The buffalo population ranks 4th among buffalo rearing countries but their production is very low as compared with those in neighboring countries such as India and Pakistan. The overall low production of livestock is mainly due to the low supply of quality animal feeds and inefficient use of available feed resources. In order to rationally use the available feeds, their assessments and use were studied in three ecological belts and five development regions in Nepal. This study is based on review of various journals, conference proceedings, project reports, statistical data from the statistics department, expert opinion and analysis by the team members.

The report is about developing an environmentally sustainable system to manage solid waste from the 2- and 3-phase olive oil mill extraction processes. The olive industry has been expanding at a rate of about 12% per annum over recent years. This significant increase in fruit production will result in vast quantities of solid and liquid wastes generated to the detriment of the environment. The industry is therefore faced with the challenge to manage these wastes in order to achieve sustainable production in a clean environment. The research work reported here is important because it provides the industry with a tool to recycle processed oil mill waste to improve the health of the crop and the status of the soil.

Trichiasis vittata (Cuvier 1831), freshwater croaking gourami (Osphronemidae), typically regarded as a negative biological indicator, has been recorded from four different freshwater habitats in Bangladesh during the study period from December 2017 to August 2018. Taxonomic identification was confirmed from the external appearance, morphometric measurements and meristic counts of the species. The body was laterally elongated with clearly visible stripes and black blotch above the pectoral fin base. Aver-age total length, standard length, pre-dorsal length, pelvic fin base length, dorsal fin base length, anal-fin base length, and pectoral-fin base length were 5.3 cm, 3.64 cm, 2.36 cm, 2.17 cm, 1.95 cm, 1.5 cm, and 1.0 cm. The number of rays in the dorsal fin, anal fin, pectoral fin, pelvic fin, and caudal fin were 7-10, 31-34, 9-11, 5-8 and 14-17. The occurrence of T. vittata in these rivers indicates their rapid spreading across the country within a very short period of time. Intensive research programs along with counter surveys are suggested to cross-check their spreading pattern, ecological sensitivity, and impacts on native fish biodiversity.

The April 25, 2015 earthquake (with 7.6 Richter scale) and its subsequent aftershocks have had both direct and indirect impacts on people’s agriculture and livelihoods. Machine users after earthquake were increased in this territory. Machinery reduce the working load and human drudgery. Farmers are facing the increased price of cost of inputs like organic fertilizers, seeds along with labor charge for weeding, sowing, and harvesting because of poor adoption of mechanization. Farm mechanization refers to the application of engineering and technology in farm to perform farm works in a better and precise way and increase the productivity of the farm and reduce the cost of production. Hence the drastic need to improve living standard of farmers through the adoption and adaptation of improved agricultural technologies. The maize zone, Sindhupalchok areas under the PMAMP program was selected for this study. The total 120 households of the three municipalities were select by using a purposive and simple random sampling technique. The secondary data were collected from reports from the DADO office, SQCC, MoAD, and CBS. The primary data were collected from a household surveys from pre-tested semi-structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). The collected data analyzed by using Microsoft Excel, SPSS software and Stata.

The role of cattle rearing in poverty alleviation and socio-economic development of poor and marginal farmers has been recognized by various government agencies and scholars. Next to crop production, dairy/animal farming becomes the secondary source of income for a majority of the farming community, especially small and marginal farmers as well as landless laborers. The cattle play a significant role in the life and economy of the people in India where 70% of the total population is dependent on agriculture. The present study has been carried out to find out the historical development of cattle farming in India, its geographical distribution and the impact of programs and policies on cattle rearing in the country. The results of the study highlight that cattle rearing has been important during the pre-Vedic period, it was a major source of meat in the Vedic period, in the ancient period it became one of major factor agricultural development while in the medieval period it became an integral part of agriculture.

This unique symptom has observed at the Agronomy Farm of Jaipur National University, Jaipur (Rajasthan) in the month of September 2019 and is considered as the first report from India.

In the last five years, there has been a spurt in reports pertaining to air pollution, heat island and global warming and their impacts on human health and environmental disasters from several international agencies. All three have natural components and human-induced components. In urban areas, several factors contribute to changes in temperature that includes both the natural and human-induced factors. Air Pollution is the major contributor in this direction. The other important contributor is the urban heat island formation associated with the prevailing weather conditions at local and regional levels. The higher rise in temperature has been re-corded in clear winter months with higher Pollutability condition of the atmosphere. They are all local variations. They are not part of the so-called global warming. Global warming is not an urban issue. Health is the major casualty in urban areas with Air Pollution and Urban Heat Islands formation. However, they are localized and not regionalized/globalized. Air pollution does not contribute to global warming as it is not cumulative like carbon dioxide over the years/decades, etc.

Silica performs as a super growth supplement advised for use throughout the lifecycle of the plant. Silica creates a strong cell wall which leads to stronger and bigger branches and stem. This uptakes and transports more water, nutrients and plant secretions throughout the plant body, facilitating faster growth rate and stronger plant. This also helps the plant bear the load of the fruits at a later stage. Silica enables enhanced metabolic function, showing a higher concentration of chlorophyll in leafy tissues. It also enables better use of CO2 and higher rate of photosynthesis. Silica accelerates the synthesis of protein and starch, increasing Brix level in plants. Silica activates at least 60 different enzymes involved in plant growth. In the present investigation, Silica nanocomposites were prepared by the use of silica solubilizing bacteria in silica derived potassium silicate. The results were found to be very significant as silica nano-composites increase the plant height of brinjal, number of leaves, number of new shoots and number of flowers in comparison to control. The silica nanocomposites also showed reduction of the widespread of insects and pests in brinjal crop. After 7 days of spray, there was a remarkable glow in the plant and vibrant vegetative growth. This leads to higher yield, better quality, weight, color, taste and longer shelf life.

Copper (Cu) is known to have antibacterial and antifungal properties; also it is non-toxic to mammals. These properties thus make Copper nanoparticles (Cu-NP) synthesis an attractive area. A number of methods for producing Cu-NPs have been developed using both physical and chemical approaches, which involves elevated temperatures, inert atmospheres, a large amount of surfactants and organic solvents. However, the major limitations in the synthesis of CuNPs are their ease of oxidation to CuO or Cu2O during preparation and storage.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) belongs to the Solanaceae family is one of the most important vegetables from nutritive as well as consumption point of view. Tomato is one of the most popular and widely grown vegetable crops in the world. Applying fertilizers through fertigation can reduce fertilizer wasting and increased plant uptake nutrients. A greenhouse and open field experiments were conducted to know the influenced of different sources of fertilizers (NPK: Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium) and levels of fertigation on yield and quality of tomato.

The pulse beetle, Callosobruchus Chinensis (L.) is one of the major pests of pulses in storage. In the present study, an attempt was made to screen and compare the efficacy of four botanicals viz., sesame oil, groundnut oil, garlic powder and mahogany powder on gram seed, Cicer arietinum (L.) as a protectant against pulse beetle. The efficacy was evaluated by considering oviposition, adult emergence, seed infestation and weight loss caused by the insect. All the tested botanicals were found effective significantly to check the oviposition, adult emergence, seed infestation and weight loss as compared to control. However, sesame oil provided the best protection of gram seed against the pulse beetle followed by mahogany powder. The results suggest considering oviposition performance, developmental performance, seed damage, and weight loss, sesame oil (2.00%) could be recommended as remedies against pulse beetle infestation.

The increasing of using chemical fertilizer causing increase nitrate concentration in irrigation water, this study came to reduce nitrate level in irrigation water to get safe agricultural products. The growth performance of duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza) and its removal of nitrate in reclaimed water taken from king TALA dam in Jordan with the deferent process were studied. The experiments were conducted in an environmentally controlled growth chamber in Jordan valley authority laboratories.

The use of the chemicals in controlling poultry diseases and their mode of action is a major concern since most communal farmers are using these without knowing suitable concentration. Ethno chemicals provide relatively cheaper and readily available alternative drugs. In this study, the effects of Aloe barbadensis (Aloe-vera) on growth and palatability of Black Austrolop and Koekoek chickens were investigated. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The experiment had two fac-tors, the two chicken strains and four levels of Aloe vera concentrations (0%, 2%, 6%, and 10%) as a ratio of Aloe-vera extract powder to 100ml distilled water. Treatment units were twenty-four having six birds in each treatment unit hence a total of one hundred and forty-four birds. The growth rate in terms of weight was determined after two weeks of drinking water containing Aloe-vera extract powder. The birds were housed in a deep litter system.

The genus Passiflora is one of the species of greatest economic interest in all Brazilian regions. The main obstacle to the best development of fruit growing is the availability of selected seedlings. The objective of the present work is to develop alternatives to improve seedling production, reducing production costs, characterizing the effect of organic and commercial substrates, associated with the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum, on the growth of passionflower seedlings in the region of Imperatriz-MA. The work was developed at the Center of Technological Diffusion (CDT), area of the INFRAERO of Imperatriz-MA. The experimental design was the fully updated with five treatments and six replicates, being distributed as: T1: Bio plant 100%; T2: Black soil, rice straw and chicken manure in the proportion of 2: 2: 1; T3: Black soil, rice straw and bovine manure in a ratio of 1: 1: 1; T4: 100% black earth; T5: 100% black earth and 5 g of mycorrhizal fungi. The analyzed variables were: number of leaves, shoot growth, stem diameter, fresh and dry mass of root and shoot. The treatment corresponding to the soil + mycorrhiza (Glomus tunicate), was similar to the treatment with the commercial substrate (Bio plant). Bio plant and soil + mycorrhizal substrates obtained better results regarding stem diameter, root growth, fresh biomass, and dry biomass compared to the other substrates. Treatment with bovine manure substrate presented lower vegetative growth.

The productivity of maize (Zea mays L.) is highly influenced by the combination of different sources of organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers. A field experiment was conducted to study the most suitable combination of different organic and inorganic sources of fertilizers to produce high grain yield of maize in Chitwan. The treatments consist of eight different combinations of organic and inorganic fertilizer sources i.e., T1 = to supply 120 kg N ha-1 as Urea, T2 = to supply 60 kg N ha-1 as Urea + 60 kg N ha-1 as Farm Yard Manure (FYM), T3 = to supply 60 kg N ha-1 as Urea + 60 kg N ha-1 as poultry manure (PM), T4 = to supply 60 kg N ha-1 as FYM + 60 kg N ha-1as PM, T5 = to supply 30 kg N ha-1 as Urea + 60 kg N ha-1 as FYM + 30 kg N ha-1 as PM, T6 = to supply 60 kg N ha-1 as Urea + 30 kg N ha-1 as FYM + 30 kg N ha-1 as PM, T7 = to supply 30 kg N ha-1 as Urea + 30 kg N ha-1 as FYM + 60 kg N ha-1 as PM and T8 = control (no fertilizer) are arranged in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications. The research result showed that the highest grain yield (3.87 t ha-1) was obtained with 50% N as Urea + 50% N as PM and the least (1.64 t ha-1) was found at control treatment. The higher grain yield in this treatment was associated with a maximum number of grain line (12.62), a number of grains per cob (316.0) and a thousand-grain weight (299.9 g). Therefore, based on the research treatments, the application of 120 kg nitrogen through the com-binations of 50% N as Urea + 50% N as PM can be recommended to the farmers of Chitwan after confirming the results for few years.

Pheromones are chemical substance which are used to attract the insects of same species which are released by insect. These pheromones are artificially made by using specific chemicals which have the same fragrance or odor like natural chemical to attract insect to collect in traps or cages. Odor dispersion depends upon the intensity of the source, air temperature and wind speed, dispersion route, and absorption by insects distance. Hanging traps distance and ground traps distance also impact on the dispersion of odor.

The most efficient technique for the massive multiplication of orchids is micropropagation in vitro. Once plants are extracted from their containers they encounter abrupt changes in their environmental conditions, resulting in low survival rates. To avoid high levels of plant mortality an adaptation period called hardening is required. Conventional approaches for the hardening process apply ex-pensive chemical substances such as pesticides and fertilizers that generate toxic residues. Alternative methodologies have explored the use of microorganisms to assist the adaptation phase, this is called bio-hardening. However, there are no reported scientific studies on the use of macro fungi in bio-hardening to the knowledge of the authors.

The aim of this paper is to establish a broad overview of the impact which urban areas have on biodiversity and to determine the major impacts that biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation have and will have on the built environment. Common built environment responses to these impacts will also be studied. Regenerative design that uses the ecosystem services analysis method is proposed as a way of responding to biodiversity loss while simultaneously addressing climate change and adaptation in a built environment. This is studied for potential benefits and disadvantages.

Worldwide concerns are raised over the consequences of climate change in the present as well as future era. Several repercussions related to this global problem are reported with varying through-out the world and it is estimated that these catastrophic effects will further intensify in forthcoming days. No sphere of the earth has been remaining untouched due to this problem and associated challenges are found aggravated in densely populated countries like India.

Kolkata local variety of marigold (Tagetes erecta) was evaluated at Gadawa-4 Gangaparaspur, Dang district of Nepal from (July-November) to estimate the effect of pinching and different dozes of nitrogen (0kg/ha, 50kg/ha, 100kg/ha, 150kg/ha.) on various parameters of marigold. Among pinching and non-pinching, maximum plant height (89.7cm) was observed in no- pinching, maximum number of primary branches (17.1 cm) and least days to 50 percent flowering (61.58 days) with pinching, the significant diameter of flower (4.29), fresh weight of flower (4.32) was observed with no- pinching and the best number of flower (60.66), best yield per plant (237.49gm) and best yield per hectare (9.89tones) was observed with pinching practices. The best plant height (92.2cm) was observed at 150kg/ha of nitrogen dose. Remaining all other parameters showed a non-significant relationship with different doses of nitrogen except yield per plant and yield per hectare. The significant yield per plant (238.12 gm) and significant yield per hectare (9.91 tones) were observed at a nitrogen dose of 50kg/ha. Interaction among pinching and different doses of nitrogen showed a non-significant relationship for all parameters.

Assessment of species density, relative density and population density of girdled horn shell Cerithidea cingulate (Gmelin, 1791) were analyzed by quadrat-transect method in the mudflat and mangrove swamp of Kyaikkhami coastal area (Lat. 16° 04' N, Long. 97° 33' E), Thanbyuzayat Township, Mon State from January-December 2018. A total of 24335 individuals of species composition, shell density of 405.59 shells/m2, the total relative density of 100% and population density of 30.44 individuals/m2 were recorded in the study period. A monthly systematic analysis was recorded in the range of 2853-1344 individuals in shell composition, 47.55-22.40 shells/m2 in density, 11.72-5.52% in relative density and 0.24-0.11 individuals/m2 in population density, respectively. High species densities were recorded in the early monsoon month of June and low species densities were found at late pre-monsoon month of May. This paper represents part of ongoing efforts to revise and document the ecology of malacofauna in Myanmar.

Low-input farming systems management has a challenging task to reduce non-renewable resource use and environmental degradation while maintaining productivity and profitability. In a stationary field trial 20 Tr. aestivum L. varieties developed at DAI were grown in continuous mono-crop against backgrounds of natural soil fertility (Control variant) and organic fertilization (ExcelOrga). The sowing material was treated (SMT - seed material treatment) with a humine preparation Plantagra (ROMB Ltd – Sofia).Main soil organic fertilization with ExcellOrga increase macro elements concentration in wheat grain. This effect was more ex-pressed on phosphorus content witch values were more with 15.89% than in the control variant. Such favorable soil nutrition regime leads to grain yield increasing with 24.88% according to the control variant. At the same time, organic fertilization caused grow up of crude protein yield with 27.56% according to the control.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) in heavy metal (Pb and Cd) from water under different pH from (8.0-8.50)The present study investigates the ability of two genera of duckweed (Spirodela polyrhiza) to phytoremediation cadmium and lead from aqueous solution. Duckweed was exposed to 3 different cadmium and lead concentrations, such as 1.0, 2.5, 5.0 mg/L and the experiment was continued for 10 days. Water samples were collected periodically for estimation of residual cadmium and lead con-tent in aqueous solution. At the end of treatment period plant samples were collected and accumulated cadmium and lead content were measured. Cadmium and lead toxicity were observed through relative growth factor and changes in chlorophyll content Experimental results showed that Spirodela polyrhiza were capable of removing 40-53% and 42-52% cadmium and lead respectively from media depend-ing upon initial cadmium and lead concentrations. Cadmium and lead accumulation in duckweeds (Spirodela polyrhiza) tissues after 10 days of experiment founded 6.7-16.9 mg/L and 7.2 - 17.3 mg/L respectively.

Currently, the management of waste and the quality of water are the two important tasks of human life. However, this work is based on the use of biomass residues including dead leaves of oak trees and sea plants (Posidonia Oceanica L.) for the adsorptive elimination of hazardous dye such as crystal violet (CV) and methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solution. To meet the approaches of green chemistry and a sustainable environment. The biomass adsorbents were applied without previous chemical or physical treatment. Also, the natural value of pH (pH 7) has been used during the whole process. The important factors which directly effect on dye removal were investigated in batch process. The optimum values of parameters were established as contact time of 60 min, 50 mg/l as the initial dye concentration, and 0.1 g as the adsorbent mass, while the value of temperature was fixed at 25oC. The characterization study of biomass was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) techniques. The maxi-mum adsorption capacity for CV and MB onto oak L. was found to be 31.65 and 33.5mg/g, and as 22.93 and 27.78 mg/g for CV and MB, respectively onto Posidonia oceanica.

The antagonistic impact of pesticides on humans just as on other fauna has been surveyed and reported from various parts of the world. The exponentially growing human populace and its food requirements have prompted farmers to favor high yielding monocrops. The financial loss caused by pests has been compensated by the use of chemical pesticides by farmers; however, this causes a long-lasting adverse impact on various life forms and natural environment. Kashmir is an ecologically sensitive and biologically diverse place with its colossal floral and faunal diversity will have comparatively or much severe impact by the utilization of chemical pesticides. Most of the cultivated land in Kashmir is being utilized for different types of horticultural and agricultural practices that provide a livelihood for the growing population. The impact of widespread usage of chemical pesticides has made enormous effects on human health and has turned into a serious issue across the globe. The present study aims to make an assessment of the impact of chemical pesticides on human health in the Kashmir valley. These results will be utilized for creating awareness among farmers and the general public and to recommend the usage of biological control and biopesticides for safeguarding human life as well as conservation of biodiversity.

In Algeria, water supply through rainfall is limited. To this end, understanding crop water needs are essential to improve irrigation practices, planning, and efficient water use. In this perspective, the study carried out highlights the evaluation of these parameters by calculating the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) over a period of 22 years (1997-2018), for two distinct periods, one wet and the other dry. The various calculation steps were carried out, using the AquaCrop model, taking into account the evolution of the potato crop growth cycle in the Oued Souf region. The results showed that the average rainfall over the climate series is 69.74 mm, fluctuating between a minimum of 21 mm (dry period) and a maximum of 230.6 mm (wet period). This evolution characterizes average reference evapotranspiration, which reaches nearly 1528.8mm, varying between 1755.8mm and 1309.0mm. The results show a close relationship with irrigation water requirement (IWR) for potato cultivation in wet (690.0mm) and dry (735.2mm) conditions. Indeed, the more severe the climatic conditions, the more crop water requirement (CWR) increases (709.0 mm to 720.0mm). These results show that the Aquacrop model can be used as a decision-making tool, allowing managers and users in the field to evaluate and optimize the use of irrigation water.

Evaluating the performance of irrigation systems makes it possible to improve agricultural water management and consequently increase water productivity. In this perspective, the present study consists in highlighting the degree of technical performance of irrigation systems at the farm and plot scale, in relation to the level of control of irrigation by farmers and to try to improve irrigation management. The experimental trial of irrigation monitoring and evaluation was conducted in the irrigated perimeter of the West Mitidja (slice I) on two farms (EAC 1 and 4) equipped with the three irrigation systems (gravity, sprinkler, and drip). The approach adopted consists of measuring the flow rate at the water point outlet and at the head of the plot; evaluating the water stocks in the soil before and after each irrigation and calculating the uniformity coefficient and water distribution. The results obtained show poor water distribution for the three irrigation systems due to lack of irrigation equipment (pressure gauge, flow meter, valves) and faulty installation and maintenance of the equipment. Uniformity coefficients for both systems (sprinkler and drip) are below standards 70% < CU < 90%. These results demonstrate the need to train farmers in the mastery of pressure irrigation in order to make the best use of water resources.

The relationship between farm size and productivity is a recurrent topic in development economics, almost as old as the discipline itself. This paper emphasizes the importance of determiningthe relationship between productivity and harvesting area in Ecuador, period 1960-2016, autoregressive models and vector error correction will be implemented, which will reveal whether the variables have a short or long term relationship. The main results allow us to determine that the production of bananas and cocoa beans fulfill a long and short term relationship; whereas, green coffee and palm oil only fulfill a short-term relationship; at the same time, it is verified that the inverse relationship between farm size and productivity is also fulfilled in this study, since the greater the harvesting area of these products is, it generates lower agricultural productivity.

An experiment was carried out at the laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur from 1st to 17th December 2017. The main objective of this research was to increase the vase life of two cut rose cultivars using different preservative solutions. The two-factor experiment was laid out in the completely randomized design with three replications. There were two cultivars: Lincoln (V1) and Tajmahal (V2), and these flowers were kept in six preservative solutions viz., T1= water (control), T2= 2% sucrose + 50 ppm AgNO3, T3= 2% sucrose + 100 ppm AgNO3, T4= 2% sucrose + 150 ppm AgNO3, T5= 2% sucrose + 150 ppm 8-HQS, and T6= 2% sucrose + 200 ppm 8-HQS. Flowers were monitored for 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15 and 17 DAS of storage. Parameters studied in the experiment were: flower head diameter (cm), petal wilting (1-7 scale), petal discoloration (1-8 scale), petal blackening (1-8 scale), bent neck (1-8 scale), flower opening (1-4 scale), total soluble solids (TSS),% dry weight (g), solution uptake (g/flower), transpiration loss (g), water balance (g) and vase life (days). Lincoln performed better than Tajmahal. Among the preservatives, T2 (2% sucrose + 50 ppm AgNO3) gave the best results in respect of all parameters whereas T1 gave the lowest results in different DAS. The combinations of cultivars and preservatives demonstrated a significant variation (1%) in vase life and most of the others (1% or 5%). The highest vase life (16.67 days) of Lincoln and Tajmahal were recorded when those were kept in T2 and T3, respectively whereas it was only 6.67 days in control. The highest solution uptake rate was recorded in V1T2 (14.50 g). At the end of the storage, the highest water balance rate was with V1T2 (0.33 g). The lowest number of petal discoloration was noted in V1T2 (5.17) than other treatment combinations. Again, at the end of storage, the minimum bent neck was observed in the combination V1T2 (3.50) than the others. In terms of transpiration loss,% dry weight, total soluble solids, the best results were in V1T2 than the rest combinations. At the end of storage, the maximum flower head diameter was observed in V2T3. Different quality parameters like petal wilting and petal blackening were also significantly minimum in Lincoln preserved in T2 than the other preservatives. Overall, 2% sucrose with 50 ppm AgNO3 solution extended the vase life and improved the quality parameters in rose cv. Lincoln than other preservatives.

A study was conducted at the Laboratory, Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur during April to June 2018 with the green chilli fruits of the variety Bogra Local for developing a technique to preserve green chilli as powder and paste, to assess the quality of those powder and paste during storage, and also to find suitable techniques for maintaining their storage quality. The six treatments compared in the Completely Randomized Design with four replication, those were: T1- green chilli with pedicel, cut longitudinally, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, rinsed, sundried and made into powder; T2- green chilli with pedicel, cut longitudinally, sliced, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, rinsed, sundried and made into powder; T3- green chilli without pedicel, cut longitudinally, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, rinsed, sundried and made into powder; T4- green chilli without pedicel, cut longitudinally, sliced, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, rinsed, sun-dried and made into powder; T5- green chilli with pedicel, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, slight water was added and made into paste, and T6- green chilli without pedicel, treated with 0.01% KMS solution, slight water was added and made into paste. The noted traits were the ratio of the green chilli fruits to the powder, the ratio of the green chilli fruits to the paste, moisture content, vitamin C content, recovery of the powder and the paste from the fruits, storage quality of the products for colour, flavour, texture, and overall acceptability. After getting the powder (T1 - T4) and the paste (T5 - T6), those were stored for 0, 30 and 60 days for their storage quality and also for the moisture and vitamin C contents. But their sensory traits noted on the 0 and the 60th day of storage. The results clarified that the chili had initially 86.6% moisture and115.71mg/100g vitamin C. The moisture contents in all the six products increased little up to the 60th day as their values were from 4.08 - 5.25 to 4.33 - 6.68 and 87.08 - 87.35 to92.39 - 93.39%, in T3 - T4 and T5 - T6, respectively. But the vitamin C contents decreased much up to the 60th day. Still, the highest amount was noted in T4 (38.19) and T6 (17.32mg/100g) among the powder and the paste, respectively. Moreover, all the six treatments had notable statuses in terms of sensory evaluation test (6.50 - 7.70 for the color, 6.10 - 7.40 for the flavor, 6.50 - 7.70 for the texture and 6.47 - 7.60 for the overall acceptability) in case of both the powder and the paste forms) up to the 60th day of storage. So, overall, the treatment T4 was the best one. The study further paved the ways to work with other varieties, other treatments (whole fruit with pedicel and whole fruit without pedicel), long storage, by using various type bagging materials, etc. and also to develop new and more sustainable technologies to preserve the green chilli powder and the paste with their adequate nutritional quality, hygiene and value addition too.

The structure, anatomical characteristics and thermal properties of the plant ampledosmos mauriatnicus were analyzed. The analysis of mineral compounds was carried out by X-ray fluorescence (FRX). Physical properties were investigated by Fourier Trans-form Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the structure and morphology of the sample. The results reveal the % (W/W) cellulose content of Diss is 28.13 %, hemicelluloses content is 26.26% and lignin content is 24.95 %. Analysis of extractives contents in Diss was revealed to be 12.03 %. According to XRD data, Diss showed a crystallinity index (CI) 52.5 %. High crystallinity of cellulose induces thermal decomposition of fibers at high temperatures. These results show that this plant is rich in cellulosic fibers and that could be used as a raw material in industries and paper making.

The Pecan tree (Carya illinoinensis) is one of the most planted trees per year in South Africa, since 2012. According to SAPPA (South African Pecan Producers Association), an average of 3,513,000 trees per year was planted, from 2010 to 2018. This boom in growing pecan trees could have an enormous impact on carbon sequestration within living and productive biomass, which delivers environmental impacting functions and services. According to current data, it appears that South African Pecan Producers are going to be sequestering ˜ 3 477 megatons/year of biomass on average for 8 years’ time. In the total 8 years sequestering ˜27 816 megatons of biomass. But proper management of irrigation and fertilization will be needed to combat the excessive and ineffective emissions of CO2, CH4, and N2O greenhouse gasses in the pecan agriculture production industry.

Allium species are broadly used as a functional food and nutraceutical products because of its recognized nutritive and medicinal properties. It has been used since antiquity in Asia as a traditional medicine for the management and treatment of conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cancer, inflammation, gastrointestinal problems as well as microbial infestations. There have been studies over the past decade on the extraction of the bioactive compounds from various Allium species and both in vivo and in vitro experiments suggest that Allium species can be used as an alternative in preventing and managing diseases stated in this paper. This review summarizes the recent developments of Allium species polysaccharides, including their production, extraction and isolation methods, chemical structures, biological and pharmacological properties and mechanism of actions.

This study aimed to determine the effect of tofu dregs combined with cow dung and the number of earthworms in vermicomposting on the growth of bok choy. The vermicomposting was carried out for 40 days. The total N content in vermicompost and soil was analyzed using the Kjeldahl method and the total N content in plant tissue using the wet destruction method with concentrated sulfuric acid and peroxide acid. The results showed that the combination of tofu dregs and cow dung significantly affected pH, DHL, water content, organic C, total N, available N, and C/N ratio of the vermicompost. Meanwhile, the number of earthworms significantly affected DHL, organic C, total N, available N, and C/N ratio. The effect of vermicompost application on the soil chemical properties was only seen on the total N, while on the plant growth parameters was seen on the number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight and N uptake of plants. The combination of organic matter sources and the number of earthworms, based on the chemical properties of vermicompost and their effect on the soil chemical properties and plant growth parameters, showed that the treatment of P5C2 (100% cow dung and 10 earthworms) was the best combination in producing the highest content of vermicompost N and the plant weight as well as increasing N content in the soil.

The paper aims to analyze the possible implications of the decisions taken by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in its monetary policy committee (MPC) meeting in the year 2019 for the Indian economy. The MPC is a committee of the Central Bank in India (RBI), headed by its Governor, which is entrusted with the task of fixing the benchmark policy interest rate (repo rate) to contain inflation within the specified target level. Throughout the year the MPC has reduced the policy repo rate and changed its stance from neutral to accommodative. The macroeconomic impact of such decisions has been analyzed in an IS-LM framework. The impact of the corporate tax cut done by the Finance Minister has also been analyzed using the IS-LM and AD-AS approach.

Wastewater generated from households in urban areas is a huge loss of water resources. People never thought of reuse of their own water produced by the residents which contain organic and inorganic pollutants. The discharged wastewater ultimately reach to the pristine water bodies and it turned to useless not only for potable and also for the ecosystem. In this context, the proposed research work has been carried out to make use of every household water by using a simple and cost-effective treatment method maintained in each house with one treatment unit connecting to wastewater discharge points. Need-based with simple method of treatment unit has been developed and it is evidenced that after treatment it can be reused for growing green vegetables and other purposes. This concept is thought of based on the eco friendly and sustainable wastewater reuse and recycle method. The standard methods were followed and the results are discussed in detail.

In Brazil, the cultivation of pomegranate aroused interest in several producers of fruit, especially in the northeast. The ob-jective of this study was to test the efficiency of the best dose of the extract of seaweed in the development of pomegranate trees seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid (UFERSA), Mossoro, RN. In the experiment, was used a randomized complete block design (RBD) with five doses (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 ml L-1) of the seaweed extract and six replications; each experimental unit was composed of five plants. The application of bio-stimulant doses was started at 7 days after transplanting, and the extract applied in seven-day intervals with a syringe, pouring 15 ml of the solution near the base of each plant until the end of the experiment. At 120 days after sowing the characteristics were evaluated: shoot length, root, and total (cm); the number of sheets (unit/plant), lap diameter (mm), dry mass of the stalk, the leaf, the shoot, root system and total (g). For further growth, dry biomass yield and better quality of pomegranate trees seedlings in nurseries, it was observed that the dose of 4.0 mL of biostimulants, promoted greater seedling growth.

The study was conducted using existing soil data from Nawagaon and Maskara Rao watershed boundary in Saharanpur district, India to assess land capability classes using the Remote Sensing and GIS approach. The land sat image was integrated with SRTM DEM for delineation of landforms and analysis of land use/land cover data. The filled SRTM DEM of the study area was extracted at 30 m resolution to extract terrain parameters such as elevation, slope, and aspect. SRTM DEM was visually interpreted. Three major landforms were identified, namely, 3 landforms – hills, piedmont plains and alluvial plains. These were further delineated according to slope and finally according to vegetation cover to give eight physiographic units. The slope map and aspect map were produced using filed Dem and were classified into nine and two classes respectively. Land use/land cover map was also generated using satellite image for the study area in India. The dominant land use was: dense forest, degraded forest, cropland I, cropland II, scrub/barren, settlement, river, canal and road.

The Malaysian Government through the Ministry of Plantation Industries and Commodity (KPPK) and Malaysian Timber Indus-trial Board (MTIB) with the support of various forestry agencies have recognized that forest plantation as a strategy to overcome the scarcity of timber supply in the near future. The existing natural forests is currently reducing its capability to continue meeting the increasing demand of log/timber for domestic wood process-ing industries. In an effort to reduce the reliance on natural forests as the main source of round logs, the government has realized the needs of continuous wood supply and encouraging the development of large–scale commercial forest plantations.

A field trial was conducted during the winter season in radish of variety Mino Early at the farm of Prithu Technical college to know the effect of different organic manure. The experimental plot was plotted in the completely randomized block design with 7 treatments and 3 replications; the treatments were FYM 20 ton/ha, poultry manure 20ton/ha, mustard cake 5 ton/ha, 50% FYM + Mustard cake, 50% FYM and 50% poultry manure, 33% FYM + 33% poultry manure + 33% Mustard cake and control plot with no fertilizer. This experiment results in maximum plant height (48 cm) in mustard cake application followed by FYM+ Mustard Cake Application, maxi-mum number of leaves (19.02) at 65 days was obtained in Mustard cake application followed by Poultry manure application. There is significantly higher root yield (59.89 t/ha), shoot weight (24.97 t/ha) and total weight (98.58) with the application of mustard cake.

Archegozetes longisetosus Aoki 1965 by virtue of its extreme adaptational peculiarities has attained convincing evidence of its pantropical distribution. Diversity in food habits, extreme tolerance to hazardous environmental setup, acquisition of ‘enemy-free life space’ marvelous rate of fecundity, cheap and amenable mass culturing inputs and the like have been instrumental to raise the status of the mite as a model organism of Chelicerate group.

This review is done to understand status and a global ranking of Nepal on the Global Happiness index as well as to identify the importance of happiness index in the government’s agenda ‘Prosperous Nepal Happy Nepali’. For this numbers of journal articles and reports were consulted as secondary source of data and conclusions were drawn and summarized. No primary data were collected. Happiness index of Nepal, at present, is 4.913 and ranked at 100th position among the 156 countries of the world. The happiness index status has risen from data (4.156)2013 to (4.962)2017 but it decreased in 2018(4.88) and in 2019(4.913) it is slightly increased but not more than that of 2017. Similarly, ranking of Nepal also increased from 2013 to 2017 but it decreased in 2018 and in 2019 it moved by one and reached 100th. As long as people want more wealth, they will tend to be somewhat dissatisfied if they don’t get in self-growth, leisure time and intimate relationships. Happiness index could be the basic idea of measurement for the government’s agenda ‘Prosperous Nepal Happy Nepali’.

Soil evangelization, an awareness campaign to attract youths to study soil science and address soil fertility challenges to sustain-able crop production was extended to two primary and two secondary schools, respectively, in Southeast Nigeria, participating in school cocoyam project (SCP), under the aegis of cocoyam re-birth initiative of the National Root Crops Research Institute, Umudike. The aim was to develop the capacity of the youths for soil fertility recapitalization and the very rapid multiplication of cocoyam. The approach involved participatory result demonstration of Gocken Rapid Multiplication Technology using micro cormels and micro setts of = 7 g of cocoyam, planted on a 5 m x 4 m plot in each location at 50,000 plants/ha. Organic and inorganic fertilizers were applied. Results showed that there were 14.2. 50.0, 55.8, 48.5 and 58.3% improvements in soil pH, total N, organic matter and exchangeable K, respectively, over the initial soil nutrient status. Total corm + cormel yields ranged from 14.5 - 19.7 t/ha. The highest significant (p = = 0.05) yield (19.7 t/ha) was obtained at Okposi while the lowest yield (14.5 t/ha) was obtained at the Abua Kingdom. Seed harvest multiplication ratio (SHMR) ranged from 25 - 35. It was concluded that SCP is a proven strategy to promote soil evangelization and cocoyam production.

Brinjal is considered one of the most important, popular and nutritious vegetables in the world as well as in Bangladesh. How-ever, the production of this crop is low in Bangladesh as per the demand. We can increase its a production by bringing more cultivable land horizontally for brinjal cultivation.

Sugarcane is primarily grown in nine states of India namely; Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Punjab, and Tamil Nadu. During early 19th-century sugarcane cultivation started as a cash crop and a number of sugar factories open keeping in view a glimpse of sugarcane varietal screening and Improvement has been reviewed and found that Bihar was rich in terms of sugar factories and its 20-40% share in national sugar production was already reported. It was the introduction of Co seedling that replace local varieties under cultivation those were Co 210, Co213, Co 214, Co 313, Co 331, Co 513,Co 356, Co 395,Co 453,Co508 and CoK 32, Co 383, Co 622,Co 419,Co 617,Co1148 and Co 1158 while in present varietal scenario cultivated varieties are Co 0238, Co 0118, Co 98014, CoP 9301, CoLk 94184, CoP 112, CoSe 01434, CoP 09437, BO 154 and CoP 16437.

Rice farming is generally practiced in warm/cool humid subtropics where lack of control over the water by both flooding and drought problems and serious weed infestation thus crop badly suffer. Worldwide, weeds are one of the major biological threats to higher rice productivity and its management in rice is challenging, complex, expensive, and regulated mechanism. Therefore, to control the diverse weed infestation in rice fields, planed weed management strategies have to address. Now a day, unavailability of labor due to seasonal migration and lack of farm operations in the peak of the rice-growing period adds fossil to the burning complications “the profuse weed infestation” and hence, the precise weed removal/control is utmost required to optimize the yield sustainability and efficient resource use.

India is a leading vegetable producing country and ranks 2nd in the world after China in vegetable production. Presently it occupies 6.76 million hectares area with the annual production of 101.43 million tones (Rai and Pandey 2007). The country is blessed with the unique gift of nature of diverse climate and distinct seasons, make it possible to grow an array of vegetables exceeding more than 100 types. Incessant growth of urbanization, ceaseless frag-mentation of land holdings and depleting natural resources are the major challenges before the expansion of any agricultural commodity either cereals or vegetables. Hence our attention should be focused on vertical expansion strengthened with the boon of technology instead of horizontal expansion just by increasing the crop area.

Water is a source of life and a natural resource that sustains life and our environment. Water supply and sanitation conditions in Ethiopia are not different from the general situation of developing countries as a whole. The study was conducted in Horo Woreda of the Horo Guduru Wollega zone, West Ethiopia. A total of 127 households surveyed in the study to generate the data used in the study. Therefore, this study was undertaken to estimate the households’ willingness to pay for the improved water supply service and its sustainability in Horo woreda with the objective of recognizing factors which affect household willingness to pay for improved water and estimating willingness to pay of households for improved water using contingency valuation method in the study area. Qualitative and quantitative data was collected analyzed using Descriptive statistical tools.

The grasshopper group was first seen in Rajasthan on 21 May 2019. The government made a lot of efforts to stop the group of locusts but failed and after that many other groups came to Rajasthan and destroyed crops regularly. Locust came to Jaisalmer in May end. Rajasthan has witnessed three generations of breeding instead of the regular one generation.

Crop protection is important to control weeds, pests, insects, and diseases in crops as it hinders in yield and quality of produce. But they may cause harm to human health because of their toxic nature and long persistence in the environment where the farmers work. Prolonged exposure may result in chronic diseases. The health hazards in crop protection found were categorized under physiological hazards such as body pain, fatigue, sprains, ligament pull, headache, and fever, mechanical hazards such as injury, cuts, and accidents due to spraying equipment, chemical hazards such as skin or respiratory problems due to insecticides, fungicides, pesticides, etc. used and environmental hazards due to extreme weather conditions. The main causes elicited for hazards during crop protection activities were duration of exposure, non-use of PPE, improper work methods, personal habits, ignorance of safety instructions and unsafe storage and handling of chemicals. Thus, it is important that the farmers must be made aware about the hazards through proper training and educational interventions. Then only, the health of half of the population working in agriculture can be protected and they will be able to lead a quality life.

An experiment was carried out at the research field of Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College Baitadi, Nepal from August 5, 2019, to November 10, 2019, to evaluate the impact of plant spacing on yield and yield contributing traits of black gram. The experiment was carried out at four levels of spacing viz. T1 (30×5 cm), T2 (30×10 cm), T3 (45×10 cm) and T4 (60×10 cm). The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design having four replications. The differential plant spacing showed remarkable differences in yield and yield contributing traits of black gram cultivation practices at 0.05 level of significance. The highest plant spacing of 60×10 cm performed better in yield contributing traits such as; the number of branches plant-1, number of pods plant-1 and number of seeds pod-1. Whereas, the maximum straw yield was found at closure spacing of 30×5 cm. Similarly, grain yield and harvest index were found superior at the spacing of 30×10 cm. Therefore, plant spacing of 30×10 cm can be recommended to the farmers of Baitadi after confirming the results for a few years.

Crops can be grown in different agro-ecology depending on their ability to adapt to their specific area. So, it is essential to conduct location-specific adaptation trial to identify suitable variety/varieties. Accordingly, an adaptation trial of onion (Allium cepa) varieties was conducted in Miyo district to identify onion varieties that are better in adaptation, yield, and other agronomic characteristics, as well as aspects and disease tolerance. Four released varieties, viz., Adama red, Melkam, Bombay red and Nasik red were brought from a public research center, Worker Agricultural Research Center, Ethiopia. The four treatments (varieties) were laid out in RCBD with three replications in 2017/2018. The results indicated significant variations between the varieties for the bulb weight and unmarketable yield. However, there was no significant variation among the varieties for all the other parameters. Adama red variety surpassed the other varieties except for Nasic red in average bulb weight. Therefore, Adama red can be recommended for the farmers in the area to improve their onion production and productivity.

Physical and mechanical properties of peanut kernels are important to the researcher, design engineer, the food industry. The present study aimed to determine and recognize a database of physical and engineering properties of peanut seed which play an important role in designing and developing specific machines and their operations such as planting, harvesting, and grading. The physical properties namely Moisture content, % (w.b), Length (mm), Width (mm), Thickness (mm), Shape, Sphericity (mm), 100 kernels weight (mm), Geometric mean diameter (mm), Surface area (mm2), Aspect ratio (%), True density (kg/m3), to know Bulk density (kg/m3), Porosity (%), Angle of repose, degree, Terminal velocity (m/s), Coefficient of friction (Wood, Glass and GI surface) and Germination percentage (%) of peanuts variety kernel GG-20 and TG-37A were investigated and reported in this study. Size distribution of GG-20 and TG-37A peanut kernels also studied.

Take 10 Chinese mu, each Chinese mu is 667m2, the pond as an example, the water depth is 3 meters. Drain the pond water before stocking, and let it be exposed to strong light for at least 7 days. During the period, ponds, bottoms, and drainage and drainage systems of ponds should be cleaned. Clear the wild fish in the pond to prevent the wild fish and the stocking fish from competing for feed and water space. Clear the trees, water and grass residues and other debris that were inundated by the water in the pond and remove the mud once a year.

Growing demands and little scope of expanding the area under sugarcane in India necessitates improvement in the scenario of sugar recovery in addition to a rise in crop productivity. The sugar recovery rates in the country are low when compared to many other sugar-growing countries. After harvest, the crop loses its sugar content rapidly during storage, transport, and processing. The scenario of five major sugarcane growing states (accounting about 85 percent of sugar production) viz., Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh is analyzed and state-specific strategies are outlined for optimizing sugar recovery.

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the tritrophic effect of Metarhizium anisopliae on wheat aphids and its parasitoids. The experiment consisted of ten treatments having seven concentrations (1 ppm, 2 ppm, 4 ppm, 8 ppm, 16 ppm, 32 ppm, and 64 ppm) of M. anisopliae and field recommended doses of confidor (Imidacloprid) + Hombre (Febuconazole + Imidacloprid) and control. No aphid infestation was observed during the 1st week of December to the 2nd week of February. 1.5 aphids/tiller were observed where Hombre, Confidor and M. anisopliae at the rate of 64 ppm, 32 ppm and 16 ppm were applied. Maximum aphid population (10.5/tiller) was observed in the control area than the treated plots. M. anisopliae application at the rate of 1 ppm, 2 ppm, 4 ppm and 8 ppm demonstrated 64.0%, 64.50%, 64.55% and 64.51% percent adult emergence of aphids. The seed treatment method was found statistically more effective (3.8 aphids/tiller) than the root dip method (3.0 aphid/tiller).

The unsustainability of modern agricultural practices has led farming communities, the World over to look for alternatives. The majority of these alternatives indicate a return to traditional, eco-friendly practices; organic farming is one among them. Organic farming over the last few decades has proved to be successful; but the differences in culture, ecology and geographical factors necessitate the adoption of situation-specific principles and techniques in agriculture. A large sum of Kerala farmers are in the path of experimenting innovations in this field, some have succeeded, others are in the process of evolution and new options are being tested out in organic farming. One of the main arguments against organic farming is that it would not meet the food requirements of an ever-increasing population. But a brief look at the era of modern agriculture would show that, in spite of the booming agricultural production, more people die of starvation and malnutrition than before. Inequitable distribution of food rather than insufficient production is the root cause of the problem.

In recent times, an artisanal pelagic fishery which constitutes the mainstay of Ghanaian fisheries has shown a decline leading to low economic output in coastal fishing communities. Trend analyses were performed on artisanal fish catch, catch per unit effort (CPUE), number of canoes (or artisanal vessels) and upwelling index from 1990 to 2016. Pearson Correlation investigated the relationship between catch and fishing effort, a number of canoes and upwelling index. Round sardinella and anchovy constituted major artisanal pelagic fish species contributing 24% and 25% to artisanal fish production respectively. Catches of round sardinella declined sharply after 2006 with an average catch over the last three years constituting 17% of maximum historical recorded catch in 1992. T-test, however, revealed no significant differences in catches of round sardinella and anchovy. There was a decline in catch, CPUE, upwelling index and an increase in a number of canoes. A relatively stronger and negative relationship between catch and number of canoes indicated the major cause of dwindling catch was the higher number of canoes. Catch however had a positive relationship with fishing effort (number of days) and upwelling index. The number of canoes increased by 44% and the average CPUE was 322 kg/day. It is recommended that number of canoes is reduced to promote sustainable exploitation of the resource. This can lead to high economic out-put in coastal fishing communities to improve livelihood.

One of the worldwide biggest problems is contamination. Contamination with heavy metals is a potential threat to the environment and the community. In certain parts of the biosphere, many adverse effects of the landfills are reported. Accumulation of toxic compounds, especially of heavy metals having a highly hazardous effect, can cause undesirable changes in the biosphere with hazardous consequences. The landfill leachates loaded with pollutants like heavy metals percolate into the soil and in turn, enters into plants present around the landfill site. In the present study soil and Plant material samples were collected from contaminated soil and plants present around the landfill of Nizamabad and assessment of heavy metal was done by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The experimental results showed that Copper and Arsenic concentration is higher in soil and all the determined metal concentrations are higher in plants. The presence of heavy metals more than toxic levels in soil and plant samples indicates the impact on the environment and the public health and it also recommends the need for Site-specific policies on heavy metal pollution control for the Nizamabad landfill site.

Heavy metal pollution is a serious environmental problem. There are many remediation methods to clean the soil which includes physical methods, chemical methods, and biological methods. Physical and chemical methods have many disadvantages and harmful effects but biological methods are now a day’s very useful and have many advantages. One of the biological methods is Phytoremediation. It is one of the best methods to clean up the metal contaminants. It inhibits the contaminants of soil and heavy metals which are harmful to plants and for humans.

Participatory sustainable forest management recognizes the critical role farmers play in the success and failure of forest-related projects. This study, therefore, focuses on identifying factors, which delimitate farmer’s participation in forest projects. A multi-stage sampling technique was conducted to collect data from 305 farmers in the Dire Inchine district, west part of the Oromiya national region state, Ethiopia. The study used a binary probit model to identify determinate factors for farmer’s participation in HBSMTP. The result of the analysis indicated that the sex of household head; marital status, training participation, and landholding are factors that significantly determine farmer’s participation in forest projects. It appears that farmer’s awareness regarding forest projects be able to rise by giving equal chance for both sex on any extension interventions. Moreover, projects should give due attention to group dynamisms especially the active participation of marginalized farmers.

This paper assesses the current remittance status and its impact on Nepalese economy. Secondary data from various sources were used for study. Statistical techniques including descriptive statistics and correlation was used. The number of Nepalese citizen for foreign employment is increasing year after year. Malaysia is the primary destination of Nepali migrants followed by Qatar, Saudi Arabia, UAE and others respectively. Nepal ranks 19th position in top remittance-receiving countries of the world and it ranks 4th position when the remittance is compared as a percentage of GDP. The percentage increase in inflation was lower in comparison with the proportion of remittance as compared with GDP. Result showed insignificant relationship between remittance inflow and an increase in agricultural land. Remittance has played several positive roles in Nepalese economy like reduction of poverty and unemployment, maintaining foreign exchange reserve and correcting balance of payments. A positive and significant correlation was found between GDP and remittance inflow per year at a 10% level of significance. Remittance as compared with the percentage of GDP and share of agriculture, forestry and fishing were negatively and significantly correlated. The share of agriculture, forestry, and fishing to GDP of country was found to be diminishing but the proportion of remittance when compared with GDP was increasing. The problem of labor shortage in agricultural as well as non-agricultural works is a genuine problem as active youths are involved in foreign employment. As the volume of remittance is being increased rapidly, the dependency of people on remittance is increasing and the Nepalese economy is gradually becoming consumption-oriented. Also, the Nepalese economy is transforming from agriculture based economy to remittance based economy. So, formulation and implementation of appropriate policies that tap and utilize received remittance into productive sector is recommended.

Taro (Colocasia esculenta) is a tropical food crop with high potential, widely adapted to varied agro-climatic conditions. Colocasiacontain 3.7 - 3.9, 1.16 - 1.53, 21.7 - 24.4 g/100g of crude protein, crude fibre, carbohydrates, respectively and minerals to an extent of 382 - 1049, 114 - 171, 0.19 - 0.51, 3.24 - 11.72, 3.01 - 5.63, 0.54 - 6.82, 58 - 266, 78 - 96, and 8.4 - 39.6 mg/100g of potassium, phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc, manganese, calcium, magnesium, and sodium, respectively. The presence of a fairly good amount of phytochemicals and antioxidants in colocasia had been proven effective in controlling coronary heart diseases, certain cancers and chronic degenerative diseases. Taro leaf silage, petioles, and corms could be used as feed ingredients for the rearing of pigs, ducks, and poultry.

The family of palm trees, Arecaceae, provides to the incredible biological diversity in the tropics, and currently includes 181 gen-era and over 2600 species. Of these 2600 plus species, only a portion of these species have been molecular characterized because many of these species had little or no economic value to Americans and Europeans, so they have simply not been a priority to bio-prospectors, until now. The advancement of Angiosperm353® a biotechnology kit, can differentiate the inner workings of this vast plant family, and minute details can finally be resolved. In particular, there have been discrepancies between the species of the genera Attalea, which include agriculturally and economically important members, that share similar morphology, which are hard to differ-entiate morphologically. Every member of this genus have not been molecularly characterized at this point in time, and this manu-script proposes the use of Angiosperm353® to help resolve the inner workings of this enormous plant family, to help bio-prospectors correctly identify members of this genus.