Biomarkers offer promising avenues for improving the diagnosis of cardioembolic strokes and filling gaps in our understanding of stroke mechanisms. Despite the range of biomarkers available, achieving high diagnostic accuracy remains a challenge. In this regard, this review aims to outline unique biomarker associated with cardioembolic stroke to improve diagnostic accuracy, with the goal of enhancing patient care.

To evaluate the frequency and severity of different ocular manifestations in head injury and assess the role of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in predicting mortality, with the goal of reducing overall mortality through early recognition and appropriate interventions

Arthrogryposis multiplex congenita (OMIM# 619334), involves a variety of non-progressive conditions that are characterized by multiple joint contractures and muscle weakness. Here we report a case of 8months male, case of Arthrogryposis multiplex congenital(AMC) type VI with partial corpus callosum agenesis having novel gene mutation pTyr5262His of the NEB gene on Exon 101, who presented to us with global developmental delay with multiple joint contractures.This child has been managed by a multidisciplinary team. AMC type VI with partial corpus callosum agenesis is rare and NEB gene mutation causing both has not been reported in any Indian setting.

Depression is a psychiatric disorder that affects mood and physical health and contributes significantly to the global burden of disease. Various molecular mechanisms in the brain are associated with the cause of symptoms and severity of depression. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophin involved in depressive disorders. Many preclinical and clinical studies provide evidence that BDNF is involved in behavioral phenomena associated with depression. Herbal medicine can be used as an alternative for the treatment of depression. Previous studies have reported that bitter melon leaves (Momordica charantia Linn) have antidepressant activity in vivo by observing the behavior of test animals. However, until now, there has been no report on the active compounds in bitter melon leaves extract responsible for antidepressants and their effects on BDNF levels. Based on this, this study aims to determine what active compounds are contained in bitter melon leaves extract that is suspected of having antidepressant activity in vivo tests through changes in the behavior of test animals and tracking their effects on changes in BDNF levels. This research methodology commences with the analysis of the compound composition of 80% ethanol extract from bitter melon leaves via LC-HRMS. Subsequently, the antidepressant efficacy of the ethanol extract is evaluated at dosages of 200 and 400 mg/kg BW in vivo, utilizing the Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS) model in mouse subjects. Behavioral outcomes are assessed by measuring the duration of feeding in the Novelty Suppressed Feeding (NSF) Test, followed by an examination of the effects on BDNF levels in the hippocampus using an ELISA kit. Research shows that in the 80% ethanol extract of bitter melon leaves through LC- HRMS test, 7 compounds were found that had peaked with relative abundance greater than 1%, namely a,a-Trehalose, Stearamide, 1-Stearoylglycerol, 2,2’-Methylenebis (4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 16-Hydroxyhexadecanoic acid, Oleamide, and Corchorifatty acid F. The administration of 80% ethanol extract from bitter melon leaves with doses of 200 and 400 mg/kgBW in vivo enhanced behavioral improvement by increasing feeding time and elevating BDNF levels in the hippocampus. The study’s results indicate that bitter melon leaves contain active chemicals that exhibit effective antidepressant properties by inducing behavioral changes and enhancing BDNF levels in the hippocampus.

This study provides further evidence demonstrating the beneficial effects of PrTMS® treatment in co-occurring disorders. Furthermore, this study illustrates the benefit of augmenting PrTMS® with tPBM for superior outcomes. The positive results of this novel case study can be attributed to brain wave neuromodulation and increased neuronal ATP production, resulting in synergistic enhanced neuroplasticity and brain optimization. Further, large-scale, randomized and blinded studies are recommended to validate our promising preliminary observations utilizing multifaceted interventions for co-occurring disorders.

We report a case of subarachnoid hemorrhage in which the hemorrhage source was unidentified by cerebral angiography in the acute phase but was diagnosed via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) six months later. A 37-year-old man with sudden posterior cervical pain and vomiting was admitted to our emergency clinic. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the head revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage. The 3-dimensional CT angiography was performed on the same day of admission, and cerebral angiography was performed the next day. However, the hemorrhage source could not be identified. MRI was performed on the fourth day, and cerebral angiography was performed again on the 11th day; however, no diagnosis was made. Three weeks following the onset, the patient’s symptoms improved. The patient was subsequently discharged from the hospital and followed up in an outpatient clinic. Six months later, a head MRI revealed a 4.8-mm long aneurysm in the right internal carotid artery, and rupture of a dissecting cerebral aneurysm was suspected to be the cause of the subarachnoid hemorrhage. In instances where the bleeding source is not identified in the acute phase, the diagnosis of a dissecting aneurysm should be considered a possibility and strict long-term follow-up is required.