A 23-year-old male patient with no significant medical history presented with a progressively enlarging lateral cervical mass, characterized by low mobility and tenderness on palpation. The patient reported mild dysphagia

5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is used for intraoperative tumor visualization in neurosurgery. We hypothesized that 5-ALA fluorescence intensity may vary according to glioma pathology.

This article explores the integration of the dialogical principle within TESOL through a complexity-informed pedagogical framework. Drawing on a qualitative action research study in a virtual ESL classroom, it examines how pedagogical contradictions— such as grammar versus communication and autonomy versus instruction—can be engaged as generative rather than disruptive forces. The findings reveal that dialogical teaching fosters learner empowerment, metacognitive development, and epistemological flexibility. By reframing contradiction as an essential component of language learning, the study proposes a hybrid TESOL paradigm that is both methodologically integrative and reflective. The article concludes with practical recommendations for educators and calls for further research into complexity-based approaches in diverse TESOL contexts.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an incurable neurodegenerative disorder that accounts for approximately 70% of all dementia cases. At a fundamental level, dysfunctional brain amyloid-ß (Aß) and tau proteins lead to the disruption of neuronal networks and connectivity, which is clinically manifested in cognitive decline and related neuropsychopathology. AD’s complex pathophysiology of AD extends beyond Aß plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles, including a dysfunctional blood-brain barrier (BBB), the presence of the APOE4 gene variant, immunosenescence, neuroinflammation, impaired brain energy metabolism, and central and peripheral insulin resistance (IR). Here, we synthesize the respective contributions and interplay of these processes. A comprehensive literature search on AD neurobiology and neurodegeneration was performed. The collected articles were critically reviewed, and relevant data were extracted and summarized within pertinent areas, namely BBB, immunopathology, APOE4 gene, and IR. The APOE4 allele intensifies inflammatory responses and compromises BBB integrity, allowing neurotoxic substances to penetrate the brain and exacerbate neuroinflammation. Concurrently, IR disrupts glucose metabolism and amplifies the toxic effects of Aß accumulation, establishing a mutual maintenance cycle that links these interconnected factors in AD neurodegenerative pathology. These insights call for further translational research to ascertain their heuristic value for pathophysiology and treatment.

Headache is the utmost common type of pain, affecting 66% of the worldwide population [1]. In India prevalence of problem is 63.9%. Females are found to be more affected 74.3% than males (32.6%) [2]. As a result, it is a severe health issue that affects both quality of life and productivity of work. A tension headache is the most common type of problem. It is pain or uneasiness in the head, scalp, or neck, and is often associated with muscle tension in these areas,neck and scalp muscles become tense or contract; contractions possibly be a result of stress, depression, head injury, or anxiety. A definite disc protrusion was responsible for cervical radiculopathy in 21.9% of patients; 68.4% were related to spondylosis or both. Radiculopathy accompanied with headache is the key concern in most of patients .[3] Mobilisation of nervous system has recently developed an as an adjunct to assessment and management of pain.

The purpose of this retrospective pilot study was to analyze whether there was improvement in symptoms, and hence reduction in the diagnostic score and severity level, of elementary aged-children diagnosed with Autism, and, Delayed milestones, through the use of Autscape® homeopathy medication (patent applied), in Pune, Maharashtra, India. Using this paper as a base, we will be doing a Human Clinical Trial, so content from this paper will later be used. Alternative hypothesis (H1): There will be an improvement in symptoms of Autism and Developmental Milestones through the use of our homeopathy medication. Participants: 4 males, being respectively - 9.5, 12.11, 7, and, 8.7 years of age, who previously were exhibiting symptoms of (based on ISAA score) Moderate Autism (110), Moderate Autism (109) with Borderline Intelligence, Mild Autism (85), and, Moderate Autism, respectively. Methodology: Informed consent was taken from all participants, The testing process was from 16th September 2023 to 25th November 2023, Indian Scale for Assessment of Autism (ISAA) and Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS) were the two psychological tests that were conducted on these children. Results: They had a respective ISAA score of – 92 (Mild Autism), 75 (Mild Autism), 78 (Mild Autism), and, 76 (Mild Autism), respectively. The VSMS results were as follows: Case 1 – Mild Intellectual Disability (developmental gap of 3 years 9 months), Case 3 – Borderline Intelligence (developmental gap of 1 year 4 months), and, Case 4 – Average Intelligence, in social and adaptive skills. These results are post, respectively, 2 years, 5 years, 3 years, and, 6 years, of homeopathic treatment. This addressed the misconception about homeopathy not being useful to improve symptoms of Autism. The homeopathic medications given have been applied to be patented, making the medication reliable and valid. Homeopathy medication for these children will be continued until all the predisposing factors, that when mixed with environmental triggers, induce symptoms of Autism, can be corrected – the expression of it and not the gene by itself.