IJHM INSAN HAREKETLILIGIULUSLARARASI DERGISI INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HUMAN MOBILITY IJHM, 2024; 4(2): 186-225 Research Article 1 Makale Gelis Tarihi: 28.09.2024 Makale Kabul Tarihi: 10.11.2024 2 This article is derived from the master’s thesis titled “Sociological Analysis of Human Rights Advocate Non-Governmental Organizations in the Focus of Syrian Refugees,” conducted under the supervision of Dr. Olgu Karan as part of the Sociology Master’s Program at Baskent University. The study conducted within the scope of this thesis received ethical approval from the Baskent University Social and Humanities and Arts Research Board on April 22, 2019. 3 MSc Registered Dietitian & Associate Nutritionist, ORCID NO: 0000-0003-4846-1095, koksalisinsu@gmail.com After the 2011 Syrian crisis, Turkey became the country hosting the largest number of refugees worldwide. Syrians with temporary protection status, who are disadvantaged in Turkey due to their legal status, are supported in matters such as improving their legal status and preventing rights violations by human rights advocacy Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs). The main aim of this study is to conduct a sociological analysis of the relationships between human rights advocacy NGOs and the government, society and other NGOs, focusing on Syrian refugees. In this qualitative research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with NGO authorities in Ankara. The empirical data collected from the field were analyzed on the basis of “Interpretative Sociology. According to the findings, NGOs do not cooperate strongly with the state except when submitting reports to the state. This situation is understood from the common points that all three NGOs expect from the state. Common expectations: taking opinions from NGOs on policy development by the state and its bodies, providing support to NGOs for public interest activities and difficulties for NGOs to carry out their activities (especially the demonstration, show it is the elimination of situations such as restricting the right to freedom of marching). In terms of the relations and cooperation with other NGOs, it is clear that the NGO whose cooperative network is strongest is the Human Rights Association (Insan Haklari Dernegi, IHD). IHD is in cooperation with many NGOs as a strong association of universal networks such as the European Human Rights Network and the International Federation of Human Rights regarding the refugee crisis. It is concluded that the productivity and effectiveness of IHD, whose cooperation network is developed among the three NGOs, are more extensive during the refugee crisis (Daft, 2015). On public relations, one of the important findings is that the Association of Human Rights and Solidarity for Oppressed People (Insan Haklari ve Mazlumlar Için Dayanisma Dernegi, MAZLUM-DER) opinions and suggestions 187 are included in the media and newspapers that broadcast on the official party line, while IHD and Human Rights Agenda Association (Insan Haklari Gündemi Dernegi, IHGD)’s opinions and suggestions are not included in the mainstream media. IHD can offer its suggestions and opinions in the rights-oriented newspapers. IHGD also provides suggestions and opinions in small-scale rights-oriented newspapers currently closed by the government. Although IHD cannot be included in the mainstream media, it is clear that among these three human rights advocate NGOs, the NGO using social media most actively to convey their views to society is IHD. This finding can be explained by the theory of Resource Dependence in inter-organizational relations (Daft, 2015). Although the media, currently broadcasting in Turkey on the official party line, is a very strong medium in terms of conveying opinions and suggestions, IHD, in order to achieve its objectives independently, ‘source assurance provides the continuity of the guarantee to communicate its views to the society as an indicator of its effectiveness as an NGO that provides’, through its own social media and official website. In addition, in terms of the working methods of NGOs, the most important situation is, from the answers given by IHD, close to the Management Science approach in organizational decision-making, in a more systematic way, making decisions, taking into account the factors, MAZLUM-DER, on the other side, is seen from an organizational point of view to make instant decisions in some cases, to have spontaneous activities or meetings. For this reason, it is possible to say that MAZLUM-DER exhibits the Waste Bin model approach in some cases (Daft, 2015). Although organizations like IHD, IHGD, and MAZLUM-DER attempted to establish a cooperative network with the state to improve their effectiveness in solving refugee crises, the state did not respond favourably to these efforts. As a result, neither the NGOs nor the state could form an organizationally strong cooperative network, leading to a low level of activities and effectiveness in addressing the refugee crisis.

2011 yilindan itibaren Ortadogu’da süregelen kaos ve çatismalar, genis çapli bir mülteci göçüne yol açmistir. Bu göç hareketinin sosyo-ekonomik etkilerinin yani sira, mültecilerin girisimcilik potansiyellerinin arastirilmasi hem mültecilerin entegrasyon süreçleri hem de göç alan ülkelerin ekonomileri açisindan önem arz etmektedir. Bu çalisma, Çorum’da ikamet eden mültecilerin yasam kosullarini ve ekonomik entegrasyon süreçlerini anlamak amaciyla, sosyal aglarin ve demografik özelliklerin girisimcilik niyetleri üzerindeki etkilerini derinlemesine incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Arastirma kapsaminda, kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle ulasilan ve Çorum’da ikamet eden 264 mülteciye Google Drive üzerinden online ve yüz yüze anket uygulanmistir. Çalismanin bulgulari, mültecilerin göç öncesinde sahip olduklari sosyal aglardan önemli ölçüde faydalandiklarini ve bu aglar vasitasiyla göç ettikleri ülkede de yeni gelen mültecilere destek sagladiklarini göstermektedir. Mültecilerin sahip olduklari sosyal aglarin, mültecilerin girisimcilik niyetleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamli bir etkiye sahip oldugu tespit edilmistir. Bununla birlikte, bu aglarin genellikle aile üyeleri, tanidiklar ve arkadaslarla sinirli kaldigi; daha genis ölçekli aglara erisim noktasinda ise yetersizliklerin bulundugu saptanmistir. Ayrica, mültecilerin uyruk, gelir düzeyi, egitim seviyesi ve hane halki büyüklügü gibi demografik faktörlerin de girisimcilik niyetleri üzerinde belirleyici rol oynadigi tespit edilmistir. Bu çalisma, mültecilerin girisimcilik potansiyellerini degerlendirirken sosyal ag dinamiklerinin ve demografik faktörlerin dikkate alinmasinin önemine vurgu yapmaktadir.

Göç olgusu, egitimde yeni ihtiyaçlari belirginlestirmekte ve degisim temelli iyilestirmelerin yapilmasini zorlar hale gelmektedir. Yakin tarihte Türkiye’nin en uzun sinirina sahip komsu devletinde ve etrafinda yayilan savas çemberi, birçok insani göç olgusuyla tanistirmistir. Savasin patlak verdigi 2011’den bu yana 6,6 milyon Suriye vatandasi ülkesinden güvenli gördükleri Lübnan, Türkiye, Ürdün, Misir ve diger ülkelere göç etmis veya ettirilmistir. Yaklasik yarisini çocuklarin olusturdugu göç eden Suriyelilerin, 3 milyondan fazlasi Türkiye’ye göç etmistir. Bu durum yabanci ögrencilerin egitimi meselesinin boyutlarini ve önemini göstermektedir. Çalismada, yabanci ögrencilerin cinsiyetlerine, yaslarina, Türkçe dili hâkimiyetlerine, ekonomik durumlarina ve devamsizlik yapip yapmamalarina göre muhasebe ve finansman alani mesleki egitim basarilarinin farklilik gösterip göstermedigi arastirilmistir. Veriler, 2023-2024 egitim ögretim yili karne notlari, görüsme formlari ve e-okul bilgilerinden elde edilerek IBM SPSS v.26 programi ile çözümlenmistir. Çalismada yabanci ögrencilerin cinsiyetlerine, yaslarina, ekonomik durumlarina ve devamsizlik yapip yapmamalarina göre mesleki egitim basarilarinin farklilik göstermedigi, Türkçe dili hâkimiyetlerine göre farklilik gösterdigi bulgularina ulasilmistir.

1951 yilinda imzalanan Mülteci Sözlesmesi, mülteci tanimini belirlese de, günümüzde zorunlu göç ile iklim degisikligi arasindaki iliski giderek daha belirgin hale gelmistir. Iklim mültecileri, iklim degisikliginin etkisiyle siddetli iklim olaylarina maruz kalarak evlerini terk eden bireylerdir; bu kavram, yasal olarak taninmasa da tartismalarin merkezinde yer almaktadir. Bu çalismada, iklim degisikliginin insanlik üzerindeki derin etkileri ve iklim mültecisi taniminin önemi ele alinmaktadir. Iklim mültecileri, yasam kosullarinin daha uygun oldugu bölgelerde yeni bir hayat kurmak zorunda kalan bireyler olarak öne çikmakta; bu durum da onlara dair yasal düzenlemelerin ve koruma mekanizmalarinin gerekliligini ortaya koymaktadir. Ayrica, sürdürülebilirligi tesvik etmek, iklim degisikliginin etkilerini azaltmak ve savunmasiz nüfuslarin daha fazla yerinden edilmesini önlemek için hayati öneme sahiptir. Bu baglamda, iklim mültecileri çagimizin en acil sorunlarindan biri olarak degerlendirilmektedir ve uluslararasi hukukta bu yeni mülteci kategorisinin taninmasi gerektigi vurgulanmaktadir.

REMOVED takes the principle of non-refoulement, a human rights concept designed to protect refugees from inhumane and degrading treatment after return, as a starting point to study the removal practices that Syrians experience in Lebanon and Turkey, the ways in which they navigate and resist different practices of removal and, more concretely, the human, social and political consequences of these removals. Resisting binary distinctions between voluntary and forced returns, the project conceptualizes pushbacks, deportations, obliged returns and repatriations jointly as removals. It enquires into the emergence, patterns and consequences of removals by approaching removal infrastructures as multi-scalar entanglements of authorities, institutions and norms through which the demographic composition of the territory is controlled, negotiated and resisted by people in everyday practices. REMOVED research team uses ethnographic methods, such as mapping and informal interviews with professionals, such as Syrians in Turkey and Lebanon; professionals and advocacy actors who work on the Syrian displacement crisis in Turkey and Lebanon; and actors of mobility and migration control at different spatial and temporal points of the removal trajectories. The team also actively seeks and puts into place partnerships with refugee rights advocacy organizations in Lebanon and Turkey.