This study examines the possible effects of prolonged consumption of soft drinks on sperm parameters in male wistar rats. Thirty-five (35) male wistar rats were divided into five groups with the control groups administered with distilled water only, and four other test groups administered with single dose (1.2ml) Coca-Cola, double dose (2.4ml) Coca-Cola (Cocacolax2), 0.6ml bullet drinks and 1.2ml sugar solution. Aside from the administered samples, food and water were regularly kept at their disposals. The experimental study lasted for forty (40) days. The weights before and after administration were measured to ascertain the effects of the test samples on the mean weight difference as well as their mean relative weight difference. Sperm parameters were taken to ascertain the effects of the test samples on fertility. The results from this study have shown that consumption of soft drinks have stimulating effects on weights, with corresponding adverse effects on spermatogenesis of test groups when compared with the control group

Background: Dysmenorrhea refers to the pain and discomfort associated with the monthly menstrual period in women of child bearing age. It commonly presents as pain or cramps in the lower abdomen in addition to any of the following symptoms; bloating, diarrhea, nausea, waist pain etc. Dysmenorrhea is, reportedly, one of the commonest reasons for gynecological consultations in adolescents and young women. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence, impacts and coping mechanisms for dysmenorrhea. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study in which data on prevalence, impacts and coping variables were collected from 110 female clinical medical students at Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University Awka using self-administered questionnaires. Same was analyzed and data presented in frequency tables. Results: The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 82.7%. Severe pain was reported by 53.8% of respondents with the pain majorly located in the lower abdomen (91.2%) and causing school absenteeism (69.2%). Combined pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic methods were adopted as coping mechanisms by 69.7% of respondents. Only 19.8% had ever consulted a doctor on account of dysmenorrhea. Family history of dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with prevalence of dysmenorrhea. Conclusions: Dysmenorrhea is very common among the medical students yet, very few of them seek professional medical assistance. Increased awareness to aid prompt diagnosis and proper management of dysmenorrhea is essential to reduce its impact.

Introduction: In the new-born, persistent patent ductus arteriosus is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Normally at birth, ductus arteriosus contracts causing intraluminal ischemic hypoxia that ultimately leads to closure and remodelling of the ductus. Currently, the medical management of PAD is based on the use of non-selective inhibitors of the cyclooxygenase enzyme that participates in the synthesis of prostaglandins, especially indomethacin, acetaminophen, and ibuprofen, which promote closure of the communication by up to 70% -93%. Materials and methods: Observational, retrospective, and analytical study in which records from the EpicLatino database were used. Results: 1243 patients were obtained, 52% of patients received some type of treatment and, 171 preterm patients received treatment with acetaminophen, with an increase in the trend in its use from the year 2015 to 2020. Conclusions: More treatment was used as lower the gestational age was. The use of indomethacin and ibuprofen has decreased from 2015 to 2020 due to the adverse effects they cause compared to acetaminophen.

In biomedical and Medical research studies, useful conclusions can only be inferred from data derived using a valid study design. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate study design is pertinent in providing unbiased, error free and scientific evaluation of the hypothesis. The present review is intended to serve as a guide to our teaming beginners in Biomedical and Medical Science research

Dentistry is a unique branch of medicine in which various oral problems are treated. The use of traditional medicine is common in dental practice and is widely used to treat dental problems since olden days. Homeopathy as an element of holistic dentistry provides effective treatment to the patients while reducing side effects. Bio 21, a homeopathic medication hence has been widely used for treatment of teething problems thus reducing common symptoms that are manifested. This literature based article is highlighting the possible role of Bio 21 in management of teething problems.

In humans, infections with nontyphoidal Salmonella typically result in self-limited gastroenteritis and are the leading source of foodborne illness. In developed countries, the incidence of culture-confirmed invasive Salmonella is extremely rare. We present to you the case of an 83-year-old male with an established diagnosis of IgG4 deficiency, diagnosed with culture-confirmed Salmonella bacteraemia.