This paper examines the process of relativisation in Uro and Arigidi; two varieties of Akokoid dialect cluster. Uro is spoken in Ajowa Akoko, while Arigidi is spoken in Arigidi Akoko, both in Akoko Northwest local government area of Ondo state. This work compares the relativisation process in the two dialects with a view to establishing their level of relatedness. In the two speech forms, this research reveals that the subject NP, object NP, and verbs can be relativized. The subject NP relativization is achieved by a movement of the Spec IP to Spec RelP. There is no overt relative marker when the subject NP is moved. On the other hand, the object NP is relativised by moving the NP argument to the Spec RelP. In this case, a relative marker ‘i’ on a mid- tone immediately follows the moved NP. For verbs, they are copied and nominalized through a process of reduplication, then moved to the Spec RelP. This is also followed by the relative marker ‘i’. The similarities observed in the relativisation process in these two dialects further confirm the claims by some scholars that the two dialects originated from a common source. The Government and Binding (GB) theory is used in analyzing and presenting the data.

The attitude to drag down what happened in prehistoric times from the horizon of philosophy simply because it was not written in letters, or it is related to the uncivilized"prehistoric times, exposes both ignorance and arrogance at the same time. In the light of H. Rombachs statement that People have never been savage, we cannot read the philosophy and spiritual worlds of prehistoric people, but rather make a great mistake of the hasty conclusion that they were savage. However, we have groundbreaking clues that enable us to approach the ancient philosophy of Korea, that is to say, we have prehistoric relics that can be read clearly. They include the star hole astronomical charts carved in the dolmens, the four guardian deities engraved on bronze mirrors, and the paintings of the four guardian deities and the four constellations, in Goguryeo ancient tomb murals. When looked into carefully, they present messages as good as text messages. They are talking stones that reveal what they are, and mirrors and pictures that reflect their identity. It is well known that prehistoric people were very interested in the celestial world, and gave special meanings to various constellations, and developed a calendar earlier on. Through the star charts, especially the drawings of the four constellations , they revealed thoughts about worshipping heaven, immortality, and the philosophy of returning home, and gave birth to a system of philosophy to care for and protect the whole world.

A recurring feature is the role of tone in the grammar of Ikhin. The associative H tomorph as a general feature of Edoid languages is well demonstrated in Ikhin. So is evidence of tone function in tense, aspect and negation. This paper examines the realization of tone in verbal elements in Ikhin. In this paper, by verbal elements, I mean tense, progressive aspect, negation and verb stem. This language has two basic tones and a downstep. The classic ‘two tones plus downstep’ is the most widespread in Edoid. The analysis of Ikhin tone system as containing two tones and a downstep confirms that it is a terraced level tone system. Verb stems in Ikhin do not have tonal representation in the lexicon. The context in which a verb occurs determines what tone it takes. I argue, therefore, that verbal elements acquire tonal representation at the grammatical level. I propose that simple present and progressive aspects are indicated by a grammatical tone called “tomorph”. More generally still, I argue that the postulation of a grammatical tone, such as an H tomorph as a general feature of Edoid languages, receives independent support from negation in this language.

This study aims to examine the influence of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) on firm value. The sample in this study are companies listed on the ESG Leaders Indonesia Index for the 2020-2021 period. Samples were taken using the purposive sampling method. Firm value in this study was projected with Tobinsq, the method used was multiple regression analysis using eviews12 software. The results of this study indicate that only environmental has an effect on firm value, so the higher the disclosure or environmental performance made by a company, the higher the value of a company. the results of testing the Socials and Governance variables show no effect on firm value.

One of the essential components of the learning process is assessment. As a result, providing feedback is an important part of the evaluation process so that students can see how far the progress in learning process. Naturally, the delivery of feedback undergoes a shift when online classes, which feature a significant amount of technology use, are implemented. The main problem that this study is trying to solve is what types of oral and written corrective technology-based feedback during online lectures using technology in class. The data were derived from research that involved focus groups, interviews and content analysis. The triangulation approach was employed by the researchers to verify the accuracy of the data. The result shows that recast is the most type of oral corrective technology-based feedback that was occurred during the online class. Recast, explicit correction and repetition can be delivered directly and the students can catch what the correct version of their errors. The time allotment for giving these three types is shorter than the other three. For the clarification requests, elicitation and metalinguistic clue, the results show that these three types allowed more time allotment as the students cannot get the correct answer directly. For written corrective technologybased feedback, direct feedback was given when the students made error in the form of punctuation and typo. Moreover, for indirect feedback, it is given when the error in the form of grammar error. The indirect feedback was given with in the way of the lecturers showed the grammatical error without giving the correct version. For the last type of written corrective feedback, it is the most rarely used as the correct version was given implicitly, that will lead the students need extra time to process what is wrong and how to revise it.

In Afghanistan, day to a day power struggle, rampant corruption, and numerous challenges increased and affected National Unity Government. The survival of the country was managed with the help of International Assistance. Afghanistan Analyst Network reports that mismanagement and electrical fraud exist in the parliamentary and presidential elections of 2018 and 2019. Two parties in Afghanistan had created continuous political tension in the country. In several ways, the government of Afghanistan suffered due to violence and insecurity problems. The socio-political management was of the country not focused on efficiently maintaining security problems. Additionally, due to the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, ninety per cent of the Afghan people were suffering from economic, environmental crises and insecurity problems. The parliamentary election scheduled after the first election in 2004 led to several challenges due to slow preparations. The people of Afghans prefer to have a strong government was the lesson learnt by the presidential election in Afghanistan. The irregularities and fraud reveal the different types of voting patterns. The challenges of a presidential election in Afghanistan based on the voter turnout were examined in this study. The post-conflict state of the country caused the increase or decrease in voter turnout in Afghanistan. The change in the socio-political and economic, and security situation of the country was analyzed during the presidential and parliamentary elections. Parliamentary chambers of Afghanistan held over various years were analyzed based on the number of registered voters, ballots and valid votes. The stakeholder, private sector, and civil society representatives interactions with government officials were carried out with the help of a parliamentary session consisting of a series of interactive datasets.

The aim of this research paper is to look at certain underlying principles in the complex relationship of tribal leadership and the egalitarian structure of tribes. This paper will attempt to explain the presence of tribal leaders (Khans) in the segmentary and egalitarian structure of the tribal belt in Southeast, Afghanistan. In addition, it will examine the characteristics of egalitarian structure of Pushtun tribes and the rule of the Khan as a broker of the state or tribe. The majority of the southeast Pukhtun tribes live within the geographic boarders of Afghanistan, the exception being the Wazir and Mehsud tribes who also reside in Pakistan. The common characteristic of all Pukhtun tribes is the focus on paternal linage for determining membership within the Pukhtun tribal segments. Another shared characteristic among Pukhtun tribes is the derivation of their segmentation, which is determined by their social composition. (Tapper, 1983) Explaining the political structure of these tribes is difficult due to the multiplicity within tribal leadership. A number of leaders can influence the tribal decision-making process including: the tribal Masher (tribal leader), the Mullah, a Warlord or a Mujaheedin Commander, and sometimes a Khan. The influence each of these can wield depends on the particular situation. This paper will address the tribal political structure through a more detailed examination of Khan-ship. The paper will show that the authority of the Khan is quite limited and his power severely constrained; he is much more of a leader than a ruler and thus his tribesmen tend to be followers rather than subjects. (Anderson, 1983) Pukhtun tribes tend toward a more acephalous structure, meaning a community without a direct chief or leader. This paper will discuss the Khan’s unique position within this egalitarian tribal structure. As a result, the focus of this paper is the various aspects of traditional leadership within the egalitarian tribal structure of Southeastern Afghanistan.

Financial Distress is the alerted and feared by all of companies, both local and international companies and also become a main cause of companies to bankrupt. The main cause of financial distress is an ineffective corporate governance to solve the financial problem which lead the financial distress. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of corporate governance that cause financial distress at FMCG companies in Indonesia. The examined variable in this study were Board Size, Board Independence, CEO Tenure and CEO Duality. This study used secondary data from 48 FMCG companies with 288 total sample in purposive sampling method. The statistical method used logistic regression for analyzed the data. The result of this study reveal that Board Size has significant effect on financial distress meanwhile Board Independence, CEO Tenure and CEO Duality has no significant effect on the cause of financial distress at FMCG companies in Indonesia during 2016-2021 period.