Language is a tool of expression and communication. This comes naturally to us that we take language for granted. We rarely question ourselves if we can ever survive without a language. How do we learn a language? Why do we learn languages, especially our first language, so fast? These questions have been the center of a contentious and still continuous debate. A debate that brought about several theories that endeavor to explain how the human language became intricate and advanced, yet so easily learnable. Chomsky (1959) claimed that language is an innate ability that is hardwired in our brains. Others, such as Everett (2012), argued that language is a cultural tool that humans invested to satisfy their communicative needs.

The research was conducted in the coastal area of Tuban Regency with the aim of analysing the influence of Miyang culture on the learning motivation of fishermens children in coastal Tuban, knowing the factors that can affect childrens learning motivation, and knowing the influence of Rumah Baca on the learning motivation of fishermens children in Karangsari coastal Tuban. The Miyang culture that exists in three coastal areas in Tuban Regency causes an influence on the different levels of learning motivation. This research uses literature, observation and interviews with fishermens children in the coastal areas of Tuban. About 10 informants were interviewed and the data collection process was conducted over two weeks. It shows that coastal children have different levels of learning motivation, the east and west coastal areas tend to have low learning motivation, but in the central area, children are more likely to have quite good learning motivation. Influencing factors are the environment and family support, many children have gone to Miyang to earn money. With the presence of Rumah Baca Pesisir Cerdas, one of the reading houses in Karangsari Tuban, it has an influence on students learning motivation. Rumah Baca Pesisir Cerdas increases learning motivation with the results of data analysis of the number of students who actively participate in activities, and children dare to have high ideals and enthusiasm for school.

The relationship between man and God usually understood and placed as a private matter of each human being. It practices in certain forms of worship (rituals) regulated by religion. In this case, the notion of religion is as known, adhered to, and practiced by the wider community such as, Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam, Catholicism, Confucianism, and Protestantism. Those six religions have different way of worship systems and practices and therefore they also have different places of worship. In Kalipagu, Ketenger Village, Baturraden District, there is a ritual that can actually unite and bring people of these religions in a joint worship ritual together. It calls Kamis Manis rituals. Therefore the research was conducted to uncover such rituals which could unite people with different religion background. This research was conducted with qualitative methods. Data was collected through in-depth interviews and also carried out through participant observation. The results of this study shows that the Kamis Manis ritual has one purpose, namely request God Almighty to bring human being to become a good and noble person and asking for safety and welfare in navigating this life. In this ritual, social identity is stripped where people are only seen and placed as weak human individuals before the Supreme of God Almighty.

This article is a macroeconomic assessment of the optimum quantity of money to inject into a developing economy in situation of information asymmetries. Starting from Tobins "absolute liquidity rule", and under the hypothesis of a sub-optimal macroeconomic monetary equilibrium, a method of optimizing the money supply is proposed, based on a "monetary adjustment coefficient". It takes into account the effective growth rate, the potential growth rate and the current money supply. It appears, in the case of Cameroon, that the quantity of money in circulation is 30% lower than its optimal level compatible with the potential product, hence the need for an expansionary monetary policy, including monetary and credit easing measures. It is thus proposed to decision makers to introduce a monetary adjustment coefficient when elaborating monetary policy to be implemented in the country.

The phenomenon of household financial behavior in Timor Leste and Indonesia is strongly influenced by socioeconomic factors. However, low levels of education and income contribute to low financial literacy and suboptimal financial management behavior among housewives. In both contexts, factors such as gender, income level, education and parental influence play a key role. With a better understanding of the influence of these socio-economic factors, effective policies and interventions can be formulated to improve the financial literacy and financial management behavior of people in both countries. Income and employment levels have a significant influence on the financial behavior of tanto families in Timor Leste and Indonesia. Cultural norms have a significant influence on household financial behavior in both Indonesia and Timor Leste. Therefore, awareness of cultural norms is key in shaping attitudes, knowledge and behaviors that contribute to the financial management and well-being of individuals and families in both countries. Access to financial resources has a significant impact on household financial behavior in both Indonesia and Timor Leste. Improving financial literacy in Indonesia is key to increasing peoples access to financial resources.

This study aims to explore the application of the four perspectives of the Balanced Scorecard in evaluating the performance of the Treasury Service Office (KPPN) Banyuwangi. The findings of this research are expected to contribute theoretically to the development of management science and serve as a reference for future research, particularly on the fourperspective Balanced Scorecard model for assessing the performance of public sector organizations (government agencies). This qualitative research employs a phenomenological approach to examine the concept of the Balanced Scorecard in evaluating the performance of one government agency under the Ministry of Finance, namely KPPN Banyuwangi. Data were collected directly through interviews and observations, as well as indirectly through performance reports, survey results, and various supporting references. The results of the research indicate that KPPN Banyuwangi achieved good performance based on the Balanced Scorecard with Key Performance Indicators in 2022, which include four analytical aspects: stakeholder perspective with a weight of 30% and a total score of 105.91, customer perspective with a weight of 20% and a total score of 104.30, internal perspective with a weight of 25% and a total score of 109.81, and learning and growth perspective with a weight of 25% and a total score of 112.04. Overall, the Organizational Performance Indicator Achievement Index in 2022 reached 108.09%, with all Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) surpassing the set targets.

The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges related to inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic marriages and how the challenges affect the level of marital satisfaction. The study employed the qualitative phenomenological design and sampled 10 inter and inter-ethnic married couples in the Kumasi metropolis using to convenience sampling procedure. Data was collected with the aid of researcher designed semi-structured interview guide. Data collected were analysed using the six-step thematic analysis approach suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006). The findings revealed that the challenges experienced by spouses in inter-and intra-ethnic marriages were not the same. The findings also, revealed that childrens upbringing was a challenge due to the gender-stereotypic nature of spouse. It was concluded that most spouses in intra-ethnic marriages faced challenges with regard to children upbringing, decision-making and household production. It is recommended that married couples: both inter and intra-ethic couples should seek marital counselling services during their marriage in order to help them deal effectively with the various challenges such as children up-bringing, decision-making and household production that have the capacity of negatively affecting their marriage and marital satisfaction.

This study employs Cognitive Semantics Analysis and Qualitative Methods to examine Indonesian proverbs and uncover the underlying elements of cheerfulness within them. Using a diverse corpus of Indonesian proverbs, the study scrutinizes their linguistic and cognitive structures, applying cognitive semantics theories to discern the interplay between language, culture, and emotions in the proverbs. Additionally, the study draws upon the perceptions and interpretations of native speakers to gain a holistic understanding of cheerfulness as manifested in these linguistic gems. The findings show (1) the Indonesian proverbs that describe cheerfulness often use a wide range of metaphorical expressions that draw upon sensory and embodied experiences, (2) cultural resonance underscores the shared understanding of cheerfulness within the community, highlighting its salience as a cultural value, and (3) proverbs from contemporary contexts may reflect the evolving nature of happiness and well-being in Indonesian society. The findings contribute to a deeper comprehension of Indonesian culture and language and offer valuable insights into the field of cognitive semantics. The study also facilitates cross-cultural comparisons and appreciation of the universality and linguistic manifestations of human emotions.

This research determined the effects of content-based recreational activities in enhancing the understanding skills of students in terms of skill-algorithm, properties principles, and use and application. This also assessed the significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores of the students. Moreover, the researcher used the descriptive and pre-experimental research design among the 82 grade 7 students. Validated pretest and posttest questionnaires revolved around the topic of operations of polynomials and were scored using a rubric. Survey questionnaires were also given to students on the perception of the students using games and puzzles as recreational activities. Frequency, percentage distribution, independent t-test, and paired t-test were utilized to statistically analyze the data. Findings revealed that there is a significant difference in the posttest scores of respondents in skill algorithm, properties principles, and used and application skills when tested to p < .05. However, there is no significant relationship between the perception of the students on the use of content-based recreational activities to understanding skills of the students. The research recommended using the recreational activity plan, especially the content-based recreational activity strategy, to improve the Mathematical Understanding Skills such as skill-algorithm skills and properties principle skills of the students.

Islamic education in developing countries like Indonesia also incorporates elements influenced by Western education. It seems that a large number of educated Muslims rely on Western intellectuals as a foundation to build their understanding of optimal educational design. However, some Muslim scholars have extraordinary and unconventional ideas. One example is Fazlur Rahman, whose writings have received significant attention and analysis among Western academics. This research examines Fazlur Rahmans reformist ideas about the education model, particularly its application in modern Islamic education. This research aims to determine the application of this model to independent learning in the Indonesian national education system. So, it is expected to find relevance in the concept of education offered by Fazlur Rahman with independent learning. With the discovery of this relevance, it can be understood that the idea of independent learning implemented in Indonesia is close to the concept of Islamic education. As understood by a Muslim academic, the idea of education must be paradigmized in the values of Islamic teachings.

This study seeks to evaluate the implementation of Value Clarification Technique (VCT) learning to improve the critical reasoning students character of MI Islamiyah Syafiiyah Gandrirojo Kudus in Central Java. 5th class was chosen as the experimental group that applied VCT learning, and 6th class became the control group that applied conventional learning in Civics subjects, focusing on understanding citizens rights, obligations, and responsibilities in everyday life. The research method used quasi-experiment. Data analysis shows a significant difference in the critical reasoning character of students who use VCT and conventional learning. This is evident through the results of a two-party t-test, where the t-count is smaller than the t-table (-5.37 ? -1.976), meaning that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. In addition, the critical reasoning character of students who use VCT learning is also significantly higher than students who use conventional learning, as seen from the results of the one-party t-test with a t-count greater than the t-table (8.47 ? 1.664). Thus, it can be concluded that VCT learning effectively develops the critical thinking character of students at MI Islamiyah Syafiiyah.

In Todays Turbulent World, The Stability of Value Chains Is A Crucial Challenge for Companies. Companies Strategic Moves Need to Be Aligned with Societal Constants to Navigate in Uncertain Times. In the Realm of Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr), Traditional Approaches Are Based on Quick Wins and Stakeholder Capacity-Building Processes. However, this "Lifeboat" Paradigm Lacks Impact and Is Unprepared to Respond to Societys Needs. Looking at the complex relationship between CSR and 279 local associations in Morocco, this study aims to demystify the challenges of moving from stakeholder theory to society and from the materiality of performance to the materiality of impact. In the context of permacrisis, this research explores the role of listening to crises and nature in building stable and sustainable value chains

Changes in currency exchange rates have an impact on currency appreciation and depreciation. One alternative that can help in managing risks arising from fluctuations in exchange rates is by utilizing hedging instruments. This research aimed to investigate the empirical evidence regarding the effect of macroeconomics, firm size, asset growth and liquidity on financial distress and hedging with good corporate governance as a moderation variable. The population were manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian stock exchange and implementing hedging strategy in 2020-2022. Seventeen companies were selected as samples using purposive sampling techniques. Hypothesis testing was carried out by means of Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach based on the Partial Least Square (PLS). Among the 10 analysed hypotheses, 5 were proven to be accepted and the other 5 were rejected. The findings show the followings. The 2 exogenous variables (macroeconomics and asset growth) affected the endogenous variable (hedging), meanwhile the other 3 exogenous variables (firm size, liquidity and financial distress) did not affect it. The 3 exogenous variables (firm size, asset growth and liquidity) were proven to influence the endogenous variable (financial distress), whereas the variable of macroeconomics was not proven as such. Meanwhile, good corporate governance, as a moderation variable, did not provide full support for the causal relationship between financial distress and hedging.

The purpose of the study was to examine Teacher trainees’ knowledge and sexual behaviour towards HIV\AIDS. The study which adopted the descriptive design utilized a sample of 177 students obtained through purposive and simple random sampling of students from OLA, Fosu and Komenda Colleges of Education in the Central Region, Ghana. Questionnaire was used in the data collection. Percentages and frequencies were used to analyze the data for easy interpretation. The study revealed that although all the respondents were aware of HIV and AIDS, they rarely talked about HIV and AIDS issues with their friends or relatives. Furthermore, even though majority of the respondents have had sexual intercourse after age 18, they usually had unprotected sex. It is therefore recommended that the Ghana Education Service in collaboration with donor agencies like WHO and UNAIDS should resource teachers well and build their capacity in order to make their lessons on HIV very interesting and effective to broaden the students’ knowledge base on good sexual behaviour to avoid being infected with the HIV/AIDS. College counsellors are recommended to organize talks, seminars and other relevant activities to reduce or curb the infection rate among College of Education students in Ghana.

The purpose of this study was to explore the challenges related to inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic marriages and how the challenges affect the level of marital satisfaction. The study employed the qualitative phenomenological design and sampled 10 inter and inter-ethnic married couples in the Kumasi metropolis using to convenience sampling procedure. Data was collected with the aid of researcher designed semi-structured interview guide. Data collected were analysed using the six-step thematic analysis approach suggested by Braun and Clarke (2006). The findings revealed that the challenges experienced by spouses in inter-and intra-ethnic marriages were not the same. The findings also, revealed that children’s upbringing was a challenge due to the gender-stereotypic nature of spouse. It was concluded that most spouses in intra-ethnic marriages faced challenges with regard to children upbringing, decision-making and household production. It is recommended that married couples: both inter and intra-ethic couples should seek marital counselling services during their marriage in order to help them deal effectively with the various challenges such as children up-bringing, decision-making and household production that have the capacity of negatively affecting their marriage and marital satisfaction.

This paper discusses the educational practices carried out by integrative-based Madrasahs in the view of Muhammad Iqbal, located in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) NU Banat Kudus (MI at the same level as elementary schools). Researchers conducted direct observations and interviewed several parties from MI and documentation support. Qualitative data that have been analyzed descriptively detect two dimensions of subject groups: general lessons and salaf, supported by various religious activities. The content of salaf lessons at MI NU Banat Kudus consists of pegon, imla, nahwu, shorof, ial, tarikh, tafsir, and mahfudhot, equipped with local content, namely musyafahah al-Quran, salat, fiqh salat, tawhid, akhlaq, and calligraphy. The religious activities that were successfully detected were dhuha prayer, asmaul husna recitation, dziba recitation, tadarus al-Quran, tahlilan, khotmil Quran, dawah training, and congregational dhuhur prayer. In general subjects, in addition to adjusting Indonesian government regulations, MI NU Banat Kudus has a uniquely distinctive, namely; students and teachers must practice four languages: Indonesian, Arabic, English and Javanese. MI NU Banat Kudus complements it by equipping students to choose pencak silat, table tennis, scouts, computers, choirs, and volleyball. Thus, MI NU Banat Kudus has implemented an Islamic education system from Muhammad Iqbals perspective, namely integrative Education, by combining modern science and Islamic values and emphasizing their importance in developing reason, spirituality, and creativity in Education. In some conditions, teachers apply outing classes to see the natural environment in absolute terms and contextualize the knowledge that students have obtained.

Nigeria is now facing the complex issue of ethno-religious conflicts, which have significantly affected its socio-economic structure. This study investigates these conflicts multifaceted and intricate impacts on Nigerias pursuit of sustainable development. This research examines the historical context, economic disruptions, educational barriers, and political ramifications of ethno-religious contests. The examination explores prominent ethno-religious conflicts in Nigeria, including the Jos Crisis, the Boko Haram Insurgency, the Kaduna Religious Crisis, and the tensions in the Middle Belt region. The study highlights many reasons that contribute to the intensification of these conflicts, including religious extremism, economic inequality, and political marginalisation. In addition, the article examines the core principles of sustainable development and the consequences of ethno-religious conflicts on environmental sustainability, social advancement, governance, humanitarian crises, economic activities, population displacement, and infrastructure devastation. Utilising conflict resolution strategies, such as interfaith dialogue, inclusive policies, community engagement, security sector reform, good governance, economic diversification, and investment in education, is recommended to mitigate the negative impacts of ethnoreligious conflicts on attaining sustainable development. The report emphasises the need to address the root issues and implement proactive methods to create a sustainable and harmonious future in Nigeria.

This research generally aims to determine the influence of leadership behaviour on organizational performance through the values of religiosity and organizational commitment in the Jambi provincial government. Based on an understanding of these objectives, the researcher used the Grand Theory a human resource management which is related to the Middle Range Theory is organizational behaviour which is the scientific parent of the research and the Applied Theory used in this research is the Leadership Style Theory: Leadership behaviour Approach, Religiosity, commitment and performance, each of which can be specifically reduced into variables as well as the relationship between the grand theory with middle range theory, the respondents in this study were all civil servants in the Jambi Provincial Government. The total sample of respondents was 387 people. To find out whether the model created based on observational data matches the theoretical model or not, a model match index is needed. The results of this research found that leadership behaviour through religiosity values and organizational commitment has an influence on organizational performance in the Jambi provincial government.

This paper discusses the educational practices carried out by integrative-based Madrasahs in the view of Muhammad Iqbal, located in Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) NU Banat Kudus (MI at the same level as elementary schools). Researchers conducted direct observations and interviewed several parties from MI and documentation support. Qualitative data that have been analyzed descriptively detect two dimensions of subject groups: general lessons and salaf, supported by various religious activities. The content of salaf lessons at MI NU Banat Kudus consists of pegon, imla, nahwu, shorof, ilal, tarikh, tafsir, and mahfudhot, equipped with local content, namely musyafahah al-Quran, salat, fiqh salat, tawhid, akhlaq, and calligraphy. The religious activities that were successfully detected were dhuha prayer, asmaul husna recitation, dziba recitation, tadarus al-Quran, tahlilan, khotmil Quran, dawah training, and congregational dhuhur prayer. In general subjects, in addition to adjusting Indonesian government regulations, MI NU Banat Kudus has a uniquely distinctive, namely; students and teachers must practice four languages: Indonesian, Arabic, English and Javanese. MI NU Banat Kudus complements it by equipping students to choose pencak silat, table tennis, scouts, computers, choirs, and volleyball. Thus, MI NU Banat Kudus has implemented an Islamic education system from Muhammad Iqbals perspective, namely integrative Education, by combining modern science and Islamic values and emphasizing their importance in developing reason, spirituality, and creativity in Education. In some conditions, teachers apply outing classes to see the natural environment in absolute terms and contextualize the knowledge that students have obtained.

This research focuses on the evaluation of the regional restructuring policy in Banjar Regency-South Kalimantan Province, which has been implemented since 2021. Although this restructuring has been in accordance with regulations, the Regional Apparatus Organizations (RAOs) in the region have not been able to fully accelerate development and improve the quality of public services. This study used a descriptive quantitative-qualitative approach with a research design involving instruments in the form of questionnaires according to the Ministry of Administrative Reforms institutional evaluation guidelines. Data was collected with a questionnaire measuring OPD structures and processes, with a total of 66 questions. The results of this study produced a composite index describing the level of effectiveness of RAOs, grouped in five categories ranging from "Highly Effective" to "Ineffective." The analysis shows that some RAOs in Banjar Region have high performance, such as the Regional Secretariat and the Public Works, Spatial Planning and Land Agency. However, there are constraints on several dimensions, including complexity, formalization, and centralization. This evaluation provides an in-depth look at the performance of RAOs and provides recommendations for improvements, such as updating standard operating procedures and developing work systems. The research also identified constraints on certain sub-dimensions, such as a lack of mapping of work processes between units within the organization and a lack of coordination between work units. Other constraints involve organizational structures that are not yet fully compliant with laws and regulations, as well as significant interventions in work processes.