Effective writing skills are crucial for college students in todays competitive world. This study explores the impact of reading as a pre-writing activity on ESL students writing proficiency. This quasi-experimental research focuses on 4th year college students enrolled in the course English for Occupational Purposes, analyzing their writing proficiency in content, conventions, and structure through pre-tests, formative assessments, and post-tests. Statistical analyses were conducted on the collected data, revealing a decline in content, conventions, and structure proficiency from the pre-test to the post-test. Formative test scores indicate satisfactory proficiency in content and conventions with slight fluctuations, while structure proficiency remains generally low. No significant difference is observed between the pre-test and formative test performances, indicating stability in writing proficiency. However, a significant negative difference between the formative test and post-test performances suggests a decline in content proficiency. Most importantly, there is no significant difference between the pre-test and post-test performances mainly due to the limited teacher involvement as a sole facilitator in the process. To maximize the benefits of reading as a prewriting activity, teachers may incorporate close monitoring, give timely feedback after each writing activity, select appropriate reading materials, and set clear writing models and guidelines. Administrators may offer workshops on assessment and ensure access to supplementary reading materials. The exploration of different teacher involvement strategies in the pre-writing process is also recommended for future researchers.

This study has three variables, namely green product (x1), price (x2) and buying interest (y) which aims by explore product quality, price and buying interest in Pangandaran Dahon batik. By this way the research is quantitative by descriptive and verification approach. Primary data collection techniques obtained through questionnaires, observations and interviews. Secondary data obtained through the library and documents that were reviewed. The population is 100 consumers of Batik Dahon Pangandaran. The effect of green product and price on buying interest is used multiple linear regression analysis or path analysis and determinant coefficients with the help of SPSS for window 24. Green products and prices with buying interest in Batik Dahon Pangandaran and respondents results from the questionnaire answers turned out to be green products and The price on buying interest in Batik Dahon Pangandaran as a whole shows a positive and good response. Obtained on batik Dahon Pangandaran and others influenced by other factors.

The purpose of this study is to improve the practical skills of students in Cookery 9- Prepare Sandwiches by evaluating the effectiveness of a researcher-created learning material that will assist in addressing a low level of performance skills in Cookery 9.The Pearson-Product Moment Correlation was used whether there is a significant relationship between the Performance Tasks-Enriched Materials and the level of proficiency in Practical Skills of the student-respondents in Cookery 9. Further, descriptive-developmental research was used in this study for the acceptance level of the designed performance tasks-enrich intervention materials using the perception of the respondents and the students proficiency after using the performance tasks-enriched materials. Data were collected from 35 Grade 9 - Cattleya students enrolled in Callejon National High School from 2022-2023 using a pretest and posttest, performance task-enriched material, and a survey questionnaire. According to the findings, the students were generally proficient in their practical skills in Cookery 9. They perceived the performance task-enriched material to be effective in terms of perform miseen place, prepare variety of sandwiches, present variety of sandwiches and store sandwiches. Their level of mastery, as well as their perception of effectiveness, are significantly related to their pre- and post-test scores. After using the developed material, the learners progressed from the beginning and developing level of performance to approaching proficiency and proficient levels. These findings imply that performance task-enriched material in students performance tasks improved their practical skills..

This study utilized descriptive research design. The respondents of the study are Grade 12 work immersion students composed of (57) respondents. A teacher-made questionnaire was employed to determine the perception of the respondents in work immersion. The study was conducted at Callejon National High School Senior High School in San Antonio, Quezon, during the Second semester first quarter of the school year 2022-2023. The researcher also made a test and survey questionnaire to determine students knowledge about the phases of work immersion. Frequency and percentage were utilized to determine the respondents perceptions on the phases of work immersion. The statistical treatment that used are, weighted mean Paired t- test , Pearson-r were utilized. In the phases of work immersion as to Pre- immersion, Immersion Proper, Post- Immersion there is a positive impact in their experiences on student learning and development. The work immersion program has been effective in improving the students understanding and proficiency in the different aspect.. Then, the null hypothesis is not supported. There is no significant relationship between the perceived work phases and students performance. Then, the null hypothesis is rejected. It may be suggested that the teachers, administrators, students and future researcher may utilize the localized internship program. Since the study is about the phases of work immersion program experienced by the students.

This study focused on the effects of Experiential Learning Approach in improving the students’ common competencies and attitudes towards agricultural activities, among Grade 8 students of Callejon National High School during the S.Y. 2022-2023. The respondents were purposively selected they are taking up Agri crop production as their elective in Technology and Livelihood Education subject. The researcher utilized the descriptive- correlational methods where it considers two entities: pretest and posttest of students the implementation of experiential learning in improving the common competencies students in agricultural crop production and attitude towards agricultural activities. The study utilized pretests/posttest and survey questionnaires as the main data-gathering instruments, t-test was used to determine a significant difference in student’s pretest and posttest score after the implementation of experiential learning, Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was used to determined relationship between student perception on experiential learning approach and their level of competencies and their attitude after the implementation of agricultural activities. The study revealed that the implementation Experiential Learning helps improved the level of student’s common competencies in agricultural crop production and attitude towards agricultural activities. Finally, it shows that there is significant relationship between students’ attitude and the implementation of experiential learning and utilization of agricultural activities.

The purpose of this study is to meet the needs and develop the competencies of the students. It will also help them in preparation for their Senior High School since majority of these students would like to enroll in Technology – Vocational Livelihood Track which also focuses on these entrepreneurial competencies. The study employed the descriptive research design as it aimed to accurately and systematically describe and identify characteristics, frequencies, trends, and categories of a population, situation or phenomenon. This design was appropriate since it determined and explained the data gathered from the participants’ perception towards using Learning activity worksheet. To analyze the significant difference between mean pretest and posttest scores of the respondents before and after the utilization of Learning Activity Worksheet mean, standard deviation and t-test were used. To examine the significant relationship between student’s perception on the use of Learning Activity Worksheet and their personal entrepreneurial skills Pearson-Product Moment Correlation was used. The hypothesis is not sustained. The null hypothesis stating” there is no significant relationship in student’s perception on the use of Learning Activity Worksheet and their personal entrepreneurial skills” is accepted. Technology and Livelihood Education as one of the subjects offered to secondary students in the Philippines which taught diverse skills promote entrepreneurship education that would develop the personal entrepreneurial competency of the students. With the growing importance of globalization, students must be competitive by enhancing their personal entrepreneurial competencies.

Despite the significant potential presented by social media and its strategic relevance in driving business activities, its adoption continues to pose a considerable challenge, with rates remaining notably low. The primary objective of this study is to examine the factors that influence the application of social media for the promotion of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the healthcare industry. To achieve this goal, the research employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to establish a hierarchy and assign importance to the elements that shape the utilization of social media in advancing CSR objectives. The results reveal key drivers that impact the integration of social media for CSR promotion in the healthcare industry. These drivers encompass effective CSR communication, differences among social media platforms, the advantages stemming from social media use, stakeholder expectations, and the chosen implementation strategy. Furthermore, these findings hold the potential to provide important guidance for policymakers and pertinent organizations, aiding them in devising targeted strategies grounded in the specific factors of social media adoption that have demonstrated efficacy in CSR promotion.

This study explores the complex world of English proverbs using Cognitive Semantics Analysis and the Qualitative Method. This study aims to uncover the cognitive mechanisms that create the positive associations found in these expressions. The research aims to reveal the subtle nuances that evoke joy, delight, and merriment by analyzing a diverse range of proverbs. By systematically examining the linguistic structures, contexts, and cognitive connections associated with these proverbs, this study sheds light on the intricate relationship between language, cognition, and emotions. This study reveals several noteworthy findings. Firstly, it demonstrates the presence of Joy emotion representation in English proverbs, comprised of two metaphorical schemes - CONTAINER and SOURCE-PATH-GOAL. Secondly, emotional resonances in English proverbs are identified as consisting of three distinct types - communal celebrations and shared experiences, abundance and togetherness, and prompting reflection on its transient essence. Lastly, the study highlights the interconnectedness between linguistic structures, cognitive mechanisms, and emotional experiences in English proverbs, which collectively represent the emotion of Joy. These findings deepen our understanding of the cognitive semantics of proverbs and contribute to broader discussions on how language can reflect and shape our emotional experiences.

This research uses supplementary materials to enhance the common learning competencies in Computer System Servicing for Grade 7 students. The study explored the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating supplementary material into the curriculum to enhance students understanding and mastery of the common learning competencies. The research methodology includes a review of the existing literature on supplementary material and its impact on student learning outcomes. Additionally, pretest and posttest data are collected to evaluate respondents performance levels regarding common learning competencies in Computer System Servicing. The pretest results reveal that the students have basic knowledge and skills, with some competencies from approaching proficiency to developing proficiency. The posttest performance shows that the students achieved proficiency in most competencies, demonstrating a strong understanding and ability in computer system servicing. The significant difference in the pretest and posttest scores indicated that the supplementary material positively impacts students performance, leading to improved knowledge and skills in computer system servicing. These findings highlight the use of supplementary materials in enhancing student learning outcomes in terms of computer system servicing for Grade 7 TLE students.

The purpose of this study was to create a learning mode-based supplemental material for Biology 10. This material was used to assess the critical thinking skills of student responses in the areas of argument, explanation, problem-solving, and tracking cause and effect. The development was focused on the kids preferred learning modes, which include auditory, visual, reading/writing, and kinesthetic. Prior to the implementation of the said material, the expert and student respondents assessed its level of components in terms of format, presentation, organization, acceptability, and adaptability. Afterward, a post-test was carried out. The study discovered that the majority of respondents were extremely acceptable as judged by the two categories of respondents. The supplemental material assisted the students in improving their critical thinking skills, as evidenced by their pre and post-test scores. There were considerable disparities in the respondents pre and post-test scores.

This article discusses the importance of physical and health education for students with special educational needs (SEN) in Malaysia. The study involved 200 respondents, including MBPK. This study uses a mixed methods approach, including surveys and focus group discussions with MBPK teachers and parents. Findings show that physical education can provide a variety of benefits, including improving physical fitness, social interaction, and emotional control. Participation in these classes can promote physical, social and emotional well-being, and help develop new physical skills. This study emphasizes the importance of providing equal access to physical education and health classes for MBPK and suggests that schools prioritize these subjects in their curriculum. However, this study has limitations in terms of sample size and generalizability to all MBPK. Further research is needed to explore the long-term effects of physical education and health classes on academic performance and social skills, as well as parents and teachers attitudes and beliefs towards inclusive physical education. The article suggests that the government should prioritize the inclusion of physical education and health in the curriculum for MBPK to promote their overall development and wellbeing. The study also highlighted the need for inclusive and adaptive physical education programs, as well as support for teachers and parents. Overall, the study shows that physical education and health classes have a significant positive effect on the academic, physical and psychological well-being of MBPK in Malaysia.

The use of weapons against civilian aircraft, in view of the ethical and legal dilemmas, endangers human life, society and its stability, and has legal and economic consequences; it is one of the most serious legal cases of our time. Even if the problem is analysed and interpreted in the light of the available legal concepts and instruments, and the legality or otherwise of the use of weapons is not established, the problem cannot be dealt with in a way that is beyond doubt and reassuring, since it certainly involves a violation of the right to life of the passengers on board the aircraft and of the international obligations of the State such as general rules of international law or humanitarian law. The purpose of this paper is to present the international legal liability regime for the use of weapons against civil aircraft in peacetime and in armed conflict, as well as its human rights and ethical responsibilities.

The study aimed to determine the relationship of between contingency leadership model and teachers work commitment and performance. The study utilized descriptive-correlational design which involved the participation of 181 teachers in Tiaong I district. The study utilized survey questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Pearson Pearson Moment Correlation Coefficient will be used at 0.05 level of confidence. The data gathered indicated that the perception of the respondents on contingency leadership practices as to situational control as observed in terms of Leadership style and Situational Features and as to Qualities of Followers, situational condition is Highly Observed. In terms of Goal Setting and Expectancy, Directive Clarifying, Achievement-Oriented and Participative is observed while Supportive is highly observed. The perception on Decision making as to Autocratic and Consultative and Collaborative are perceived to be observed. The teacher respondents are highly committed as to Task-Orientation and Motivation and committed as to participation. While the teacher respondents work performance as to Teaching effectiveness, Managing time and Performing duties, the teachers are performing while in terms of Learning Delivery they are highly performing. The findings gathered in the study indicated that there is significant relationship between contingency leadership model and work commitment and performance of classroom executives, thus null hypothesis is not sustained.

After the end of the civil war in Sri Lanka, building national unity and peace is still difficult. However, after 30 years, the country needs stable peace and unity among the people. Based on this, in the practical environment of the country, the governments that come to power from time to time have won the elections citing war as the reason, but the expectations of the minority communities have not been fulfilled till now. Attitudes about the war among Sri Lankan people have been explained. At the same time; the position of the Sri Lankan nation, people, and civil society in building peace has also been examined. The perspective of the Sinhalese people and the Tamil people and their expectations have been examined and mentioned to explain what kind of positions the people have after the war. Also, what kind of activities Sri Lanka is taking in peace building among foreign countries and the position of international countries regarding its practices are also explained. In addition to being a qualitative study, information has been gathered and summarized through interview methods and documents related to the topic for this research. National unity among all the people of the country is essential. And it is necessary to build peace among all the parties of the country. All parties should come forward to provide facilities for people to live a smooth life. This article is based on the fact that the governments of the country should ensure that inter-ethnic relations and unity are continuously maintained.

This study aimed to determine the organizational dynamics and participative work culture in appraising school environment effectiveness in the targeted Schools in Tiaong 1 District. The independent variable in the study based on organizational dynamics and participative work culture. The dependent variable was geared towards the school environment effectiveness in terms of teachers’ performance, learning outcome and school impact. This study used a descriptive and correlational type of research to determine the organizational dynamics and participative work culture in appraising school environment, effectiveness it involved 180 teachers in the District of Tiaong I, and the data gathered were analyzed using Pearson Product Moment-Correlation. Since there is a significant relationship between the experienced organizational dynamics and school environment effectiveness. Therefore, the null hypothesis stated in study is not supported. Participative work culture is significantly related to school environment effectiveness in terms of teachers’ performance, learning outcome and school impact. Therefore, the null hypothesis stated in study is not supported.

The village fund and budget program is an activity carried out by the central government to develop Indonesia in developing village potential by empowering the local economy to realize community independence and create sustainable, independent villages. Cupak Village, Ngusikan subdistrict, Jombang district is one of the villages that has the potential for a religious tourism village, part of the villages assisted by the Dikti matching fund by the accounting study program at the University of 17 August 1945 Surabaya. This village has a phenomenon that shows a level of independence in the management of the budgeting process that is still lacking by the local government. This explains the need for internal audits in the process of improving regional finances so that they can be used properly by both the regional government and the community. So, A qualitative approach was chosen by the research team to produce internal audit findings on the budgeting process and fund allocation for the Cupak religious tourism village, Jombang and provide recommendations to interested parties. Researchers hope that the government and the community of Cupak village, Jombang will be involved in the process of preparing, implementing and being accountable for village fund budgeting. The results of this research will be published in an international journal, namely the International Journal of Social Science Humanity & Management Research (IJSSHMR).

Students of Sharia and law faculties must have theoretical and practical skills in legal development. For this reason, besides getting theory in class, students can practice outside the classroom to develop their abilities and competencies in law. This article discusses the implementation of practicum for the Faculty of Sharia and law students in developing their competencies. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Sharia and Law Sunan Ampel State Islamic University Surabaya Indonesia. The data was collected from observation, interviews, and documentation and then analysed in descriptive. The study results showed that the Faculty of Sharia and Law practised practicums following the existing curriculum of study programs. Some of these practices are mandatory and not mandatory. Compulsory practices are religious justice practice, legal proficiency practice, and study program-based practice: Banking practice for students of Sharia Economic Law (HES) study program, religious affairs office (KUA) practice for students of Islamic Family Law (HKI) study program, general justice practice for students of Islamic Criminal Law (HPI) study program and students of the law study program, state administrative justice practice for students of Constitutional Law (HTN) study program and students of the law study program, and Falak practice for Falak study program students. Non-mandatory practices are yellow book proficiency (turats book), BNSP certification practice, and Ethics and Advocacy Clinical Practice. This practice is proven to develop student’s academic abilities, but there are less than optimal practice time and activity budget problems.