This article provides an outline of the development of language practices in the mountains and plains of Tokombere characterized by the identity response and inter-ethnic conflicts which have raged there for decades or even centuries (Socpa: 1999, Bebey: 2018). An analysis of the behaviour of speakers of different languages reveals that, unlike other localities in the Mandara Mountains where we observe a considerable difference between majority languages and minority languages (Bebey: 2020, Tourneux et al.: 2010, Jean Tabi Manga: 1999 and 2000), none of the many local languages emerges singularly to impose itself on the local scene. It demonstrates that inter-ethnic conflicts, the confinement, then the emancipation of small Kirdi peoples brought into play the conquest of certain Islamist languages which, although present and slightly dominant, no longer assume more than a few functions; an observation which leads to the proposal of trilingualism which would like a native of this region to be able to practice the African mother tongue for their cultural roots and the two official languages for their openness to the world; this, contrary to our previous proposals (Bebey, 2021).

Innovation is an indispensable element in education. The 2023-2024 school year marks the beginning of the application of new 11th grade textbooks. Implementing new textbooks brings many initial difficulties for both teachers and students. This article focuses on understanding and analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of teaching 11th grade Geography according to the book series Connecting knowledge to life. Thereby, the article aims to help educational managers, teachers and students make the most of the benefits of new textbooks and find solutions to current challenges. This makes an important contribution to improving education quality and learning efficiency in the context of the 2018 education reform program.

Local governance is a quite popular term, however urban local governance is one of the new governance terms in Vietnam. Currently, in the worlds urbanization trend associated with building e-government, digital transformation, building smart cities, etc., the issue of good management and administration of urban governments is increasing. is a requirement. Within the scope of this article, the author introduces the most common features of urban government, the distinction between urban government and rural government; At the same time, it points out the requirements for building an urban government that meets lean requirements and operates effectively and efficiently in Vietnam.

The different backgrounds of students can be a trigger for disobedience, where obedience is a persons fulfillment of another persons request which is also defined as an action or deed carried out based on the wishes of another person or doing what is ordered by another person. Obedience is also obedient, obedient, submissive, obedient to teachings and rules. Psychoeducation is carried out as an effort to increase students understanding of obedience. This research aims to determine the effect of providing psychoeducation in increasing student compliance. The subjects in this research were 18 people. This research is a quasi-research with a pre-experimental design method with a pre-test and post-test one group design type. This research shows that there is a significant difference in scores between treatment without psychoeducation and treatment with psychoeducation (t = -16.663; p = 0.000 < 0.05). So it can be concluded that psychoeducation can be used to increase students understanding of obedience.

The study aimed to determine the level of professional competencies and identity towards the performance of beginning teachers mediated by the support system. The main tool used in the studys descriptive methodology to collect data was a questionnaire. The study included contributions from ninety-five (95) Sariaya West District school teachers. For the statistical analysis of the data, percentage and mean were employed. The study found that most beFginning teachers have highly competent professional competencies in social, self-management, communication, and leadership skills. Surveyed respondents also have highly observed motivation, commitment, and self-efficacy were observed. The school provides high mentoring and technical assistance support while the support system moderates. Performance is satisfactory in advisory tasks, coaching, teaching strategy, and classroom assessment. Professional competencies and identity levels are not significantly related to the support system and performance. The researcher recommended that school administrators update teachers profiles with seminars and trainings attended, provide mentoring sessions, and attend workshops on professional competencies and identities. Parallel studies, action research, and quarterly activities can improve teachers performance. Attending workshops can also enhance professional growth and development.

The primary purpose of this research is to investigate how self-esteem mediated the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and adjustment—academic adaptation and psychological well-being—among international graduate students in South Thailand. The study also differentiated between ASEAN and non-ASEAN groups, analysing data from 151 students using path analysis. The results demonstrated that self-esteem fully mediated the effects of EI on both academic adaptation and psychological well-being across the entire sample. Specifically, for ASEAN students, both EI and self-esteem were crucial for academic adaptation; EI positively influenced self-esteem, which in turn enhanced psychological well-being. Conversely, for non-ASEAN students, while self-esteem significantly mediated academic adaptation, it did not significantly impact psychological well-being. The cross-sectional design and small sample size of this study are its drawbacks, which may restrict the findings the capacity to be generalized and interpreted causally. These results underscore the importance of considering self-esteem in educational strategies to enhance academic and psychological outcomes for international students in diverse settings.

The study aimed to determine the current hierarchical needs status and work opportunities relative to the level of organizational commitment of school teachers. The study used descriptive method where questionnaire was the primary data gathering instrument. One hundred sixty (160) teachers from Sariaya West District Division of Quezon, contributed to the study. Frequency, percent count, mean, SD and Pearson r were used in the statistical analysis of data. The study revealed as perceived by the Teacher-respondents on their hierarchical needs status were on a high level. Effect of work opportunities in terms of trainings and development, promotion and salary was observed. Maslow’s stages of motivational theory in terms of survival needs, stability needs, enjoyment needs, and esteem needs were related to the teacher’s organizational commitment. Teachers who feel secure in their survival needs, have stable employment, derive enjoyment from their work, and possess a healthy self-esteem are more likely to exhibit higher levels of commitment to their organization. Recognizing and catering to these needs can thus serve as a powerful tool for educational institutions seeking to foster a dedicated and engaged teaching workforce. It was revealed that work opportunities and how they were committed in the organization show that there is significant relationship work opportunities and that of organizational commitment of teachers. This findings emphasizes the role of perceived career prospects and financial rewards as motivators for teachers, highlighting their influence on organizational commitment. Recognizing and investing in these aspects of work opportunities can thus serve as effective strategies for educational institutions to cultivate a committed and engaged teaching workforce. It appears that age and years in service do not moderate the relationship between hierarchical needs status and organizational commitment of the teachers. Age and years in service are not related to work opportunities and organizational commitment of the teachers. This implies that regardless of tenure and age, the impact of perceived work opportunities and hierarchical needs status on organizational commitment remains consistent. Understanding these dynamics can inform organizational strategies aimed at enhancing teacher commitment by emphasizing the importance of psychological fulfillment and job satisfaction, meaningful career development opportunities alongside age and tenure-based considerations. With these, educational institutions can foster a more engaged and committed teaching workforce.

This study focused on the of academic supervision and managerial skills of school heads for the teachers quality and work effectiveness among schools in Sariaya West District, Division of Quezon. The descriptive-correlational research strategy was used after analyzing the studys goals and objectives and reviewing existing research on the subject. There were 160 respondents. These are the school teachers, including master teachers, of Sariaya West District in the Division of Quezon. The result of the study shows that: the school heads in the district were observed to practiced well the academic supervision particularly on adaptability to change, time management, written and verbal communication and cooperation It implies that they employ appropriately to lead the school by practicing to show their teachers that they are competent to supervise school operations and being recognized for their proficiency in these key areas of academic supervision, which are crucial for effective school leadership and management. The managerial skills of the school heads are observed particularly on interpersonal skills, organization and delegation, problem solving and decision making and mentoring. They effectively provide assistance to their teachers in school by explicitly implying the role of interpersonal skills, delegation of task, decisional making and mentoring. The teachers quality and teachers work effectiveness in the school increased when leaders practiced academic supervision and observed managerial skills and were able to realize substantially observable measures to a positive degree.

Caodaism is an indigenous religion that originated in the southern region of Vietnam in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Caodaism was formed through creative adaptation, selectively incorporating elements from existing major religions and indigenous beliefs within the community to develop its own distinct doctrine. The devotees of Caodaism worship the Divine eye (Heavenly Eye) as a symbol of the Divine, the Highest God (also known as Cao Ðài Tiên Ông Ð?i B? Tát Ma Ha Tát), who is revered as the supreme ruler over all gods, saints, immortals, Buddhas, and the creator of the universe. In this article, the author will delve deep into researching the significance of the Divine eye symbol in Caodaism, shedding light on the religious teachings from an anthropological perspective on symbolism.

Work stress is a dynamic condition in which an individual is faced with opportunities, demands, or resources related to what the individual wants and the results are seen as uncertain and important. Meanwhile, emotional intelligence is the ability to adapt to new circumstances. This involves using the thinking tools as intended, with an emphasis on adapting to the problem at hand. Emotional intelligence can also help individuals build good relationships with other people, because they are able to read and respond to emotions better. The method used by researchers is literature study. The writing of this article was studied using the literature study or literature review method. The results of reviewing literature studies show that work stress and emotional intelligence have a significantly negative relationship among employees.

The Nine Priority Programmes (Nawacita) is a Jokowi administration programme that aims to improve infrastructure development to connect peripheral areas. This study aims to determine the relationship of infrastructure to income inequality between regions in Indonesia during the Jokowi administration. This research uses secondary data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics, the Ministry of Public Works and Housing, and the State Electricity Company in 2015-2022. The analytical tool used is Panel Data. The results of this study show that sanitation infrastructure only has a negative and significant effect in Western Indonesia, telecommunications infrastructure has a positive and significant effect in Central Indonesia, and electricity infrastructure has a significant negative effect in Eastern Indonesia.

Assessing students understanding of political ideas and other key political topics may aid in the development of an engaged citizenry. The research pursued to measure the extent to which selected) students actively participate in civic activities and initiatives within their school, local community, or broader society. The researcher utilized total population sampling for the study and utilized descriptive-correlational research and used a researcher-made questionnaire. The population for the study consists of two hundred ninety-two (292) grade 12 humanities and social sciences (HUMSS) students at Crecencia Drucila Lopez Senior High School for the academic year 2023-2024. The respondents were aware of political awareness in terms of political institutions, political issues, political leaders, public policies, and political processes. In addition, the respondents acknowledged that they were conscious of their civic consciousness variables. The respondents also showed that they were engaged in community engagement. Moreover, it was revealed that there is a highly positive significant relationship between the respondents awareness on political awareness, and civic consciousness and their perception on their community engagement. This means that if one is aware of the political matters, it contributes to their participation in the community. The result could serve as a guide to schools to come up with different ways to boost individuals awareness of the affairs in the country to lead in active participation in community driven initiative that may affect change.

The study on “Environmentally Responsible Behavior and Disaster Preparedness Among Public Elementary School Teachers” is conducted in Lucena City Division consisting of 135 teachers in public elementary teachers in Brgy. Gulang- Gulang. The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between environmentally responsible behavior and disaster preparedness. The Descriptive-Correlational research design was adopted and the statistical tools such as mean and standard deviation were utilized to test the relationship of the independent and dependent variables. The research findings prove that environmentally responsible behavior has a significant relationship with the disaster preparedness of teachers. This study recommends: Enhancing a Disaster Preparedness Committee or Crisis Management Committee composed of the school head, teachers, and PTA officers and identifying their duties and responsibilities in terms of disaster preparedness. Enhance a simple andclear DRRM plan suited to the schools risks and vulnerabilities. Strengthen regular or scheduled drills and training to familiarize learners, educators, and employees with emergency procedures. Provide emergency supplies such as first aid kits, flashlights, batteries, bottled water, and non-perishable food. Strengthen disaster awareness into the school curriculum to ensure that learners understand the possible hazards as well as how to mitigate them. Regularly assess and update the schools DRRM planning to reflect on changes in the school environment, such as infrastructure improvements and modifications.

Indonesian is a country of law, where the laws themselves are made with the aim of providing certainty, justice and benefit to society. With the existence of law, it should be possible to maintain social security and order and solve problems that exist in society. However, in reality, the law in Indonesia has not been able to fully resolve all existing problems, such as gold mining activities without permits or often called PETI which are rife in West Kalimantan Province. PETI activities are indeed beneficial for some communities and certain groups to meet their living needs because it is difficult to find work. However, on the other hand, PETI activities also have many problems, such as legal violations, massive environmental damage, and health problems due to the use of dangerous mercury. From the results of the law enforcement of PETI crimes carried out by the West Kalimantan Regional Police, it turns out that it has not been running optimally, because there is still resistance and even resistance from the community. Therefore, there is a need for problem solving or problem solving which is not only regulated in law, but can be realized by synergizing the central and regional governments and other related apparatus in creating a concept of constructive discretion in the transformation of gold mining governance as a recommendation for solving existing problems. exists, and of course it is hoped that it will provide benefits to society, the country and the environment.

Teacher performance is a crucial element in the world of education and is a determining factor in the level of quality of education, especially in formal environments such as schools, where student success is very dependent on the teaching and learning process led by the teacher. The quality of teacher performance has a significant impact on educational outcomes because they interact directly with students during the learning process. Therefore, more attention is given to developing quality teachers to support their performance. This research aims to analyze the influence of transformational leadership, organizational culture and achievement motivation on teacher performance, moderated by organizational commitment. The population in this research was 100 teachers who worked at SMKN 7 Surabaya as a permanent teacher. Then get 100 samples through a saturated sampling technique. Hypothesis testing in this research was carried out using a Structural Equation Model (SEM) based on the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. Based on the analysis of 6 hypotheses, it was found that 5 hypotheses were accepted, and 1 hypothesis was rejected. The results of this research say that transformational leadership (X1) partially has a significant positive effect on teacher performance (Y). Organizational culture (X2) partially has a significant positive effect on teacher performance (Y). Achievement motivation (X3) partially has a significant positive effect on teacher performance (Y). The moderation of organizational commitment on the influence of transformational leadership and teacher performance produces a significant negative influence. Meanwhile, the moderation of organizational commitment on the influence of organizational culture and teacher performance produces an insignificant effect. Then the moderation of organizational commitment on the influence of achievement motivation and teacher performance produces a significant positive influence.

This research aims to determine discount prices in mediating the influence of service quality and ease of transactions on toll road customer satisfaction on the PT Waskita Bumi Wira section of the Krian - Gresik section. The survey method in the form of a questionnaire was carried out on respondents from all users of the PT Waskita Bumi Wira toll road for the Krian - Gresik section, which was selected as a sample with a total of 100 respondents taken non-probability using a purposive sampling technique. Filling out the questionnaire is carried out online using the Google Form application. Statistical data analysis was measured using WarpPLS software version 5.0 PLS (Partial Least Square) starting from model measurement (outer model), model structure (inner model) and hypothesis testing. Research findings show that partially service quality and ease of transactions have a significant effect on customer satisfaction. The respondents in this study were customers on the PT Waskita Bumi Wira toll road for the Krian - Gresik toll road. It was researched that the discount price variable was able to mediate the influence of service quality and ease of transactions on customer satisfaction by 69.1% or in other words, the frequency of customer satisfaction with road users. This toll road has quite good performance so that the results of the work, both quantity and quality, achieved by PT Waskita Bumi Wira have created feelings of satisfaction for users of the Krian - Gresik toll road section regarding the expected performance (or results).

K-pop fans often display cyber-aggression behavior with the fan war phenomenon. Cyber-aggression is an individuals aggressive behavior on the internet that is driven by anger and hostility. Aspects of cyber-aggression are impulsive-appetitive aggression, impulsive-aversive aggression, controlled-appetitive aggression, and controlled-aversive aggression. One of the factors causing cyber-aggression is celebrity worship. Celebrity worship is an abnormal phenomenon where individuals are obsessed with one or more celebrities. The dimensions of celebrity worship include entertainment-social, intense-personal, and borderline pathological. This research aims to find out how much influence celebrity worship has on cyber-aggression among BTS fans in early adulthood on platform X (Twitter). This research uses quantitative methods. The population in this study is BTS fans. The sample in this study were BTS fans using X (Twitter) with an age range of 18-25 years. The sampling technique used in this research is the accidental sampling technique. The scales used in this research are the Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) and the Cyber-Aggression Typology Questionnaire (CATQ). The research results show the influence of celebrity worship on cyber-aggression among early adult BTS fans on the platform It is recommended for future researchers to add variables or use other research methods.

The globalization of value chains has generated an extreme intensification of competition. Researchers highlight two essential characteristics: innovation and competitiveness. Currently, clustering policy is one of the most used territorial strategies by industrial and technological companies to improve innovation performance levels. The objective of this work is to support the idea of a positive relationship between spatial agglomeration of production activities in the form of a cluster and innovation, conditioned by mediating factors. Specifically, the hypothesis defended is that institutional and governance practices favor the emergence and diffusion of innovation within the cluster. The research question mobilizes several basic theories: location theory to present the structural determinants of innovation in clusters, institutional theory to legitimize cluster interactions, organizational theory to present governance practices essential for good management of interactions in favor of innovation, and innovation theories. The field of study chosen was the emergence of the clustering policy in Morocco, whose main objective is to help set up innovative projects. This thesis work is guided by the main problem of whether concrete institutional and governance practices implemented by the clusters contribute to innovation. Data collected from a sample of companies from three Moroccan clusters are analyzed using the structural equation method (PLS-SEM). The empirical results highlight the existence of a positive relationship between industrial cluster membership and innovation performance, reinforced by the mediating role of institutional practices and the existence of governance unity.

The study aimed to explore the various facets of motivation influencing the physical well-being and psychosocial performance of student-athletes. Employing a descriptive-correlational design, the research collected data from 132 athletes at Batangas State University-TNEU, Malvar campus during the Academic Year 2023-2024. A custom questionnaire assessed athletes motivation regarding autonomy, competence, and relatedness, alongside their perceptions of physical well-being and psychosocial performance, including social support, psychological resilience, and emotional well-being. Descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, were used to analyze the motivation and well-being scores. Additionally, Pearson product-moment correlation was employed to identify significant relationships between motivation factors and well-being outcomes. Results indicated that autonomy competence (mean and relatedness are crucial motivators, with significant correlations to physical health and psychosocial performance. Social support, psychological resilience, and emotional well-being each had an average rating underscoring their importance in athletic achievement. The findings suggest that fostering autonomy, skill development, and positive social connections enhances athlete motivation and overall well-being. Recommendations include creating supportive environments that promote autonomy, implementing challenging training programs, recognizing achievements, and providing robust social support and mental health resources

The Bali Aga dialect as a variant of the Balinese language spoken by the Bali Aga community in Tigawasa Village faces challenges of preservation in the era of modernization. The work domain is a crucial domain in daily language use that can reflect the vitality of a language or dialect. This research focuses on the preservation of the Bali Aga dialect in the work domain in Tigawasa Village which is one of the Bali Aga villages that still maintains traditions and ancestral languages. This research uses mixe method (quantitative qualitative) which is collected through observation, questionnaire and interview. A purposive sampling technique was used to select representative informants. This research uses Fishmans (1972) domain theory as the main framework, supported by Greenfields (1968) theory and Parashers (1980) theory. Parashers theory, (1980). The results show that the preservation of Bali Aga dialect in the work domain in Tigawasa Village shows positive results with the intensity of the use of Bali Aga dialect in the work domain amounting to 70%. The Balinese Aga dialect tends to be better preserved in traditional work (informal sector), while the use of Indonesian language is more dominant in modern work (formal sector). The use of Bali Aga dialect in Tigawasa Village is influenced by several factors such as: the strength of cultural identity, the survival of traditional economic activities, and the ongoing intergenerational language transmission. The conclusion is that the preservation of the Bali Aga dialect in the work domain in Tigawasa Village shows a complex trend. Despite facing pressure from Indonesian language and modernization, this dialect still has strong vitality, especially in the context of traditional work and local interaction. However, revitalization efforts and supportive language policies are needed to ensure the sustainability of the Bali Aga dialect in the work domain, especially facing the challenges of globalization and socio-economic changes.