Aims and Objective: To evaluate the effects of phytoestrogen diet alone and high phytoestrogen diet with rutin and naringin on male reproductive system. Experimental Protocol: A total of 48 adult male wistar albino rats were divided in to 8 groups, each contains 6 rats. Low phytoestrogen diet (LPD) and high phytoestrogen diet (HPD) were administered to the two different groups of rats for 35 days. Rutin and naringin, antioxidants were also given in different doses (5mg/kg, 10/kg) for a period of 35 days along with high phytoestrogen diet in different groups of rats. A sham control group animals fed on commercial pellet diet and vehicle control group animals with 0.1% sod CMC were also maintained until completion of 35 days. On 36th day bilateral orchiectomies were performed for all the animals. The testicular tissue was evaluated for various sperm parameters, biochemical estimations and histological changes. Results: Animals fed on low and high phytoestrogen diets has shown fall in sperm parameters and lipid peroxidation and increase in testicular antioxidant enzymes. Rutin and naringin have not shown any significant effect on sperm parameters. But decrease in lipid peroxidation and increase in antioxidant enzymes was observed. No histological changes were observed. Conclusions: High phytoestrogen diet has reduced all the sperm parameters drastically. Antioxidants have not shown any effect on sperm parameters but amplified the antioxidant enzymes and reduced MDA levels.

Aim: To study the antimicrobial activity of aqueous, met hanolic and petroleum ether extracts of leaves of Rumex vesicarius Linn. Materials and Methods: The antibacterial activity w as studied by agar cup plate method using nutrient agar media. The results were compared with standard Streptomycin (100µ g/ml). The antifungal activity of the extracts was investigated by agar cup plate method using Sabouraud Dextrose Agar medium and the results were compared with reference Fluconazol e (100µg /ml). Result: All studied aqueous, methanolic and petrole um ether extracts have shown antimicrobial studies. The results of zone of inhibition study revealed co ncentration dependent nature of the extract with broad-spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi. Conclusion: The present study enlightens the potent ial usefulness of Rumex vesicarius in the treatment of pathogenic diseases.

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Oral administration of different dosage forms is the most commonly used method due to greater flexibility in design of dosage form and high patient acceptance, but the gastrointestinal tract presents several formidable barriers to drug delivery. In oral colon-specific drug delivery system, colon has a large amount of lymphoma tissue (facilitates direct absorption in to the blood), negligible brush boarder membrane activity, and much less pancreatic enzymatic activity as compared with the small intestine. Colon-specific drug delivery has gained increased importance not just for the delivery of the drugs for treatment of local diseases associated with the colon but also for its potential for the delivery of proteins and therapeutic peptides. Different approaches are designed based on prodrug formulation, pH-sensitivity, time-dependency (lag time), microbi al degradation and osmotic pressure etc to formulate the different dosage forms like tablets, capsules, multiparticulates, microspheres, liposomes for colon targeting. The efficiency of drug deliver y system is evaluated using different in vitro and in vivo release studies. This review updated the research on different approaches for formulation and evaluation of colon-specific drug delivery systems (CDDS).