The internal structure of marble is investigated. A precise measurement of the speeds of longitudinal and moving waves in marble samples. The internal structure of samples is visualised and localised microcracks. The geometric sizes of the microcracks are determined. Using the obtained velocity values, the Youngs modulus and porosity were calculated. According to the research and calculations, the effectiveness of using marble as a facing stone in urban and industrial areas was made.

Integration of renewable energy in existing networks in universities poses important challenges, one of these, specially, the consideration of implementation of smart grids. Smart grids must bear in mind environmental conditions, communications system and its characteristics to allow management and automation of energy service to improve energy efficiency. This article puts forward a micro-network for a university considering sources of generation and characteristics of the communications system.

Jordan is one of the most Arab countries with a high rate of traffic accidents resulting in the deaths of many people. More than seven hundred people per year die in Jordan because of car accidents and has been considered as the highest accident rate 12.8 per million of the population comparing with the World Health Organization (WHO) that have average rate of 10.3 per 100000 of the world population. Therefore, this study conducting analysis, evaluation, and prediction of traffic accident and traffic accident cost for ten years data. Different prediction statistical model were developed related to total number of fatalities, sever injuries, slight injuries, and property damages which are considered as dependent variables. Twelve independent variables were selected from 21 driver behavior mistakes as a highest ranking from previous studies. The results of analysis shows that five prediction model were developed for each dependent variable with high correlation coefficient (R2 ). The most independent variables to predict fatalities were using incorrect lane, priorities false for pedestrian &vehicles, and incorrect reversing. Other variables were significant on sever injuries, slight injuries, and property damage such as exceeding speed limit, tailgating, and not taking the necessary precautions while driving. According to prediction of accident cost anther five models were developed for each dependent variable with high (R2 ). The most independent variables have an impact on accident cost are using (incorrect lane, priorities false for pedestrian &vehicles, and incorrect reversing

The paper proposes a rotating house model under acting on harmonic and random loads. The house is characterized by the simultaneous appearance of two damping forces, these are “non-viscous and viscous” and Coulomb friction damping forces. This paper has analyzed the behavior of the system by numerical method and Monte Carlo simulation. The effect of Coulomb friction damping parameter on the values of displacement and velocity is thoroughly analyzed and is shown through Bifurcation diagrams, phase portraits, Poincaré maps, time histories. From surveying the influence of model parameters on the values of displacement and velocity, this paper can find out the optimal values of the model parameters so that the behavior of the rotating house would against in the best ways during subjected to the horizontal loads.

Foam Concrete can be defines as a type of aerated lightweight concrete; it doesn’t contain coarse aggregate (gravel) and can be regarded as an aerated mortar. Foam Concrete can be produce by two methods (Inline Method and Pre-foam Method) where the Foam liquid is added to slurry to form the Foam. The function of Foam liquid is to create an air bubbles in cement–based slurry. The Foam is generated separately by using Foam generator, where the Foaming agent is diluted with water to create the Foam. The Foam Concrete mixture becomes too stiff with lower content, causing bubbles to break, whereas the mixtures becomes too thin to hold the bubbles with high water content, leading to the separation of bubbles from the mixture, water-cement (w/c) ratio usually ranges from (0.4–1.25). The Foam Concrete can be designed to have any density within the dry density range of (300–1850 kg/m3). This project includes study many application of form concrete in construction works

Water is one of the most essential element for survival for all forms of life. Almost 71% of the earth’s surface is covered by water. But inspite of the large amount of water present on the surface of the earth only 3% of the total water available is fresh water. Out of this 3%, only 0.4% usable and drinkable water is available to us which is to be shared by 7.7 billion inhabitants. Due to unequal water distribution naturally, we see very wet and very dry geographic regions across the globe. The increase in freshwater demand in the recent years due to industrialization and human needs is leading to water scarcity. There are several geographical regions where adequate drinking water is not available. There is also a huge depletion of ground water. Proper measures if not taken may lead to severe water shortage by the 2050. The researcher wants to understand the gravity of water scarcity in India with a focus on north east India, the water sources utilized by inhabitants and the ground water condition.

This study aims to find water resource management methods both monitoring conditions and making appropriate action decisions, to prevent flooding in the rainy season and avoid the crisis of the availability of clean water in the dry season. This can be achieved by the use of fuzzy logic to model and compile microcontroller software programs, which are connected with water level sensors as input and opening actuators and door closers for the sake of maintaining survival in the city of Makassar on the availability of adequate and adequate clean water consumption without pollutants. This system can think and act like humans in taking the right action. The trial of the application of the system to the upper waters of the Jeneberang River on Mount Bawakaraeng flows through the city of Makassar and empties into the Makassar Strait, making it a major clean water resource and at the same time a threat to life in the city of Makassar. The trial succeeded very well in providing real-time information on the surface of the water to the holders of mobile phones that were included in the program. The success rate reaches 95% to 100%. System failure can only occur in the form of a delay in sending signals due to interference with the internet net

The problem of using the modal curvature for crack detection is discussed in this paper based on an exact expression of mode shape and its curvature. Using the obtained herein exact expression for the mode shape and its curvature it is demonstrated that the mode shape curvature is really more sensitive to crack than mode shape itself. Nevertheless, crack-induced change in the approximate curvature calculated from the exact mode shape by the central finite difference technique (Laplacian) is much greater in comparison with both the mode shape and curvature. It is produced by the fact, shown in this study, that miscalculation of the approximate curvature is straightforwardly dependent upon crack magnitude and resolution step of the finite difference approximation. Therefore, it can be confidently recommended to use the approximate curvature for multiple crack detection in beam by properly choosing the approximation mesh. The theoretical development has been illustrated by numerical results

The paper proposes a rotating house model in which the elastic force is assumed to contain the non-viscous parameter. The proposal model is inherited and developed from the previous study [1]. The system of the rotating house structure has been analyzed by the numerical method and Monte Carlo simulation. The model parameters are investigated thoroughly, consequently the response of the structure are shown by the values of displacement and velocity. From obtained results we can see clearly that the occurrence of the non-viscous parameter in elastic force will be the cause of a very large disturbance. Through the analysis in this paper we would be able to get optimal values of model parameters and to realize distinctly the behavior of the rotating house structure during subjected to the horizontal loads.

The research was conducted with the objective of evaluating the E-transactions were excluded by Jordanian legislator in the code no. 15 year 2015. The situation of Jordan legislator restricts the improvement and spread of E-government. The study recommends that the legislator insert some modifications to give cogency to official document to encourage E-government

The purpose of the research is to determine the application of quality assurance standards in the light of the principles of governance (Middle East University as a model) in order to ensure the quality of operations and outputs by answering the following questions: What is meant by Universities governance and how the Middle East University has made governance their own quality. The importance of implementing the principles of governance and quality assurance standards has been identified in creating an integrated interactive environment through which the quality of guaranteed processes and products is ensured by demonstrating how governance and its principles work on the interconnectivity of inputs in order to ensure the quality of processes and thus outputs. The researchers recommended that quality assurance standards be addressed in their general framework and the interaction between these standards on the one hand and inputs on the other, so that governance and its principles are the interaction between standards.

This study aims to develop an early detection system of abnormal conditions, causes of fires that occur in electrical installations in building in real time, so that it can immediately stop it. By applying the vague logic of a diversified pattern recognition method, this study succeeded in applying new modeling to the abnormal conditions of the system, so that it could be used to detect fire hazards early in buildings. The results of the prototype laboratory test show that this development system can achieve a success rate of 96.4% detection, while the old system using Miniature Circuit Breaker only reaches 42.8%.

In this paper, we present a survey on recent approaches for gait normality assessment based on 3D skeleton. Such methods can be applied or adapted in various applications such as gait analysis in healthcare systems and person identification in surveillance. Some studies working on other input data that can be extracted and/or approximated from 3D skeletal information are also considered in this paper. Their experimental results on a huge benchmark dataset are also provided and analyzed to give useful suggestions for further works of developing realistic health care systems

Flash point temperature is a characteristic used to distinguish between flammable liquid and combustible liquid. At the same time it is also used to assess the fire and explosion hazards of liquid fuels. The determination of flash point temperature has a practical meaning in the storage, transport and used of liquid nowaday. Thus we choose the best calculation method to get the result with the lowest averange absolute error (A.A.E) for experiment

Modeling estimated shear-wave velocity over the top 30 m (Vs30) for Padang city, based on three proxies, namely topography slope, elevation, and geomorphology unit is reported in this paper. First, seven regression analyses were conducted to provide Vs30 models. Vs30 from direct measurement by the MASW (Multi-channel Analysis of Surface Waves) surveys was used as a criterion variable. Topography slope and elevation from SRTM 30 (Shuttle Radar Topography Missile) data, and geomorphology unit were used as explanatory variables. Second, the Vs30 models were used in spatial analyses using Map Algebra. Based on the statistics and the result of Vs30 estimation map, the best model is Model 1 employing all proxies. We expect that estimated Vs30 presented here will support the seismic risk mitigation effort in Padang city

The inundation impact of sea level rise (SLR) is critical also severely affect the coastal regions of many countries and the health and safety of communities. In order to figure out the adaptation measures, this has drawn much research interest and attention and various artificial intelligence techniques have been simulated in previous studies to examine the performance of climate modelling. One of the significant drawbacks in current SLR impact studies is due to the lack of reliable methods for simulating sea level rise for the area of Kerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia. Therefore, this article aims to investigate the potential increase in sea level at the study area of Kerteh, Terengganu, Malaysia by comprising the model performance R and RMSE in order to measure the reliability of the prediction on the SVM and GP models. Two evaluation processes were used to determine the performance of the model. The initial assessment was based on partitioning the data into two sets namely; Monthly (Scenarios 1) and Seasonally (Scenario 2). The second and third assessment processes determined the most effective input to construct the models using a single and various possible combination of dependent and independent parameters respectively with the simulation adopted is SVM Regression (RSVM) with Pearson Universal Kernel (PUK). In terms of R was 0.837 with Scenario 2 outperformed Scenario 1. Overall, SVM is outperformed GP with the consistency of generalisation and time execution.

Law protection towards farmer particularly rice farmers, are really needed because of the risks that they face towards planted crop. The risk or damaged of paddy crop which is planted, definitely will disadvantage farmers. The disadvantage risk occurred must be anticipated precisely because will potentially weaken the farmers’ motivation to develop their farming or even could threaten the national food resilience. Food and Agricultural Organization estimates most of the world’s countries (especially developed tropical countries) will face a hard challenge to sufficient their food resilience. Because of that, the recent government is promote a program to increase the agricultural result by national food resilience program, which is definitely very impacting on food production that is planted by all farmers. Food resilience program by government is gifted to all farmers by giving the protection to agricultural production by agricultural assurance program. Agricultural assurance program which is undertaken by government is hoped to assist farmers on increasing agricultural production and giving the disadvantaged agricultural assurance risk program based on agricultural production which is planted by farmers. That agricultural assurance program is hoped also would giving protection to all farmers toward catastrophe which is probably happened, based on the damaged risks towards the planted crop especially rice. Rice plant as a main food for Indonesia citizen definitely must be protected and gifted incentive toward farmers who plants that. Hence, agricultural assurance program will be very helpful to increasing the agricultural production in terms of government national resilience food program.

This paper presents a new rotating house model characterized by four parts, these are non-viscous and viscous damping, Coulomb friction damping and Duffing nonlinear elastic force. The purpose is to find out the optimal values of model parameters, so that the paper has proposed a method to analyze the structural system of the rotating house by numerical method and Monte Carlo simulation. The behavior of the sytem is thoroughly analyzed through three parameters are Duffing nonlinear coeffcient, amplitude and frequency of excited force. The obtained results in this paper has reflected that the response of the structural system is very close to the actual working of the rotating house structure under acting on harmonic and random force. The analysis in here will be an essential issue for design engineers who can encounter the same circumstances to the rotating house structure

We describe a model for the thermal stresses calculation in sapphire - glass dielectric structure for pressure sensor using the finite element method (FEM) based on the Coventor Ware Turbo 2012 package. We use an inorganic glass dielectric of the PbO – B2O3 – ZnO system (5 µm thick) and a sapphire substrate (0.5 mm thick) obtained by the horizontal directed crystallization (HDC) method as components of the sapphire - glass dielectric structure. The model of the thermal stresses calculation in sapphire - glass dielectric structure for the pressure sensor allows defining the thermal stress values in the glass dielectric film as well as making suggestions to the developers of pressure sensors that incorporate glass dielectric as the connecting element for construction improvement. We determine the dependence of the residual thermal stresses of the glass inorganic dielectric on the sapphire substrate surface on the thickness of the dielectric film for the pressure sensor. The results of numerical simulation of thermal stresses in sapphire - glass dielectric in Coventor Ware Turbo 2012 have shown that the thermal stresses in the glass inorganic dielectric film of PbO – B2O3 – ZnO system on a sapphire substrate obtained by HDC method for a pressure sensor were in the range of 26–41 kg/cm 2 , which corresponds to theoretical calculations. The calculation results of thermal stress model for sapphire - glass dielectric structure contribute to improving the performance characteristics of the pressure sensor

Identification of vegetation density using remote sensing can be done through the Normalized Difference Vegation Index (NDVI) approach. This research aims to estimate the runoff coefficient using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) at Welang Watershed, Pasuruan District, East Java, Indonesia. The runoff coefficient was derived by the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value from the Landsat 8. The NDVI value and the area of the Welang Watershed were used to calculate the value of the vegetation density percentage and the runoff coefficient. The result of runoff coefficient estimation using satellite imagery was 0.69 – 0.93.

Power plant projects are complex and expensive; therefore, the risks will be high especially for engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) fixed price contract projects. In these projects, the contracting company often experiences cost overrun caused by material price increment in several major items of work carried out by their suppliers or subcontractors. This study aims to control project costs by developing contract management and identifying risk factors. Descriptive and qualitative risk analysis was conducted to identify the dominant risks. Risk responses are then developed and integrated within the contract management processes. The results of this study show that there are 38 risk factors causing material price increment in power plant projects, among which 10 are dominant, and several aspects to be developed through 10 risk responses. The risk that affects material price increment the most occurs during the planning and strategy phase at the beginning of the contract formation.

This study is built around the triptych; Knowledge, Evaluation, and Valuation. The knowledge component (popularization of fundamental knowledge) remains the initial pillar on which we based our inventory of geosites and evaluate their scientific value, with the aim of enhancing their value in the service of teaching and learning earth sciences. The Jbilet massif is one of the Moroccan geological sites which is of particular importance for understanding the geological history of the Earth. It has been able to preserve its turbulent geological history, which has also enabled it to possess various landforms and varieties of geological formations that contribute to its geodiversity. Thus, we have chosen to study the Kettara sector, which is part of this massif and offers, on a national scale of a wide variety of geosites. In a bid to account for the geosites of scientific interest in Kettara, a bibliographical synthesis of the geological data and fundamental knowledge resulting from the scientific work carried out in the Central Jbilet massif was used, as well as an inventory sheet based on the work of several researchers using six (6) criteria. The selected geosites were then evaluated according to the criteria of scientific value. This work has enabled us to identify three geosites in the Kettara sector that are of high scientific value. They are characterized by mineralogical, magmatic, petrographic, metamorphic and structural features, which can be used for scientific and educational purposes in the service of earth sciences. The popularization and evaluation of this geodiversity leads to the geoheritage presentation of these geosites.

The research aimed to analyze the erosion rate, farmer incomes and to formulate the pattern of community-based land use in Salu Paku sub-watershed, the upstream part of Rongkong watershed, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province. The research was conducted in 3 stages: the first stage was data collection, the second one was initial data processing and the last one was data analysis. The data collection comprised primary data including the data obtained from interviews, Focused Group Discussions in the field, the soil observations and soil analysis in the laboratory; secondary data obtained from relevant offices/agencies. The initial data processing was in the form of land unit maps obtained from the overlay of land use, soil type, and slope maps. The results of the overlay obtained 72 units of land use as a working map. Data analyses of the observation parameters were conducted by (a) Analysis of the value of erosion rate (A) using the USLE method, while the tolerable erosion rates or tolerable soil lost (TSL) were analyzed using the approach proposed by Hammer. Revenue data were analyzed using the regional minimum income level approach through the Regional Minimum Wage and or based on Sayogyos minimum needs on the rural poverty line. The results showed that the value of erosion rate (A) that exceeded the TSL occurred in Mixed plantation, Plantation and Shrub land with the category of degraded land covering an area of 2,404.33 ha or 17.61%. Farmers average towards farming developed in the research locations was considered as low, with the average of Indonesian rupiah (IDR).1,502,144 per month, even below the Regional Minimum Wage of North Luwu Regency IDR. 2,200,000. Planting patterns applied by farmers in various forms of land use in the study sited had not provided optimal results as expected because it still applying irregular cropping pattern.

This paper aims to explain the moderating role of work motivation in the relationship between leadership and workforce performance. This study presents a model in which the workforce performance is determined by the way executives lead in different conditions of work motivation. This study aims to prove that contractor companies must have a good ability in determining a field executive in each project. This paper selects an explanatory study by testing a relationships structural model of field executive leadership on workforce performance that is moderated by work motivation. The data were obtained from 100 respondents of foremen, skilled workers and workers in 48 medium and large companies. The hypothetical model was tested using structural equation modeling with a partial least-square approach. This study empirically emphasizes how changes in workforce performance will increase if firms can place a proper field executive manager. In many types of projects, people-oriented leadership is more appropriately applied to low-motivation conditions, and taskoriented leadership is more appropriately applied to high-motivation conditions. Because of the chosen approach, the research results may lack generalizability. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to test the proposed schemes further. This study has implications for the development of the company about determining the right leadership style for field executive. Errors, in this case, will have an impact on the nonconformity of leadership required in the project. This paper meets an identified need to study how leadership in certain work motivation conditions plays a vital role in improving workforce performance.

Notaries in performing their duties are supervised and also guided by the Notary Supervisory Board, Notary Honorary Assembly and Notary Honorary Board. All three institutions have their respective authorities according to the rules of law applicable to the institutions concerned. Supervision of Notary is done by the Minister of Law and Human Rights of the Republic of Indonesia, then attributively, Minister forming Notary Supervisory Board, Notary Honorary Council. Both institutions, although established by the Minister, have different powers. Notary Honorary Assembly has special authority that is concerning the invitation of Notary by Investigator, Public Prosecutor or Judge in connection with the duties of Notary. Notary Honorary Assembly as an institution established by the Minister shall have the position of state administrative officer and its decision as the decision of the state administration officer, this is in accordance with the Minister position as the executive. As the product of the administrative officer of the State, if any objections to his decision, the bias shall be filed suit to the State administrative court.

Keyphrases are very important tools for summarizing, clustering, indexing and searching documents. Many academic journals request from article authors a list of keyphrases summarizing their research articles. Despite the importance of keyphrases, unfortunately only a few of published Arabic articles contain them. Many algorithms and systems have been suggested and applied by automatically extracting keyphrases for many languages. In contrast to this rich literature, only a few articles have been written for the Arabic language. In this research a keyphrase extraction corpora for the Arabic language will be built, a new morphological processing strategy especially for keyphrase extraction will be implemented and this algorithm will be compared with two state-of-the-art algorithms, namely Kea and KP-Miner. The proposed morphological processing algorithm achieves superior results compared to these algorithms.

This paper is intended to assess risk of river transportation due to flow conditions during adverse weather and barrage operation modes. Passenger boat sailing conditions for the mentioned conditions is rarely addressed in the literatures. Safety issue is prevalent as Kuching communities rely on Lower Sarawak River for mobility. The river conditions are represented by means of computer river model, both in 1-D and 2-D approaches. The outputs of model are in the forms of identification of critical stretches exposed to rapid currents, flushing mechanisms, velocity patterns and its associated relationships. Such modelling results provide a tool quantitatively compares the barrage operations and velocity ranges along Lower Sarawak River in graphical and information to support critical safety decisions.

The methods of handling landslides available are very diverse, so the use of methods that are less suitable will cause the handling of landslides to be less than optimal. Guidelines published by ministry of public work provide guidance on handling landslides with various methods available. The guideline still opens opportunities for errors in choosing the most suitable method. This article describes efforts to optimize the selection of landslide handling methods. The AHP method is used to evaluate the factors that influence the selection of landslide handling methods, both technical and non-technical factors which are considered in the selection. The AHP evaluation results show that the weight of the landslide type criteria has the highest level of importance, which is 0.23 (23%), while the results of the assessment of the weight of each criterion for the landslide handling method produce the first priority sequence used is the method of changing geometry with the weight of 0.394, the second priority of the method of regulating surface water with a weight of 0.251, priority of the third method of retaining wall with a weight of 0.179 and the last priority method of water seepage control with a weight of 0.176

Water is a natural resource that satisfies global needs to produce goods and services at different scales, generating discharges that cause damage to ecosystems and neighboring populations, however, wastewater has an added value when reused in agricultural processes under international and national standards of sanitation. A bibliographic review was made on the main affectations, use of the residual resource and cases applied in an international context. There is evidence of an affectation in different bodies of water, being a worldwide trend; however, the use of residual water resources develops in different crops presenting a higher rate of productivity and resistance to water stress. The use must be made under specific conditions to avoid possible damage to the substrate, plantation and final consumer.

The main purpose of this paper is to exploit and discover the potential of ocean renewable energy at Terengganu coast, Malaysia. Ocean renewable energy is a new alternative to solve the massive energy consumption for now and for the future. This research is very crucial that ocean renewable energy can replace the non-renewable energy which is over excessively used and is going depleted soon. A series of data of Terengganu coast such as current data and wave height were collected and analyzed. It was then compared with the data of the following year and with the future by forecasting the data with certain organization which is Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The mean sea level that is increasing annually also has a great impact that boost the current and significant wave height. Comparison was done between five normally used ocean renewable energies to select the best that suit the current condition in Terengganu coast. It is found out that tidal turbine stands out as the option to be used because it is cost effective and the overall statistics outperformed the other technologies.

Localized irrigation is an important technique for a high yield of agricultural crops. Nonetheless, use of raw water with high turbidity is the cause of obstructions in sprinklers and deterioration of irrigation systems. Then, it is necessary to treat raw water to reduce present solids and avoid this problem. This research study aimed at evaluating MSF technology for raw water treatment to use in irrigation systems. A pilot plant with PVC pipe, gravel and sand was built, two types of raw water were tested with different Initial Turbidity levels (100 and 200 NTU) and different application rates (100, 160, 240 and 360 m3m-2d-1). Tests showed 94% turbidity removal efficiencies and 4 NTU final turbidity for initial turbidity waters of 100 NTU; and 16 NTU for initial Turbidity waters of 200 NTU. By applying a complete treatment train of MSF to water samples with high turbidity, it is possible to guarantee non-obstruction of nozzles from the sprinklers and their continuous use in high performance crops.

The design and management of reservoirs are crucial towards the improvement of hydrological fields subsequently leading to better Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). Different forecasting models used in designing and managing dams have been developed recently. This report paper proposes a time-series forecasting model formed on the basis of assessing the missing values. This is followed by different variable selection to determination to gauge the reservoir’s water level. The investigation gathered data from the Klang Gates Dam Reservoir as well as daily rainfall data. The two sets of data are consolidated into a coordinated set formed on the basis of directing it as a research dataset. Furthermore, the proposed model applies a Time Series (TS) Regression Model to develop the forecasting model of the reservoir’s water level. The tried results demonstrate that when the Time Series Regression forecasting model is used to select variables with complete variables, it gives a better forecast result than the SVM model.

A tank that is normally equipped with an inlet and outlet system would exhibit different response in the mechanics of inflows and outflows. This then allows natural mixing to take place. An effective natural mixing would then be defined when the natural flow processes taken place in the tank would somehow clean the storage water to the most optimum level. This paper presents the influence of inflow and outflow orientation in creating an effective natural mixing inside of a tank. The study involves the response of different inlet-outlet configuration systems in imitating natural cleaning. The cleaning herein is defined through mixing process taken place in the tank. A circular tank which may be translated as a retention pond in real life was filled with clay (kaolin), replicating a turbid storage. The cleanliness through mixing was measured by means of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) test. With this regards, nine different inflow-outflow orientations were tested. It was noticed that the lowest level of inflow (I3) and highest level of outflow (O1) gave the best results in producing effective natural mixing. On the other hand, poor mixing was noticed when the configuration of the inlet and outlet were kept in series.

The harbor basin should provide calm water so the process of ship loadingunloading is easy and safe. One method to be minimize wave disturbances is by constructing breakwater to protect the habor basin. There are many types of breakwaters, but this research uses “curtainwall-pile breakwater” (CPB) to protect the harbor basin. The objective of research is to examine wave transmission through CPB (curtainwall-pile breakwater). The transmission wave can be symbolized by the wave transmission coefficient. The wave transmission through the curtainwall-pile breakwater (CPB) was experimentally studied with a physical model. The parameters of wave transmission was determined by utilizing the non-dimensional analysis and most important parameters were the porosity of CPB (a/A) and wave steepness (H/L). The experiment utilized a wave flume which had 15 meter length, 0.30 meter wide, and 0.45 meter height. The wave flume was equipped with wave maker (wave generator), wave absorbers, and wave probes. The results study of curtain wall-pile breakwater (CPB) show that the increasing porosity of CPB would cause greater the wave transmission, and increasing wave steepness (H/L) would cause smaller wave transmission. The relation of wave transmission coefficient function porosity of CPB (a/A) and wave steepness (H/L) is shown by this equation: ????=1.0550( ?? ?? ) 0.439 - 16.367( ?? ?? ) 1.296 + 0.196

Warming of the atmosphere affects many things of the global water cycle such as increasing evaporation, changing precipitation patterns and intensity. This study investigates the impact of climate changes on the rainfall in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The rainfall data from four stations over approximately fifty years was statistically analyzed to study the changes in the rainfall frequency and the annual total rainfall amount. The study concluded that the general trend of total annual rainfall between (1965 and 2016) can be divided into three distinct periods. The first trend between 1965 and 1997 was obviously increasing; however, the second trend between 1997 and 2012 was decreasing, thereafter the last trend up to 2016 returned to increase. Moreover, studying the changes in rainfall frequency using HYFRAN-PLUS software recommends considering an increment of 21.61% percentage as a correction factor of the currently maximum daily rainfall depth for one hundred year return period. Furthermore, applying Akaike and Bayesian Information Criteria, Gamma Probability Distribution Function (PDF) was the best PDF to statistically represent the return period frequency for three of the four rainfall stations

This study aims to determine and analyze Professional Attitude effects on audit quality and role of individual characteristic as a moderating variable of Professional Attitude on audit quality on Regional Inspectorate in Southeast Sulawesi. The research samples are all inspectorate employees in Southeast Sulawesi meeting the following criteria. Based on the collected data and criteria, the number of respondents meeting the criteria is 167 auditors. Results of research are found out that Professional Attitude has significant effects on audit quality. Individual characteristics do not moderate significantly the effects of auditor Professional Attitude on audit quality at Regional Inspectorate in Southeast Sulawesi.

This paper presents a new method for analyzing the oscillations of frame with Fuzzy parameters. The solution of the fuzzy vibration differential equation is presented clearly. To test the reliability of the algorithm, the author apply the solution of the oscillation differential equation for free vibration analysis of the 3-storey 1-span flat frame structure, taking into account the resistance to the initial conditions of displacement and velocity given in the form of triangular fuzzy numbers in the document [2]-Page 185. The displacement results from the proposed algorithm are compare to the result in document [2]. The research findings are important and should be considered in the design as well as in the reliability assessment of the structures

The research was conducted with the objective of bribery election in Jordan and different causes to this crime and the impact of these reasons and causes on election, were excluded for three different causes for bribe’s election’s spread to recommend Jordan legislator to amend election code by imposing a deterrent punishment to this crime beside to aware citizen’s with a serious effect of such practices.

The corn marketing system in Kedung Malang Village, Papar District, and Kediri Regency involves several marketing agencies. The involvement of marketing agencies causes corn prices at the farm level to differ from the price of corn paid by consumers. This study aims to analyse (1) market structure, (2) market conduct and (3) market performance on the marketing of corn in Kedung Malang Village, Papar District, and Kediri Regency East Java. This research was conducted in Kedung Malang Village, Papar District, and Kediri Regency in November-December 2018 with 32 farmer respondents and 2 marketing agency respondents. The results of the study show that the market structure leads towards perfect competition. Market conduct is seen from the system of formation and pricing between merchants, where the most dominant marketing agencies village are collectors in Determining purchase prices. Furthermore, from market performance calculated from the analysis of price efficiency, marketing in Kedung Malang Village is efficient. However, from the analysis of the operational efficiency of marketing in Kedung Malang Village, it has not been efficient because the value of R / C is less than 1.Maize marketing system in Kedung Malang, Papar Subdistrict, Kediri involves several marketing agencies. Thus, with the involvement of marketing institutions, the price of corn at the farm level differs from the maize prices paid by consumers. This study aims to analyse (1) the structure of the market, (2) the behaviour of the market, and (3) the performance of the market in maize marketing in Kedung Malang, Papar Subdistrict, Kediri. The research was conducted in Kedung Malang, Papar Subdistrict, Kediri from November-December 2018 with the 32 peasant farmer respondents and 2 respondents from marketing agencies. The study shows that the structure of the market leads towards perfect competition. Market behaviour seen from the system and the establishment of inter-dealer pricing where the most dominant marketing agency is collecting village in determining the purchase price. Moreover, the performance of the market is calculated from the analysis of the efficiency of pricing; marketing in Kedung Malang has been efficient. However, analysis of the operational efficiency of marketing in Kedung Malang has proven inefficient because the value of R / C is less than one.

Too many workers are exposed to injury and death in the construction industry each year, due either to the weakness and neglect of the application of health and safety measures or weaknesses in the identification of risks related to the construction site. The approach to safety risk assessment and the development of site safety plans is based on 2D drawings and handwritten, fragmented and uncoordinated notes. BIM is characterized by its ability to create a virtual environment similar to reality based on concepts of visualization and simulation. The purpose of this research is to study how this technology can be used in Iraqi construction industry to identify risks at different project stages and to find appropriate mitigation strategies. The results of comparing the site safety plan by using a traditional method with the BIM technique showed that the BIM technique is more accuracy in management and analysis of the work site. Finally, the BIM technology showed that the application of the safety measures in site will increase the duration of the project by (3.66%). Analytical study

Floods are a common occurrence in Kelantan, one of the states in Malaysia that located on the east coast of Peninsular Malaysia. However, in recent times, due to the large scale of climate change, geographical characteristics and unplanned urbanisation, Kelantan has become extremely vulnerable to flood year by year. This study is focused on exploring the relationship between climate change and flooding in Kelantan River, Lebir River and Galas River. Besides, it also to determine which period of months has the highest frequency of peak rainfall volume, water level and stream flow. Furthermore, a high accuracy and performance forecasting tool that can be used to forecast the future hydrological data also need to be determined. This research is very crucial that it can allow the respective department to carry out comprehensive planning and early preparation before flooding occurs. A series of data of the study area were collected and analysed. It is observed that the rainfall volume, water level and stream flow are interrelated. When rainfall volume increases, the water level and stream flow will also increase and vice versa. Next, it is found out that November to January has the highest frequency of peak hydrological data due to the North East Monsoon season. Artificial Neural Network or also known as ANN was used to predict the future hydrological data and the results were compared with the actual data. It is observed that the ANN can perform very well in forecasting the future hydrological data with high accuracy and performance.

In this research investigation, the comparison of the compressive strength of concrete between natural coarse aggregate and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA). Separated old concrete waste (the compressive strength of which was known) was used to replace natural aggregate. The replacement was based on the ratio between the rocks and a concrete mix whose compressive strength was at 23.54 Mega-Pascal (MPa) over a period of 28 days. The average for the compressive strength of the settings of four recycles concrete mixes was at 22.81 MPa, 26.38 MPa, 30.27 MPa, and 35.52 MPa, respectively.In comparing the compressive strength of coarse concrete at 28 days, it was found that the compressive strength was greater than that required for being designed. A tendency to increase in the compressive strength of concrete based on age of concrete was the same as for natural coarse concrete, but with a lower average of 18.5%. It was also found that the compressive strength of the concrete composed of recycling concrete waste varied in relation to the compressive strength of the normal concrete.

Compressive strength is an essential engineering parameter employed in civil and mining engineering operations. Often, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and point load index (Is50) are linked for simplicity in assessing rock properties during preparatory design stage. However, a number of researches have been conducted to establish relationship between these two parameters for various rock types but few have been centered on rock strength classifications. This research focuses on using regression analysis to establish correlation factor(s) for different strength groups based on modified Rock Mass Classification Scheme for Banket conglomerates within the Tarkwaian Deposit of Ghana. The rocks were classified into strong, medium and weak group based on their strength threshold. Quantitative analysis of the strength states revealed that, the higher the strength value of the rock the higher the correlation factor. The correlation analysis disclosed a good linear relationship between the two parameters for the grouped rock strengths. The established correlation factors (k) between UCS and Is50 for strong, medium and weak rock group for Banket conglomerates were 20.71, 18.1 and 13.72 respectively

The objective of this study was to determine the characteristics of Oil Palm Empty Bunch Powder (OPEBP) into nano particles used as Polypropylene (PP) and Natural Rubber (NR) fillers into elastomeric thermoplastic composite nanocomposite (TPE). The method performed in OPEBP processing into nano particles is used by the method of ball mill and coprecipitation. While the manufacture of nano thermoplastic elastomer composite is done by the internal mixer of laboplastomil. The mixing process was carried out with variation of OPEBP nano composition (0,2,4,6,8,10) wt% mixed thermoplastic (PP) and (NR) and PP-g-MA as compatibilizer. The result of internal mixer was done sample mold, to characterize the test of mechanical properties with JIS K 6781 standard. The characterization results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) show that the OPEBP crystalline diameter size is 26.91 nm with monoclinic crystalline structure. phase SiO2 and COMgO4Si with dhkl (011), the elements contained are Si, O, C, Mg. The result of mechanical analysis was obtained by increasing the strength of dance and elastic modulus with the increase of OPEBP nanoparticle composition, the result of XRD analysis of TPE composite nano showed that this diffraction angle shift indicates the intercalation between nanoparticles with thermoplastic PP and NR. The morphological results showed that the homogeneous mixture was evenly distributed and had a porosity of 1.254%.

The gap in the law or the silence of the law means the lack of legislation and the absence of a legal ruling dealing with the dispute before the judge. The deficiency in the law is not to include the legal text for the need for detailed or partial provisions. In both cases, the judge is required to complete this deficiency and to remedy it. The legislator aware of his inability to grasp the smallest things and its details and to keep abreast of the ongoing developments in economic and social life, therefore the judge was given an important role in forming the legal rule. In civil law, ithas figured prominently in principles of justice and in the legal texts prohibiting the judge from refraining from realizing the right. Finally, in the adaptation of the law in accordance with the circumstances and these three cases is the subject of our research. We address them in some details. Activating the role of the judge in achieving justice through text in law legislative which commit the judge to refer principles of justice and proposing to solve disputes instead of blind commitment to texts that may achieve justice sought by disputing parties.

The construction industry in Ghana has come a long way over the years with the introduction of a wide range of materials; both indigenous and imported. The Building and Road Research Institute (BRRI) conducted an extensive research on the production of Pozzolana from local resources and licensed Pozzolana Ghana Limited (PGL) as the sole producer of the cement named PozzoMix Portland Cement. One important objective was to reduce cost of cement by 18-20%, and save up to US$30 million annually emanating from imports. The objective of the study was to examine the reason for the low utilization and patronage of Pozzolana cement in the Ghanaian construction industry, Findings from the research indicated that the low patronage of Pozzolana cement was due to a low level of awareness, the lack of commercially available quantities of the product on the market, poor marketing and lack of active governmental support.

Construction project risk management is one part of the knowledge area recommended by PMBOK international standards and ISO 21500. The application of risk management is very important and becomes an indispensable requirement in every construction work. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the risk of implementing an underpass project located at the satellite roundabout Mayjen Sungkono Surabaya-Indonesia. The research method was conducted by surveying 35 respondents who were directly or indirectly involved in the implementation of the project. The data collection tool is a Likert scale questionnaire (1-5). Data analysis using the help of SPSS and Smart PLS software. The results of the study concluded that seven aspects, namely: natural, economic and financial, planning, construction, risk management, project management and the project environment had a positive and significant effect on the occurrence of project risks in terms of time, quality, costs and workplace accidents.

The main aim of this research study was to establish a comparison between damage factors of trucks that most frequently transit the road section between the cities of Caucasia and Planeta Rica, which belongs to the national road network from Colombia, by considering the two directions of vehicular circulation. 26,085 heavy trucks in total were analyzed in the operation. Subsequently, results obtained for each traffic direction and vehicle type were compared with each other.

The purpose of this study is to describe the management process; to analyze the role of each stakeholder as well as supporting and inhibiting factors of the Participative and Inclusive Collaborative management of conservation areas in Kayan Mentarang National Park North Kalimantan. The data were collected by deep interviews to 20 informants and field observation. This study revealed that the condition of collaborative management planning was carried out by hearing peoples aspirations. The aspirations of the people were not directly conveyed to the Collaborative Management Advisory and Control Board (CMACB), as the forum was formed to carry out this collaborative management. Rather, the aspirations of the people, delivered by means of representatives. The Kayan Mentarang National Park (KMNP) collaborative management were lack of good coordination, but there were still many parties involved in the collaborative management of KMNP. Few of them which low level of knowing how the development or activities of this collaborative management. In this management there were several factors that may mendongkrak the chances of success, such as the level of community enthusiasm towards this collaborative management. There were stakeholders, both NGOs and the private sector who were ready to assist in the management of the KMNP. In other side, there were also various obstacles that need to be solved. As well as funding sources to support the implementation of collaborative management programs in this KMNP conservation area. Furthermore, the lack of coordination between the stakeholders involved and the inequality between stakeholders regarding resources and composition in the CMACB collaborative structure of institutions, is also an obstacle in this collaborative management.

Urban flood is mostly seen in urban areas. They may be due to heavy rainfall, adverse topographical conditions and anthropogenic factors, lead to destruction of drainage, damage to buildings, and even loss of life and property. Now in order to control such problems, systematic urban flood studies are necessary. This study is focused on the mapping and spatial analysis of urban flood vulnerability in Vrishabhavathi valley watershed, Bengaluru using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), GIS and remote sensing techniques. Few causative factors for flooding considered are rainfall, slope, drainage density, land use, building density, road density, non-existing natural drainage and non-existing Lake. The thematic map of these factors was converted into raster maps. Numerical weight and ranking scores will be assigned to each element factor according to fundamental scale of AHP technique. Urban Flood Vulnerability Zone (UFVZ) map is computed using weighted overlay analysis of GIS technique and classified into five categories, viz., very low, low, moderate, high and very high flood zone classes. UFVZ map was compared with the flood prone locations exist in Bengaluru city to assess the accuracy of result. The plot of flood prone locations on flood vulnerability zone map evident that, 50% of flood prone locations found under moderate flood vulnerability zone. This result depicts the fact that, urban flood vulnerability is highly influenced by anthropogenic factors than natural factors in urban environmental study area. The predicted flood vulnerability zones are found to be in good agreement with known flood prone locations.

Since the reform era, Indonesia has carried out more than 200 regional divisions for various levels ranging from sub-districts to provinces. Regional proliferation is carried out to reduce the gap between regions. The purpose of the study was to reveal the role of natural capital on the establishment of a new autonomous region in Krayan Regency, North Kalimantan, Indonesia. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach. Data obtained from independent interview and focused group discussion. The focus of this study is as follows: (1) the role of natural capital; (2) the impact of natural capital; (3) develop a model for the formation of a new autonomous region that has a positive impact on natural capital. Result showed that all natural resources in Krayan Region could be appointed as a sign of great potential to support the establishment of a new region. The potential for natural resources in Krayan should be used both traditionally for environmental protection and for the utilization of its environmental services which were very important for the preservation of biodiversity, scientific interests, tourism services or ecotourism. It was necessary to prioritize the sustainability and integrity of natural ecosystems in the process of their use and being responsible by taking into account the preservation of ecological, economic and socio-cultural functions. The model of formation of the New region was supported by prioritizing indigenous people in managing natural resources; geographical location from provincial center; strategic location; acceleration of development to realize prosperity; and use of sustainable natural capital in Krayan

The implementation of Performance Based Contracts (PBC) in Indonesia still has many challenges. In terms of risk allocation, PBC allocate more risk to the contractor. Certain risks are inherent in all construction projects. Shifting the risk onto one of the parties to a construction contract agreement is unfair and expensive. Equitable allocation of risks among parties is very important. The allocation of risk between road manager and contractor parties in a PBC contract is a critical element of success that should be based on an assessment of the party best able to manage it. Determining the parties that are most able to bear the risk has been generated from various studies both through qualitative and quantitative approaches. Martin Barnes (1983) in his research has proposed a risk allocation algorithm to determine which parties are most able to accept the risks qualitatively. The purpose of this paper is to provide a qualitative risk allocation model for road maintenance projects with PBC schemes in Indonesia. The study took samples in several national roads in Pantura Lane Road. Risk allocation algorithm proposed by Martin Barnes (1983) is applied to determine the best able party to manage the risk by considering magnitude and cost of each risk factor. The results show that the risk of natural disasters and overloading vehicle risk should not bear by the contractors. Force Majeure risk should be allocated to the owner by creating an addendum contract for recovery works with unit price payment mechanism. If the contractor still bear overloading risk, then the owner must facilitate actual traffic volume data and actual total weight data for engineering designing process. This condition indicates that there is a trade-off from the contractor party in the bid price as the impact of handling risks

The mean value of average overall running speed (AORS) in Zagazig city main streets (ZCMS) is about 10 kph. This means that traffic congestion is common phenomenon all over ZCMS. This leads to more trips delays, traffic accidents, fuel consumption, air pollution, noise, etc. Many reasons cause traffic congestion specially the huge number of running vehicles on ZCMS all day time comparing to their characteristics. This study aims to decrease the running vehicles volume on ZCMS to its minimum and improve level of service. A comprehensive experimental program was designed and implemented starting with reviewing past studies then designing questionnaires to collect data required to define and improve the current situation. Two questionnaires were designed to define ZCMS current situation and to forecast the proposed situation in the case of adding new mode facilities. Analyzing collected data, utility functions for current situation scenario (Scenario 0), adding public buses system to current modes scenario (Scenario 1), and adding luxury public buses system to current modes scenario (Scenario 2) are determined. Based on the calculated utility functions, volume of different commonly types of modes in Zagazig enough to generated trips implementation are determined. As well as corresponding real number and types of modes used in implementing Zagazig generated daily trips (ZGDT). Analyzing study results, it is found that no significant difference is noticed between real volumes of modes required to implementing ZGDT and the identical determined using utility functions of Scenario 0. Appling polices of Scenario 1 reducing the volumes of modes required to implementing ZGDT to 44.90% of the original required volumes. Applying Scenario 2 reaches volume reduction to 56.97%. It’s anticipated that AORS in ZCMS will be increased by 42% applying polices of Scenario 1 and 64.5% when applying polices of scenario 2.

To pursue a superior modeling tools for improving the predictive efficacy in Indian Ocean Dipole Index (IOD) using a hybrid time series model. A methods which makes use of wavelets together with a time series model, GARCH, is fitted in order to gain the benefit of a hybrid model in Ocean atmospheric interaction variability data on tropical Indian Ocean. Initially classical time series analysis is performed. Following that, volatility feature is used in Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) accompanied with wavelet smoothing tools that has been experimented on the monthly data, collected from January 1870 to December 2018 of dipole mode index on tropical Indian Ocean. Results: W-GARCH(1,1) model about student-t distribution has been found as the most suitable model with the least AIC, - 28.10682. The model was validated by the training and test data set by Mc-LeodLi test, QQ plot and many others. Results are showed that the proposed methods, WGARCH(1,1), has made efficient results compared with the GARCH. Therefore, modeling and forecasts based on the methods could assist in improving the climate forecast system in the fields that are influenced by IOD.

Since the existence of humanity the question of storing and managing water was a vital issue, to answer this question man started very early to build reservoirs and dams in order to guarantee his life and build its civilizations .The role of these works has been spread to several advantages which revolve around the welfare of the human being, such as: Irrigation, livestock watering, tourism, fish farming, navigation, tourism, extinction fires, flood capping and energy production. The durability of these works was also challenged by the phenomenon of sedimentation that results from the deposition of eroded materials from basins pouring and transported by water and trapped by dams dams. In the arid and semi-arid zones this problem causes the serial death of several dams, these dams reached their end of life with an excessive speed, which makes the management of these sediments a problematic which necessitates studies and in-depth researches. It is in this context that this study is established with the aim of quantifying, identifying and exploiting sediments as a substitute for building materials and environmental conservation

The behavior of sixteen reinforced concrete composite one way simply supported pre slabs and four monolithic reinforced concrete one way simply supported slabs were studied to investigate the behavior of recycled aggregate reinforced concrete composite concrete pre slabs. The main parameters of this study were the recycled course aggregate replacement ratios and the interface condition between old and new concrete layers. The used concrete was carried out with natural aggregate and with three replacement ratios 25%, 50% and 100 of recycled concrete aggregate. In this study three interface conditions between the old and new concrete surfaces were studied using roughening interfaces, roughening with epoxy interfaces and using steel dowel shear connectors. The test results showed that using steel dowels with ratio Asd/Ash of 0.1% and imbedded length 15Ø was able to reach full composite action between concrete layers for all RCA replacement ratios.

Since the existence of humanity the question of storing and managing water was a vital issue, to answer this question man started very early to build reservoirs and dams in order to guarantee his life and build its civilizations .The role of these works has been spread to several advantages which revolve around the welfare of the human being, such as: Irrigation, livestock watering, tourism, fish farming, navigation, tourism, extinction fires, flood capping and energy production. The durability of these works was also challenged by the phenomenon of sedimentation that results from the deposition of eroded materials from basins pouring and transported by water and trapped by dams dams. In the arid and semi-arid zones this problem causes the serial death of several dams, these dams reached their end of life with an excessive speed, which makes the management of these sediments a problematic which necessitates studies and in-depth researches. It is in this context that this study is established with the aim of quantifying, identifying and exploiting sediments as a substitute for building materials and environmental conservation

Nowadays slope stability analysis is the important part of the study before the construction that deals with the hills and slopes. But for the dump area, it is not a frequent study to have an assessment for the slope stability. As the dumping area frequently will close after 2 years of operation, the area can be used for the future development for housing area or road construction. The study of Factor of Safety of the waste soil with the graphically modelling will give the further impact for the awareness of the waste soil slope failure. The recent studies have been made about the properties of the waste soil and it shows that waste soil have different soil behaviour than normal soil. Data that have been collected from the recent study can build the slope modelling of the waste soil in order to generate the analysis for slope stability factor of safety. From four different cases that have been studied in this research paper, it shows that the range of the waste soil properties is generally safe within the acceptable slope geometry design from the guideline. The total moment of safety factor for case 1: Differences in Phi is 1.62, case 2: Differences in C is 1.52, case 3: Differences in C and Phi is 1.68 and this model is the highest FOS. The total moment of safety factor for case 4: Critical Value for C and Phi is 1.28 which is the lowest FOS and not passed the JKR Guidelines specification that must be higher than 1.3

Namibia is a Semi-Arid Zone where the temperatures are high with an average of 300 days of sunshine annually. Most of the commonly used building insulations are made out of conventional materials which are petrochemical based substances that contain toxic substances which are harmful to the environment. This study aimed at comparing thermal efficiency of residential buildings of varying designs using material from Agricultural residues and marble dust in Namibia. Three prototype Rigs, with varying compositions were designed and built using standard building procedures. Rig A (TAR 1) with 150 mm thick internal and external walls; made of standard bricks of 7 MPa, insulated with compacted mixture containing 20% (wt.) Maize, 10 % (wt.) Millet, 30% (wt.) Rice and 40% (wt.), 30% (wt.) Cow dung; Rig B (Tamb2) 40% (wt.) with Maize, 30% (wt.), Millet, 10% (wt.), 20% (wt.), 20%wt. Marble dust and C (TNo3) that serve has control rig. Outside and inside temperatures of the Rigs were monitored during the warm (September 2017 - March 2018) and cold (April to August – 2018) seasons. Temperature and humidity sensors installed at critical positions in the interior of the building, were connected to symmetron data logger. Results of the three design concepts revealed that TAR 1 (Rig A) attained maximum and minimum temperatures of 24.40C and 14.80C, and humidity of 26.4% during winter and 29.60C and 19.30C during summer with average humidity of 21.1%. Tamb2 (Rig B) recorded maximum and minimum temperature of 31.220C and 18.70C during summer with a relative humidity of 20.3%. During winter Rig B attained average temperature of 22.600C. Furthermore, Rig C (TN03) recorded 32.220C and 21.700C in summer and winter respectively. From the results it can be deduced that Rig A (TAR 1) with compositions of 20% (wt.) Maize, 10 % (wt.) Millet, 30% (wt.) Rice and 40% (wt.), 30% (wt.) Cow dung; had the best performance.