The present paper considers the evaluation of the concurrent environmental quality in conditions of the Sumapaz River Basin, using the technique of artificial intelligence "swarm of particles" to emulate the evaluation done by a group of experts and integrating the variables of water quality (BOD, TSS, N-NO2 and P total) and precipitation in a collaborative model.

This paper uses the artificial intelligence logic diffuse technique to emulate the evaluation performed by a group of experts for the evaluation of concurrent environmental quality evaluated in the conditions of the Suárez River basin, integrating the variables of water quality (BOD, TSS, N-NO2 and P total) and precipitation in a collaborative model.

The use of the Internet of Things (IoT) grows rapidly as there is an increasingly larger number of devices connected to the internet which are practical to use. This document shows a simple method to connect home devices that do not have access to the internet to a Domotic network. It is also shown how to control them remotely using a web-based server via Arduino Ethernet Shield.

The present paper establishes the forecast of possible areas of forest fire affectation in the eastern area of the Cundinamarca Department, given the influence of climatic variables such as the child phenomenon and anthropogenic causes such as burning and solid waste

Operation of Almatti and Narayanpur complex adopting Standard linear operating policy is causing problems to the Srisailam and Nagarjunasagar reservoirs as no water is being realized in the reservoirs during June ,July and August. Therefore a rule curve is developed at Almatti without effecting the interests of the Almatti and Narayanapur reservoirs. The study indicated that if the levels of +512, +515 and +519.6 are maintained in June, July and August respectively as against FRl of 524.256 there will be some improvement in the performance of downstream reservoirs without effecting much the performance of Almatti complex i.e Almatti and Narayanapur

In this paper an attempt has been made to study the sedimentation aspects of SRSP reservoir and to evolve the sedimentation rates and trap efficiency of this reservoir. When a dam is constructed on a river to store water, sediments transported by the water flow are also stored and reservoir capacity is gradually reduced by sediment accumulation. Prediction of sediment distribution in reservoirs is an important issue for dam designers to determine the reservoir active storage capacity, outlet sill elevation, dam stability, recreational facilities, and back water conditions. In this study, the sediment deposition in SRSP on Godavari river in Telengana is studied . The sediment trapped in the reservoir is worked out considering the hydrographic surveys conducted by State of Erstwhile Andhra Pradesh consisting of Telengana and the same are compared with the hydrometrical observations conducted by CWC at the G&D stations in Godavari river. The trap efficiency is also estimated considering the observations at the gauging stations .It is observed that the hydrographic and hydrometry observations fairly tally. The trap efficiency worked out as 91.3 % . This reduction in storage due to sedimentation coupled with reduction of inflows into SRSP is causing problems in meeting the demands of SRSP. The supplementation from Kaleswaram to an extent of 60 TMC will help SRSP and improve its performance. The storage at Yellampalli can also be utilized partly to meet the demands of SRSP.

Hydrological models are mainly used for predicting system behavior and understanding various hydrological processes, whereby, various parameters that define the characteristics of the model were used. In this study, a conceptual rainfallrunoff model Génie Rural à 4 paramétres Horaires (GR4H) was developed for Temengor catchment to provide an estimate of the inflow contribution and lake level of Temengor Reservoir. Inflow data was calculated from the differences in the lake storage at each time step and accounting for the discharge from the power station. Since the lake level data at sub-daily time scale was too noisy to result in reasonably smooth inflow series data, denoising technique using filtering methods in both time and frequency domains for inflow data were applied. The model was calibrated and validated using 3 years rainfall data from 5 stations. The model performance with the optimum parameters value was evaluated based on the regression coefficient and Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency. It can be seen that the GR4H model are able to perform well in simulating the amount of inflow into the Temengor reservoir.

BLDC motors have the main contribution in the transportation industry applications, for example, is used as the driving electric bicycles. The purpose of this paper is to explain how to improve the performance of BLDC motors with optimization. The method used in this study first experimented with collecting input and output data on a BLDC motor with a specification of 350-watt power. Input and output data was simulated by the ARX method to identify the transfer function equation. After obtaining the transfer function equation, simulations and analyses are performed using several optimization methods, such as PID, Fuzzy, Hybrid Fuzzy PID, and the last is by combining fuzzy and PID optimized with PSO algorithm. The results showed that the combination of Fuzzy and PID optimization with the PSO Algorithm could improve performance effectively and efficiently

This study aims to investigate the palliative nursing for high risk infant. For the development of palliative nursing for high risk infants, nurses should provide professional palliative nursing to improve the life quality of the high risk infant based on knowledge, attitudes and skills in palliative nursing. First, if the perception of nurse for death is negative, she will show passive and negative attitude in performing the palliative nursing, so she needs to develop a positive perception for death through death-related education reducing the burden on palliative nursing. Second, Caring the infant facing death and his/her family in a situation where the preparation for the palliative nursing is insufficient is likely to be a negative experience not only for the infant bit also for nurses, so it needs to provide related education continuously in practice. Third, nurse should be provided with a protocol based on evidence for palliative nursing for newborn infants and related training. For this, above all, NICU nurses shall have an interest in the palliative nursing for high risk infants

This research aimed to study the eco-roof for home design in urban area in Thailand. The selection area for installing the sample of eco-roof is on a deck of the single-storey residential house in Chatuchak district, Bangkok, having an open courtyard of dimension 4.00 x 4.00 square meters, with stairways leading up to the deck that supports the installation of eco-roof. The eco-roof utilizes an area of 24 square meters; the roof utilizes Photovoltaic (PV) System, using grid connected PV system of 3,600 Watts. The roof consists of 10 solar panels with total generation capacity of 3,100 Watts. Considering the area beneath the PV roof, it is observed that this area can be utilized for growing microgreen. The average crop-time for most microgreen is 10-14 days, depends on the type of seeding used. As the eco-roof extends to cover the deck area, it helps to maintain the temperature within comfort level, and also allows natural air ventilation. The eco-roof can also generate an alternative energy that does not contribute to carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere, and is capable of generating about 200 Kilowatt hours per month, which partly helps to reduce electrical cost. For these reasons, the research for eco-roof for urban houses can also be further developed and adapted for roof decks of other buildings as well.

The authors have proposed a knowledge refinement method for a crack diagnostic inference system. The inference engine was constructed for a reciprocal network based on a min-max composition algorithm. The knowledge refinement function was installed in the engine by applying the concept of the back-propagation algorithm. In this paper, the inference and refinement methods are applied to the rule-base system for selecting the retrofitting method for steel bridges damaged by fatigue. Through some inferences for practical cases, it is confirmed that the inference engine can be applied to this domain.

Automobiles spend most part of its life into a parking space. Coherent solution is to change the ownership form - one automobile should be used by many people. The decision can be reached by pre-existing technologies. Digital technologies make it possible to create some other approaches implementation of those were previously not used. This research is devoted to the study of application of various concepts of using cars, that should become an integral part of transport system is megapolises. Carsharing is becoming an absolutely indispensable part of the urban system. Transport outsource is guaranteed to reduce traffic and helps to unload the roads and rush hours. Transport outsource in the modern world is one of the most recognizable and common forms of mobility of passengers flows.

This paper describes one method of research and synthesis of control systems for the output of the object by the gradient-speed method of Lyapunov vector functions. The task of the synthesis of the regulator and the observer is considered as a system that can provide the specified (desired) transition characteristics of a closed system. The gradient-speed method of Lyapunov vector functions allows one to solve the problem of control systems directly using the elements of the matrix of the controller object and the observer. The approach to determine the range of changes in the object parameters, a regulator, and an observer that provides the specified (desired) transient characteristics of a closed system

The aims of this study were to show the health-related quality of life of ischemic stroke patient and to observe the effect of disability and stroke complications on EQ5D-5L utility index. this was a cross-sectional study conducting on ischemic stroke patient in 10 hospitals located in Special Region of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The subjects of this study were collected with the inclusion criteria as follow; age > 18 years, having a stroke for the first time, and taking rehabilitation treatment in the hospital after being discharged from inpatient ward.Health-related quality of life was measured using EQ-5D-5L during outpatient rehabilitation treatment after stroke. Disability was described using modified Rankin Scale (mRS) while stroke complications were categorized usingCharlson Index Score. A value set established for Indonesian population was used to represent utility estimates. The findings on 350 stroke ischemic patients, consisted of 87.14% patients aged > 50 years and 57.43% male, showed the average utility score and visual analogue scale (VAS) were 0.376±0,511 and 74,24±15.27, respectively. Eighty percent patients reported difficulty on walking, 64.86% on self-care, 71.71% on usual activities, 76.29% on pain/discomfort, and 70.86% on anxiety/depression. There were significant different on utility score regarding the age, level of education, employment status, level of disability and comorbidity. The higher the disability levels, the lower the health utility index. Patients with severe disability (mRS = 5) had utility score of -0.563 (95% CI, - 0.651 – -0.476), otherwise, patients without disability and symptoms (mRS = 0) had utility score of 0.927 (95% CI, 0.876 – 0.978). Comorbidity and level of disability of ischemic stroke patients were associated with health-related quality of life. The higher the disability levels, the lower the health utility index.

As Fiber Optic network expands, the need for a complete knowledge of the routes within the network is vital. Fiber break occurs regularly due to environmental stress or human factors which include sabotage; hence, the cable routes change constantly. Unfortunately, these changes are usually not reflected in the Asbuilts drawing produced by the contractors after implementation. This is because the maintenance of the routes are usually awarded to maintenance companies, hence on expiration of the existing maintenance contract, updated routes information will pose a problem for the new maintenance company and a lot of time will be spent by the team in resolving a break. Also, the present practice is such that Asbuilts and paper documentation required to resolve a break are not centrally stored, hence cannot be queried. Hence, there is a need for Asbuilts information to be accessible in realtime from a central monitoring location for more quicker and intuitive response. In this paper, Quick Geographic Information System (QGIS) and Geographic Positioning System (GPS) were integrated and used to demonstrate how a fiber optic network routes could be managed while taking into consideration the aforementioned challenges. A case study of an existing Fiber network of Layer 3, within Victoria Island, Nigeria was used to test the integrated approach. Results obtained reveal the existing infrastructures showing a spatial distribution of Hand holes which makes it easier to map out the logistics for fiber deployment to any prospective client within the study area. The determination of required civil work and the length is made possible and costing prepared before formal field work. Also, as the joints increases within a fiber route, there is a drop in signal. The integrated QGIS-GPS approach makes it easier to identify the number of joints along a fiber route and enable the fiber team calculate the loss budget hence making a timely decision to either recall and replace fiber cable or not. This paper concludes that this integrated QGIS-GPS approach can assist the telecommunication industry in enhancing fiber optics network’ planning and management efficiencies.

In construction industry, risk management is an important factor for the success of the project, several types of risks can affect the project (technical, financial, social, commercial, political, and natural). The study covered the concepts of risk management in the construction industry, and reviewed methods of analysis and control of risks that occur in the life cycle of the project. The study was based on the results of a risk management survey in the construction industry in Iraq, focusing on three types of risks (time, financial, external factors), The problems lie in do not specifying an additional period of the project due to the occurrence of the risk, Lack of additional financial allocations that can covering the treatment of the risk. The results showed a clear delay in the ways of risk management by (companies, contractors, engineers and government), lack of methodology and experience to deal with it, lack of research in this field, lack of training programs and courses, lack of use of international expertise, selection of unqualified companies and contractors, work in unstable areas, lack of financial allocations. The interest of the government and its dependence on the oil and gas industry led to negatively affected to the construction industry in Iraq. Accordingly, important recommendations have been made that could change the reality of risk management in construction projects.

One of law-making’s purpose is to give a good impact at all aspects on human life like economy aspect, social aspect until cultural aspect. One of law in Indonesia is labor and economic law. Labor’s prosperity is related to economic rate in one country. Indonesia is adhere to regional autonomy and make a large portion to province or city on development issues. The Local Government has authority to make a business entity to increase the regional economic rate. Example from this business entitity is Regional-Owned Enterprises or in Indonesian known as Badan Usaha Milik Daerah (BUMD). In fact, BUMD can become a tools to reduce unemployment rate but recruitment scheme on BUMD based on Labor Market Flexibilty (LMF) is can’t accommodate the unemployment from the native person in the regional. Empirical study was carried out on 2015 to research about impact of BUMD in South Sumatera Province and economic development rate on 2015. The author will presenting the main topic with data on diagram or table’s type. The data has been validated by South Sumatera Government on Januari 2019 by Governor of South Sumatera Province.

Whilst preparing for superb infrastructure for the Kuala Lumpur SEA Games 2017, the training for selected volunteers of the games also took place concurrently. Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM) was given the responsibility to conduct systematic training and provide fundamental knowledge on ASEAN to the volunteers. This article reports on the study that identifies i) the level of knowledge on ASEAN among the volunteers particularly in regards to economic and political perspectives and ii) the resources they used to obtain information on ASEAN. Employing a quantitative approach, this study drew on data gathered from questionnaires that were distributed to 1,418 volunteers from various ethnic groups. The findings show that the level of knowledge among the volunteers on ASEAN is moderate. The findings also point to the use of mass media and internet as major resources to obtain information on ASEAN. This study implies that it is significant to impose on a systematic and interactive approach to deliver knowledge about ASEAN to the volunteers.

This study presents the results of the experimental program conducted on concrete containing natural and the Palm Oil Clinker (POC) aggregates. Palm oil industries produce a huge amount of wastes which are unremarkably cast away in landfills. Such wastes and disposing method negatively impact the environment and consume land resources. Managing such wastes for use in concrete manufacturing will be beneficial for both the environment and economy. In this study, the ACI 211 procedures for mix proportioning were followed. Concrete specimens were cast, cured and tested for their densities, compressive strength and water absorption. Test results reveal an enhancement in the compressive strength and water absorption at a replacement level of 25%. A decrease in the compressive strength and an increase in the water absorption were noticed for all other percentage replacements. Compressive strength and density in the ranges 26.2 N/mm2 to 41.6 N/mm2 and 1821 kg/m3 to 2214 kg/m3 at 28 days, respectively were obtained. This indicates that POC concrete can be used as structural lightweight concrete at full replacement level. Partial replacement of POC not exceeding 25% can be used to increase strength and improve durability in normal and high-performance concrete.

Environmental management system tools are developed in two approaches: for the product and the organization. In the product approach, there are tools for environmental performance evaluation and environmental auditing as well as life cycle analysis, ecolabelling and environmental impact studies in organizations. This review aims to research the influence of tools on the approaches and their relationship with ISO 14001 certified companies in Latin American countries.

The study aims to determine and analyze the effects of competence, independence and professional attitudes on audit quality and individual characteristics as moderating the effects of competency, independence and professional attitude on the audit quality of Internal Apparatus in Southeast Sulawesi. The total number of the study population is 576 respondents, while the number of samples is 167 auditors that are determined through Slovin formulations. The sampling is conducted using purposive sampling method based on certain conditions, namely profession as internal auditors, have conducted audits at least twice and have minimally two years working period as an auditor. Based on results of the analysis, it is found that competence has positive effects on audit quality but is insignificant, independence has significant negative effects on audit quality while professional attitudes have positive and significant effects on audit quality. Furthermore, individual characteristics are found to moderate the independence of audit quality, while in professional competencies and attitudes, both are found that they could not moderate.

As modern technology is rapidly growing, the smart city system is considered as an advance path to technology. Sending observations, requirements and suggestions by residents are essential parts of the smart city systems. Their main objectives are: 1) improving the quality of life in urban areas; 2) participating in decision-making that may lead to intelligent governance; 3) better rationalization of resource consumption; and 4) access to sustainable development. However, smart city system needs an infrastructure based on sharing knowledge (e.g., of modern technology) by individuals. The establishment of smart cities with new technologies requires further studies and analysis. This work studies smart city development in two folds. Firstly, it reviews the smart city structure of analyzes their establishment requirements. Secondly, it proposes a new waste management system using remote control techniques (i.e., sensors) and an RF communication system. The aim of our model is to reduce the cost of cleaning cities and the number of traditional waste management employees. Furthermore, decreasing the wasting time during the cleaning process. Moreover, obtaining healthier ambience away from pollution. Computer software (SSPS) is used to demonstrate our objectives

Africa has always been a region noted for poor development and it is the subject of charity globally. Various aids have been channeled to help Africa come out of its woes and this is not even the end, serious hunger issues stare Africa in the eye. Goal two of the sustainable development goals projects zero hunger by 2030 but in Africa, hunger and malnutrition is still a barrier. This study analyzed issues of hunger in Nigeria, its causes and implication on development. So it discovered that the fourth industrial revolution is the solution to end hunger in Africa. The study relies on evidences from relevant literature to build a solid front for the issue under consideration and it concludes that hunger is still a major challenge in Africa and it will be inimical in the years to come. The study recommends that adequate preparation must ensue through the eyes of the fourth industrial revolution to proffer lasting solutions

Thai Dendrocalamus Giganteus bamboo (TDG) is the giant size bamboo in Thailand, which make it suitable for processing. Right now in Thailand use the column of bamboo for home building, but it was not a stable building because no standard to guarantee. This research foresaw the importance to use the natural material and had developed the bamboo clump to the laminate bamboo column. In the industry, the production of processed bamboo for most construction works is used the part of bamboo by measure up approximate 2.5 meters from the bottom but this research choosing to use other parts of bamboo to design column and the results show that the bottom part column design get a good result average load of approximately 12852.40 kgf with the stress 514.10 kg/cm2

This study aims to investigate the direct impact of good corporate governance on corporate financial performance, and, if so, whether the relationship is mediated by corporate tax aggressiveness. This issue is crucial for the Indonesian banking companies because since the year of 2011, management of banking companies have the obligation to implement and report their corporate governance. This study is designed as quantitative research employing the structural equation model. A mediation research model is developed to test the mediation effect of corporate tax aggressiveness on corporate governance and financial performance relationship. The sample is derived from the publicly listed banking firms on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) for the period of 2012-2017 resulting 208 observable empirical data. This study provides empirical evidence that corporate governance has a direct effect on financial performance of publicly listed banks on the IDX. Further analysis reveals that tax aggressiveness mediates the relationship between corporate governance and financial performance. This implies that tax aggressiveness might be one of strategies for banking companies to minimize tax burden in order to increase profit. This study contributes to the growing research exploring tax aggressiveness, especially in banking companies. This study explores the use of tax aggressiveness as the mediation variable and the use of taxable income as one measure of tax aggressiveness

The TDG bamboo is a giant bamboo that suitable for use in the processing of construction products. In the processing of the wood Glue is a top priority that affects the strength of the workpiece. In the research, the standard size of processed bamboo specimens tested. By determining the factors used in the design of the test specimens as follows: 5 types of glue and three types of a bamboo strip from different parts such as bottom middle and top. The result shows that the glue type 1 with the bottom part of the strip can make resistant the average shear stress approximately 9.921 MPa even the lower shear stress average approximately 2.837 MPa which the result according to the Building Control Act 2522 can classify the TDG specimen as the hardwood

Many offshore structures contain cylindrical elements, such as cladding platforms, jackets, tension-leg platforms and marine pipelines. However, exposure to current and waves can cause oil leakage. Conducts at intermediate water depths are subject to currents plus waves causing large variations in velocities and hence the Reynolds number (Re = UcD / ?, where Uc is the free flow velocity, D is the diameter of the cylinder and ? is the kinematic viscosity of the fluid) most often appears in the range from 10 ^ 3 to 10 ^ 7. It is therefore important to understand the flow around the circular cylinder in the effective Re range. In recent years there is a strong use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) which is a branch of fluid mechanics that uses numerical analysis and data structures to solve and analyze problems involving fluid flow and also interaction between waves and structures. The main use of CFD is to solve the Navier-Stokes equations and their equations. There are therefore several methods to solve the Navier-Stokes equations, and since they are generally high-cost computational operations, more sophisticated model-based approaches have been developed: - Direct numerical simulation - Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) - Large Eddy Simulation (LES) This paper deals with the use of CFD to determine the flow field concerning the complex interaction of a cylindrical structure with a fluid using the approach based on Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS).

Latin American countries from the tropics are energy dependent. Residential and commercial sectors are accountable for more than 40% of the total demand of electric power, mainly due to massive use of air conditioners. Passive cooling techniques represent a sustainable, environmentally, friendly and economic alternative to implement to meet the need to reduce electricity demand in the region and thus, the current deficit. Nonetheless, Latin America does not show enough experiences taking advantage the benefits of passive cooling techniques. This research paper presents the state of the art of passive cooling and a designed review of its implementation in Latin America.

The paper analyzed the impact generated by the construction of a port on the adjacent coasts. In particular, the case study of Marina of Badolato (Italy) will be analyzed. The paper evaluates the shoreline changes and the influence of deep water wave climate and of the longshore and river transport on the coastal dynamics of the study area. The port construction has altered about 4.5 km of coastline with relevant advancement to the South areas and erosion to the North areas. Finally, the paper shows how the construction of a port can alter the coast even at considerable distances from the port itself, so that during the design phase it is necessary to correctly evaluate all the possible alterations of the coastal dynamics

Investment always includes risk factors to affect investment development and it can change the Indonesian economy. Foreign investors also strive to avoid losses due to political risk. Governments of the countries should guarantee the protection of foreign investment from possibility of political risk. Therefore, this study examines what are the political risks faced by direct investment investors. Researchers use certain legal theories as the analysis basis to find answers of study problem. The theories used are Legal Protection Theory, Certainty Law Theory, Investment Theory, and Insurance Theory. The approach method used is normative juridical. This study uses 4 approaches, namely the statutory approach, conceptual approach, case approach, and comparative approach. This study is descriptive analysis to express the overall symptoms of investigated aspects to explain the conditions. Political risk is the change in political environment that can have a detrimental effect on the value of company’s business activities (Griffin, Ricky: 212). Assessment of Political Risk Map is done by the RGE method (Roubini Global Economics) (Roubini, 2014: 14). Roubini Global Economics (RGE) is an independent research company, the maker of global macroeconomic strategies developed by Roubini, a well known economist. RGE method has six risk measures, namely: Exchange Transfer, Non-Sovereign Payment, Political Interference, Supply Chain Disruption, Legal and Regulatory Risk and Political Violence.

The Government of Ghana (GoG) is deploying “Paperless Systems” in Public Service Organizations which includes the Local Government Services (LGS). This initiative is part of the GoG’s e-governance drive promulgated in 2003 and established by the Information Communications Technology for Accelerated Development (ICT4AD) policy. Paperless systems, however, run on the concept of the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT) in organizations. This paper evaluates the Internet of things (IoT) readiness of regional project coordinating directorates within Local Government Organizations (LGOs) in Ghana. Primary data is obtained through purposively sampling ten (10) respondents who are the directors of the Regional Coordinating Councils (RCCs). The “Goodness of Fit Chi-square Test” s is employed to ascertain the disparity between observed and expected data in all four (4) critical areas required for the operationalization of the IoT at the regional Level. Empirical results revealed that there is still the extensive utilization of non-digitized modes of reporting, procurement and management of projects within these organizations even with the few computers assembled. Secondary data further reveals that no real funding or budget line has been allocated for IoT deployment and Information Technology (IT) systems improvement within these organizations. The paper posits that GoG may have to rethink the decision to go paperless in the LGOs in the short term. The conclusion, however, is that the GoG’s drive, adoption and operationalization of development projects using the paperless system could also be disrupted through cyber attacks and could fail. GoG could address these challenges by embarking on extensive ICT infrastructure improvement and training of project personnel in all LGOs

Many case studies have been conducted on the adoption strategies of building information modelling (BIM). This paper is aimed at exploring the best strategy to implement BIM in the Jordanian construction industry. The contractors can use this strategy to assess how ready they are to adopt building information modelling. To achieve the target, a comprehensive literature was expanded in two frameworks, firstly, Jordan construction industry to understand the current conditions for the construction practice and highlight related challenges. The second framework was building information modelling, the concept, adoption conditions, and best practices to pick the best adoption strategy. To conceptualize the nominated theoretical adoption strategies, a qualitative approach was followed, and 15 semi-structured interviews were carried out with the largest construction companies in the Jordanian construction industry. Reliability and validity checks were performed at three levels; A focus group workshop consists of four construction experts who recommended adjustments inregard of culture’ components in the theoretical strategies, The second level of validity where a questionnaire sent to 50 respondents work for a construction organizations, secondly the results were analysed by the structured equation modelling technique, the first hypotheses was rejected leading to a second adjustment inregard of the conceptual framework. To perform the final validity check, a discussion with three major industry players in Jordan took place in order to finalise the conceptual strategies framework. Findings showed that the best strategy to adopt BIM among construction companies in Jordan is still unclear, so many barriers and challenges are facing BIM adoption such as, but not limited to, Lack of government support , BIM unawareness, the absence of BIM training centres and specialists , resistance to change and cost.