The lateral force acting on the tires produces a side slip angle that affects the directional stability of vehicle. This paper presents some research results of the influence of driving axle location on the lateral force of vehicle with 4x2 wheel formula when vehicle is turning. The single track dynamical models of FWD and RWD vehicle while cornering are created. Based on these two dynamical models, the system equations of motion built are enable to study the influence of driving axle location on the lateral force. Some calculated simulation results are shown for illustration.

The aim of this project was to investigate and evaluate corrosion using computer modelling for investigating causes of failure on specimen which had similar behavior to nature of failures, used in petroleum industry. A nipple-connecter reducer made from malleable cast iron used to carry liquid and gas in a petro chemical company located in Bahrain was used as sample. The problem was also modeled to study the effect of the flow in causing the corrosion, in the nipple-connecter reducer assembly which concludes that the main cause of this attack is the flow turbulence, shear stress and pressure.

An attempt has been made to join Duplex stainless steel and Mild steel (MS) using Linear Friction welding (LFW) process. In this investigation Finite element analysis (FEM) was carried on a square butt joint configuration for various conditions. The process parameters chosen are friction load, forging load, friction time, forging time and frequency. Among the above-mentioned process parameters, friction force alone was varied as it was found to be more significant to obtain a good bonding. The FEM analysis revealed that 500 N of friction load imparted minimum deformation and in real time experimentation a good bonding was established.

This paper provides a conceptual analysis of safety culture and safety performance in Malaysian manufacturing industries. However, manufacturing industries are facing highest number of accidents throughout a year. Due to higher occupational accidents, industries are required to verify relationship between safety culture and safety performance to optimize the productivity. It was recognized by the researchers that safety culture can be improve through five main components; management commitment, communication, safety priority, supportive environment, and involvement. These components increase the safety performance by mean of three components; safety performance report, employee’s performance, and equipment performance. This study has done extensive literature review and identify the gap between safety culture and safety performance. The outcomes of this paper could help Malaysian manufacturing to increase the safety performance through reduction in accident and injury at industrial level

Nigeria is a country faced with great challenges in the power sector. This is as a result of inadequate administrative and technical efforts in handling issues in this sector. Aforetime, the country has solely depended on grid electricity generation which has proven to be unstable for several decades. These and others, has made it imperative to introduce the use of renewable energy in addressing some of the electricity challenges facing the country. The sources of renewable energy which could serve as an alternative source of power include wind, solar, and biogas. These can also be combined together as an entity to form a hybrid renewable energy source. In this paper, a solar tree was designed and constructed to provide an alternative supply of electricity to farm settlements in Nigeria. This is achieved by generating electricity from a single or multiple number of solar panels connected with a charge controller, a battery bank for storage and an inverter circuit to supply electrical power. Depending on the electrical load demand and the applications coverage area, the solar tree rating and specification can be a single-phase or three-phase AC output.

Tool life is machining data which is related to machining process. The aim of this research is to determine the tool life, tool wear and Taylor’s tool life equation value of coated carbide insert when used in turning process of AISI 304 stainless steel. By completing this research, the tool life of coated carbide insert will be known and can be estimated when different cutting speed for given feeding speed and depth of cut are used. The experiment was done by using cutting speed which was varied whereas feed rate and depth of cut were fixed during the turning process until the tool wear value of each cutting speed reaches 0.3 mm (VB = 0.3 mm). Taylor’s tool life equation was obtained as VCTL 0.939=2968 and value of tool life of 29 minutes 10 seconds for low cutting speed and 15 minutes 36 seconds for high cutting speed.

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and ß-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions

A mining activity starts with clearing the land from plants and overburden stripping. The purpose of this study is to analyze the value of work efficiency, productivity, and compatibility of heavy equipment in overburden work. This research employs a descriptive method and includes a case study, then the data were obtained from observations. The research results found that the value of workload efficiency is 74.63% and the value of conveyance is 58.37%; while the productivity of loading equipment is 5,055 BCM/hour and conveyance is 5,189 BCM/hour; furthermore, the match factor level of the equipment is 0.65. However, the match factor level is still below the standard. Thus, further research is required to determine the appropriate strategy to make the equipments match factor level equal to one

In this study the extent of tower and boom wake distortions were evaluated using collocated anemometers and Lidar measurement based on wind data from Amperbo, Namibia, where an existing latticed equilateral triangular communication tower was instrumented according to IEC specifications. Wind data analysed was 10-minute averaged, captured over a period of nine months (May to Sept. 2014). To enable further and independent investigation of flow modification within the vicinity of the tower, ZephIR 300 wind Lidar was installed at about 5.4 m from the foot of the tower. Wind data from pairs of collocated cup anemometers located at 16.88 m and 64.97 m above ground level (AGL) were analysed and compared to identify the range of directions that were affected by the waking of the entire tower physical structure. Mean speed and turbulence intensity (TI) were used in quantify the wake impact on the wind data observed using cup anemometers, showing a speed deficit of up to 49 % and order of magnitude increase in the TI for all the regions within the wake of the tower. Comparison with ZephIR 300 observed mean speed resulted in a speed deficit of up to 50 % which further confirmed the extent of tower distortion and wake boundaries. The Lidar also confirmed the speed-up effects and the asymmetric nature of the wake boundaries associated with the mounting booms. The results show that TI analysis has the potential to more accurately define the wake boundaries and wake distortion than traditional speed ratios analysis. The study shows that the severity of tower wake effects varies seasonally with winter months (June and July) recording the highest speed deficit when compared to December, a summer month. Root Mean Square Errors (RMSE) were further computed to ascertain the similarity degree of resource parameters from the two measurement techniques, resulting in peak values of RMSE in the wake affected regions. The TI approach consistently predicted larger wake boundaries than speed ratio analysis. Wind direction analysis clearly showed the 180° ambiguity of ZephIR 300 and the extent of deflection of the winds around the tower structure. Preliminary evaluation of wake impact on the resource parameter shows that removing the sectors affected by tower wakes leads to an increase in mean wind speed and a decrease in TI values.

The world is undergoing a paradigm shift as more people are becoming aware of energy consumption patterns, reinforcing the need for developing cleaner and more sustainable ways to generate electrical energy. Globally, the development of onshore wind farms is sometimes impeded by factors such as aesthetic impact, acceptance by the public, the threats to surrounding biodiversity, noise from the power plant and possible land use conflicts. Due to these concerns, offshore wind plants have been developed. Offshore wind energy is generally greater in comparison to that of onshore wind energy because the wind speeds offshore are generally higher and more constant with fewer obstructions to the wind resource. The offshore wind potential for South African coastal regions was investigated and analysed in this study. Various factors such as shipping routes, oil and gas exploration fields and possible transmission connection points were taken into consideration before selecting four data collection sites. The predominant wind direction, mean wind speed, wind shear and spatial geographic information was analysed for each site. The sites’ wind direction did not have any similarities, with each site having its own prevailing wind directions. Within the 50 m hub height, Site 2 showed the best potential based on the power density. Site 1 and Site 3 showed similar power densities to each other with Site 4 showing the lowest power density. The distance to shore ranged from 200 km to 500 km with a steep continental shelf drop to a depth of approximately 3 000 m. The study conducted shows that there is offshore wind potential off the coast of South Africa. Energy generated by this method could assist South Africa to increase access to energy, reduce expensive transmission line losses to coastal provinces, and assist the country to transition towards a more sustainable future energy mix in line with developed nations.

Liquid desiccant air conditioning systems provide an efficient and less energyintensive alternative to conventional vapour compression systems due to their ability to use low-grade energy provided by a hybrid photovoltaic and thermal solar power module. Air conditioning systems are major energy consumers in buildings especially in extreme climatic conditions and are therefore primary targets in so far as energy efficiency is concerned. Building energy performance has traditionally been simulated using typical meteorological year (TMY) and test reference year (TRY) weather tools. In both cases, the value allocation is pegged on the least nonconformity from the longrange data of the past 29 years. The extreme low and high points are successively disregarded which means that the actual prevailing hourly mean settings are not precisely represented. The multivariate Markov chain provides flexibility for use in circumstances where dynamic sequential and categorical weather data for a given region is required. This study presents a simplified higher order multivariate Markov chain analysis founded on a combination of a mixture-transition and a stochastic technique to project the solar radiation, air humidity, ambient temperatures as well as wind speeds and their interrelationships in sub-tropical climates, typically the coastal regions of South Africa. The generic simulation of weather parameters is produced from 20 years of actual weather conditions using a stochastic technique. The series of weather parameters developed are then implemented in the simulation of solar powered air dehumidification and regeneration processes. The outcomes indicate that the model is devoid of constraints and more accurate in the estimation of variable parameters implying that a properly designed solar-powered liquid desiccant air conditioning system is capable of supplying the majority of the latent cooling load

Natural waste has been used to produce fillers and fibers, including palm kernel shell and fiber, groundnut shell, maize husk, rice straw and husk, jute, coconut shell, cotton, and cellulose. This review work seeks to explore research using combinations of fillers and fibers at different ratios with a view to further studying their effects on brake pad properties using various mixtures for the production. The influence of different binders such as phenolic resin, epoxy resin and others were also investigated. Composite materials from fiber and fillers have been seen to improve composite mechanical properties, reduce costs and increase impact strength. The choice of fiber, filler, binder, particle size and composition play important responsibility in the composite of the brake pad performance. In order to obtain better physical properties, palm kernel fiber and coconut fiber brake pads were studied and the composition percentage was optimized

In the present study, experimental investigation on thermal conductivity of green nanofluids prepared from coconut fibre-based nanoparticles and suspended in 60:40 ethylene glycol (EG) water (W) mixture was carried out. The measurement of thermal conductivity was conducted at 15 °C to 60 °C at mass fractions of 0.04 wt%, 0.08 wt%, 0.5 wt% and 1 wt%. The results show deterioration in thermal conductivity with an increasing temperature. Also the deterioration increased as the mass fraction increased.

Village development including coastal village development is part of a series of national development. Village development is intended to improve the quality of life and welfare of the community. The efforts of village development especially coastal village can be carried out by utilizing village potential through Village Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). The aim of the study was to analyze the condition of VillageOwned Enterprises (BUMDes) in coastal areas and determine the policy direction for the development of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes). The research method uses quantitative and qualitative approaches with the aim of identifying the condition of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) and the direction of policy for their development. The data analysis method used is the method of analysis of Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats (SWOT). The results of the study indicate that coastal Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are in the third quadrant position so that the policy direction for the development of Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) tends to improve and increase the Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) institutions, cooperation in Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) business activities, and increase supporting facilities for Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes).

This paper aims to tackle the problem of wheelchair bound personnel being unable to climb footpaths due to the absence of ramps on many pavements. The paper suggests a mechanical solution the problem that is simple yet effective in that it allows a wheelchair user to independently climb footpaths with minimal or no assistance. The design, which can be mounted onto any standard wheelchair, uses retractable control rods and an inbuilt ramp to lay an inclined plane in front of the wheelchair when needed, allowing the handicapped person to ascend or descend a step. This paper delineates the function and construction of each component of the proposed system and illustrates the same using both line diagrams and three dimensional computer generated models. It also investigates the various materials available for the construction of the device, whilst stating safety requirements and ensuring that the design adheres to them. Finally, it ends by describing the mode of operation of the device, and possibilities for future development of the design.

Numerical simulation of blood flow with sodium alginate nano particles in stenosed human arteries in the presence of body acceleration is obtained. Effect of sodium alginate (SA) nano particles in the presence of body acceleration is observed on velocity, flow rate and resistive impedance to blood flow in stenosed human artery. The governing equations are discretized by explicit finite difference scheme. The discretized equations are the simulated using MATLAB. Velocity, flow rate and impedance to flow are observed to be influenced in the presence of both nano particles as well as body acceleration. The joint effect of nano particles and body acceleration is also observed. Resistance to flow is observed to be less in the presence of nano particles. This nano particle drug delivery may be useful for patients having cardiovascular diseases

Currently the supply of domestic fresh milk (SSDN) is still unable to fulfill the need of domestic fresh milk. The limited supply as well as limited production of fresh milk in the country is caused by forage finding difficulty, relatively expensive concentrate prices, limited farmers’ capital, fluctuating milk prices, and farmers’ inability to increase dairy cow population by cattle breeding; they depend on natural birth alone. The aim of this research is to identify the general description of dairy cattle business and analyze the influential factors of domestic fresh milk (SSDN) production. Quantitative approach is used in the research method. The data used are primary data and secondary data related to the research. The research located in Boyolali District, Central Java Province. Multiple Linear Regression method using the Cobb Douglas model is used to analyze the data. The results indicate that the number of dairy cattle, forage feed, concentrates and land area have a significant effect on the amount of milk production for dairy cattle. While partially, only the number of dairy cattle have a significant effect on the amount of domestic fresh milk production (SSDN).

Excessive Vibrations in machine shaft cause catastrophic failure of machine parts. Vibration in the machine part increases due to crack generation and propagation in machine shaft. Dynamic properties of rotor shaft such as natural frequency of vibration and critical speed get altered due to change in crack depth and crack location. In this paper, an experimental approach was developed to observe the effect of variation in a crack depth and location. In the present experiment single crack was generated in a rotary shaft at 4 different locations (100 mm, 200 mm, 300 mm, and 400 mm) from bearing support. Further, three different crack depths (17%, 33% and 50% of shaft diameter) was provided at each crack location. Critical speed and natural frequency of rotary shaft were obtained experimentally using Fast Fourier Transform. Critical speed varies in the range of 5% to 8.5% due to change in crack depth and crack location. Variation of natural frequency was observed 6% to 12% due to change in crack depth and crack location. Frequency vs. amplitude analysis of rotary shaft carried out using Fast Fourier Transform analyzer.

Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have a potential for enhanced wear conflict in excess of the unreinforced aluminum alloy and are the most capable in achieving enhanced mechanical properties. In the present investigation, composites of Aluminum 6061(Al6061) matrix material is reinforced with micron size Silicon carbide (µSiC) reinforcement with 5, 10 and 15 weight percentages (wt.%) and nano size SiC (nSiC) with 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 wt.% are fabricated by stir casting technique. The stir casted composites are further heat treated and the specimens are prepared as per ASTM standards to conduct hardness and wear tests. The fabricated and heat treated nano composites showed enhancement in hardness and wear resistance more than the micro composites. The microstructure of the worn out specimen are examined by scanning electron microscope. Taking into contemplation all the factors, it can be concluded that aluminum based composite with 1.0% by weight nano SiC reinforcement acquire superior wear resistance properties as compared to micro SiC reinforced aluminum metal matrix composites.

Concrete is a versatile material used in the construction industries duringthe past few decades because of its workabilityto cast into any shape using formworks. Cement is nowadays commonly available throughout the world with the recent advancements in manufacturing technology. Reinforced Cement Concrete has gained popularity as the best suited structural material in the construction industry. Fibre Reinforced Cement Concrete is gaining popularity with its inherent advantages likeenhanced tensile strength and toughness when compared with conventional reinforced cement concrete. Lightweight Concrete (LC) is also gaining importance in the recent years for several structural applications due to its advantages like reduced dead weight of components, low handling costs havingenhancedmechanical and durability properties. The polypropylene fibres were subsequently improved intoshort fibrillated materials in the construction industries. The polypropylene is a high molecular weight material acquired from monomer C3H6 which is completely a hydrocarbon.PPF has a normal atomic arrangement in the polymer molecule and is also highlycrystalline. It is grasped as isotactic polypropylene PPF resistant To contact with more destructive chemicals, its hydrophobic surface not being wet by cement paste accommodates to hold-off chopped fibres from balling effect while mixing like other fibres. The familiarization devises the film weak in the lateral direction which promotes fibrillation. The cement matrix can enter in the mesh structure between the individual fibrils and create a mechanical bond amongst cement matrix and fibre. The American Society for Testing and Materials published ASTM A-820 code provision is available for steel fibres. Deformed steel fibres provide a good mechanical bond within the concrete matrix to withstand pull-out. Steel fibresmainly transform the brittle concrete into a ductile one. Catastrophic failure of concrete is practically reduced. Steel fibres are added in the concrete matrix duringthe mixing of its constituent ingredients. Its main advantage is, decrease the steel reinforcement requirements, Overcome crack widths, Improve impact resistance, abrasion resistance, and freeze-thaw effects.

The focus on the studies of supply chain management has been increasing in recent years among academics as well as practitioners. In this paper, we present an extendable multi agent supply chain simulation model for consignment stock inventory model for a single vendor - multiple buyers. The simulation study dealt the quantitative measures of performance of consignment stock model with respect to number of shipments, delay deliveries, number of shipments shifted due to partial information sharing, average inventory levels of buyer and vendor and joint total economic cost (JTEC) as key performance parameters. Flexsim V3.0 a discrete event simulation software is used for simulating the model.

The effect of transverse vibration on the natural convection heat transfer in a rectangular enclosure with an aspect ratio of 0.5 filled with air as a working fluid aligned horizontally on a mechanical shaker generating a sinusoidal transverse vibrational displacement was studied experimentally. The study was carried for a Raghiely number between (3.77 - 10.8)*107 with applied heat flux between (20 - 45) Watt. The vibrational experimental measurements were carried out for different frequency ratio (0.87-1.6) and vibrational Rayleigh number ranged between (0.12 - 2.7)*107 . The results of the heat transfer inside the enclosure without vibration show a very close agreement with the published one. The vibrational heat transfer results show that the behavior of different heat transfer convection parameters can be affected by applying a forced vibration condition. It is shown that the high heat transfer can be achieved at frequencies near to the system natural frequency at constant heat flux. Also, it is concluded that a careful attention should be given to the proper selection of heat flux and frequency ratio results in obtaining maximum values of heat transfer parameters with low cost of power consumption

Zoning of the People Mining Area (PMA) is a product of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) of the Republic of Indonesia. PMA zoning for gold mining in Banyumas Regency decreased in 2017. Actually it was too late from the mining activity itself which had been running for ten years before. Existing gold mining activities run illegally because they are not based on PMA. Because of its illegal status, its existence is also not in accordance with good mining rules. On the other hand, the area used as the location of gold mining far exceeds the width of the PMA zoning which is only 25 hectares. While the area of gold mining in Banyumas Regency is about three times the size of PMA. Therefore, the existing zone is immediately implemented so that the process of legalizing gold mining goes. In addition, the negative impacts of gold mining that develop indefinitely can be minimized. Because the official PMA zones are very limited, additional zone engineering needs to be made to limit the extent of the mining area, as well as the ease of controlling and limiting the spread of environmental destruction.

The idea of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) is utilized when discussing correspondence advancements among vehicles and framework to improve, among others, street wellbeing. We propose a notice administration to avoid mishaps by cautioning drivers about mishaps and perilous street conditions. This administration incorporates the meaning of another communicate dispersal system. A VANET roadway situation is mimicked to assess how the utilization of wellbeing plans diminishes the drivers response time when a startling circumstance happens. This new administration incorporates the meaning of another communicates spread component for low need messages that improve the data transfer capacity utilization. The end drawn in the wake of mimicking the shrewd street structure is that the utilization of astute foundation definitely decreases the response time of the driver. This will deliver an improvement in transport wellbeing since a vehicle would require less space to maintain a strategic distance from a surprising circumstance contrasted with not utilizing these advancements.

This paper deals with the comfortable sitting posture for prolonged period of driving. Today automobile comfort expectation has been on a steady rise. To offer the driver sufficient comfort during a long journey, sitting posture plays a vital role in safety and comfort. Upright driving position is to enhance comfort especially on prolonged periods of driving. The purpose of using mounted low-cost load cell is to provide a real-time data of seated person. Optimum posture is more prominent for sitting comfort for long time of driving. Predictions of discomfort is mainly based on the various sitting posture and to enhance the optimize posture is greatly to minimize fatigue. The optimum sitting position is to play an important role in fulfilling comfort expectations. Propose the improvements in recommended practices in order to accommodate the driver in best seated position. In optimal sitting position is to enhance the natural curvature of elongated “S” shaped curve with evenly distributing the load. Good sitting posture and relaxed position of driving is mainly focused on concentration and responsibilities. It is also beneficial to assess the ease Ingress/egress.

Comparison of Sukhoi T-50 PAK-FA and F-22 Raptor-like fighters’ model flow visualization were investigated using water tunnel. Flow visualization testing used a water tunnel because it could reveal the vortex dynamics phenomenon easily visually. The vortex dynamics and the performance of both fighters were examined at 0.1 m/s test section flow. The test used Reynolds number 6.577 x 103 on a 1: 100 scale model. Testing was conducted at varying the angle of attack of 0° - 60°. The flow visualization was measured using dye injection method. The result of the research using GAMA water tunnel showed the aerodynamic force and vortex dynamics phenomenon that showed the difference in lift and drag coefficients. The results of this visualization showed the formation of vortex nuclei that occur in the wings of the aircraft model. The vortex core was a source of lift in delta type aircraft. The influence of rolled-up vortex would form the central part as a vortex core which had very low pressure so that it functions as the formation of lift force. Visualizing the vortex core was characterized by the formation of an ink injection line until the ink broke or damaged the flow. The highest lift coefficient occurred on both models about 1.18 on the angle of attack of 40° for F22 Raptor and PAK-FA T-50 model at AoA 45o

The Automated Radiation Monitoring System and On-site Subsoil Condition Monitoring represent modern monitoring systems that have been developed and implemented in the nuclear industry of Russia. They are constantly being improved, and ROSATOM is expanding the scope of these systems’ activity. Further development of monitoring systems takes the path of Complex System of Environmental Monitoring creation. Complex System of Environmental Monitoring allows assessing the environmental safety of the population. This article describes the experience of implementing the On-site Subsoil Condition Monitoring up to 2017 and outlines the basics of its integration into the Complex System of Environmental Monitoring. For representing data on the natural and technogenic systems, geoenvironmental information packages are necessary. The authors have given data on the development and integration of geoenvironmental information packages of the nuclear industry enterprises into the Complex System of Environmental Monitoring.

The joint properties significant affect on the dynamic performance and spindle vibration of gantry CNC router structure. This paper presents the relationship between the vibration amplitude of the spindle nose of a gantry CNC router and a bolt pre-tightening force. The dynamic model from machine structures with bolt joints was developed to consider the impact of a bolt pre-tightening force to spindle vibration of CNC router structures and dynamic behavior. Based on the dynamic model, harmonic analysis is conducted to specify the spindle nose’s displacement corresponding to the different bolt pre-tightening force. The FE analysis results indicate that bolt pretightening forces have great influence on the spindle nose vibration amplitude and when the pre-tightening force of bolt joints was increased, the dynamic stiffness of the spindle also increases while the vibration amplitude decreases. The accuracy and effectiveness of the model have also been confirmed by experimental results. The achieved result will enhance the rigidity, improve the vibration resistance of the machine structure to improve the reliability as well as machining precision, and attain the best surface quality

The recent increase in the level of accounting scandals recorded in large organizations generates disrepute and frequently paints the accounting profession as unethical. A huge gap exists between the documented form of ethical codes and what is obtainable in real practice. This study evaluated the adequacy of ethical codes and conducts in the accounting profession in Nigeria. Survey Research design was used through the administration of questionnaires. The population comprises of to 3,200 ANAN and ICAN members. Obtained responses were subjected under critical hypothetical tests based on outlined hypotheses. Findings reveal that code of ethics in Accounting is adequate for Professional Accountancy Practice in Nigeria and that lack of awareness of ethical standards is the only statistically accepted that inhibits strict adherence to the breach of ethical accounting practice in Nigeria.