The colors became essential means having salutary effects in different fields. The paper presents a classification of colors according to the physiological, mental and emotional effects of those. Also, the paper presents the criteria on which are based the preferences for colors and some general guidance for color selection and color harmony. Taking into account the created impression we can speak about warm colors which give the impression of closeness and cold colors which give the impression of distance, i.e. increasing space.

This paper aims to establish principles to develop a new corporate uniform design, taking into account that, at present, this attribute has become a prestigious recognition at national and international company. To achieve its purpose were carried out following activities: studying requirements imposed on the company to designs clothing products; analysis of working conditions of staff and services delivered; developing new models of uniform style accepted and recognized within the company, currently being style popular costumes. We resorted to select the most specific elements, which largely characterizing the given style, so that finally to obtain a series of original new designs. Thus, the methodology for developing designed models clothes for all employees, assuming adapting each product model fashion depending on the activity they carry out in-store employee. Uniforms proposed product is developed in strict correspondence with the whole set of requirements imposed, providing high quality, aesthetics and comfort.

The price - is a market instrument and an indicator of reality. He is one of the four classical marketing mix, which has the greatest influence in company activity since it affects profit, sales volume, market share and position that it occupied on the market, national economic context. The price - is the only marketing mix variable that leads to profit, all other expenditures or investments are generating. As an instrument of market and essential indicator of socio-economic reality, the price is "an amount of money that the buyer is willing and can offer in exchange for goods producer that it can offer"

Children’s footwear is meant to fulfill the physiological functions of the foot. The shape and internal dimensions of footwear, the material properties of the product from which is made, manufacturing technology etc., all influence children’s feet and the comfort that they need. To get comfortable footwear is necessary to perform a correct choice of materials that are appropriate for shoes, rational design and execution of its corresponding technology. Purposes of personal use for current use or special particular conditions, modern shoes have multiple functions. Children’s footwear perform several functions, which can be grouped in gnosiological functions, aesthetic features, ergonomics, comfort functions that ensures thermal resistance, providing psychological convenient functions. Establishing the correct number of functions and provide the manufacturer with them will get their suitable importance: reductions in production costs; simplify manufacturing processes; manufacturing cycle times; meet user requirements in greater measure.

The ethnographic and folkloric reality of contemporary Romania continues to be an archive that keeps alive significant values for the Romanian culture. Our duty is to know these values, to acquire, treasure and capitalize them in different forms, from expositions and printings to modern contemporary clothing. The new social-economical realities existing in our country following World War II profoundly influenced the people mentality towards the inborn cultural tradition and implicitly both ordinary and festive clothing. Gradually even the peasants started to partially or completely abandon the traditional costume, adopting different types of industrial-made products. Considering this, it is mandatory the study and exploitation of the traditional costume on a deeper level than purely ethnographically. The purpose of this paper is to transfer the popular Romanian motifs in knitted structures, respecting both chromatics as well as the folkloric motif.

The present paper is structured in two parts: the first part comprises a theoretical analysis of unemployment, focusing on its negative effects, and the second part presents the results of a sociological survey based on a questionnaire applied by the survey operators on a sample of unemployed, determined by means of share sampling technique. The objective of this research is to detect the effects of unemployment on the individual's personality, his family and the social networks which the individual is part of. By observing the groups of expenditure within the family budgets affected by unemployment, we find that the most affected ones are the expenses for the purchase of objects for leisure and the purchase of clothing, closely correlated with the high age of the sample members who are supposed to have such items and the least affected are the expenses for children's education, for household and food.

One of the most important and effective ways for reducing pollution is the replacement of pollution materials and chemicals by eco-friendly natural materials. Calendula offinalis is an annual plant. Catetula whion yield a yellow dye for cloth, CI natural Yellow 10. The purpose of this investigation was to apply a simple, rapid and reproducible HPLC procedure for quantitative analysis of Rutin 1 and to find out new Rutin 1 sources. HPLC analysis of Rutin were perform on Nucleosil C18 250 x 4,6 mm column by using water:methanol:acetic acid 75:20:5 as mobil phase and isocratic elution, flow rate 0,5 ml/min. The peak was identified by comparation of retention time of standard Rutin which was found to be 11 min. The proposed HPLC method shows an excellent performance to separate and quantitative of flavonoid Rutin in plant extract.

Even the optimization of common chromium tannage, and combined tannage with chromium and other tanning materials have led to outstanding results related to the lowered pollution level in effluents and sludge, the problem has not been solved wholly. The single solution for this problem is finding out an environmentally friendly alternative to chromium tannage. This work also is within the above line, aiming to obtain wet-white leather by an organic tanning process.

Nowadays chrome tanning is the most widely used technique for leather production, accounting for more than 90% of leather tanned worldwide. This process gives leather excellent physical properties but may pose an impact on the environment. At present, the leather industry is looking for chrome-free tanning processes, more environmentally friendly. The Centre for Technology and Innovation (INESCOP) is researching into the feasibility of oxazolidine tanning in the framework of the project titled “Environmentally-friendly oxazolidine-tanned leather (OXATAN)”, cofunded by the European Commission through the LIFE-Programme. This paper presents the results obtained from numerous pre-industrial scale oxazolidine tanning tests on cattle hides and sheepskins.

The exacerbation of competitiveness that is characterizing the textile and clothing industry calls companies for a continuous rethinking of their operations activities. In such a context, the Performance Measurement Systems (PMSs), through which companies control and monitor their divisions and functions, need to be flexible, dynamic and able to change as circumstances change. The actual implementations of existing PMSs is often difficult and expensive, since theoretical frameworks appear static and complex to be operationalized. In order to overcome this limitation this paper introduces a PMS called Performance Box. It is based on a hierarchical, multilevel and multidimensional structure. It is built around interchangeable performance dimensions that make it flexible and adaptable to any specific company requirements. The description of an industrial case study provides a pragmatic insight on the opportunities deriving from the application of this PMS.

A lot of standards relating to Ergonomics were adopted or revised in the last years, in the aim of improving the quality of life, for workers and consumers. Standards are developed internationally (ISO - International Organization for Standardization), regionally (CEN European Committee for Standardization) and nationally (ASRO - Standardization Association in Romania), which adopte, translate and disseminate in Romania the European or ISO standards. Coordination of these three levels is ensured by common structures and cooperation agreements. In the field of Ergonomics, there is, of these three levels, Technical Committees: ISO – TC 159; CEN – TC 122; CT 54. Organization of work in the textile industry is not essentially different from that of other industries.

This article deals with transformation of classical production line into cellular manufacturing enables to produce a wide variety of products with reduced demands for storage and production areas, removal of operational workers (masters) with a high degree of awareness, commitment, and responsibility of every employee, etc. Nowadays, existence of software and hardware support for activities in the apparel industry enables to reduce time and financial costs in mode designing, construction and modeling of the cut, designing cut positions and cutting of the materials, logistics, transfer of information, management activities, etc. The 3D scan of the human figures introduces entirely new opportunities for taking and controlling measures, suitability of used material, overall visualization and creation of virtual twins. The recession in apparel and textile industry, which has been caused by more factors, forces change of look on present way of orientation of the branch. Quantitative and price competition is not sufficient to gain market prevalence. Increasing the quality of all the parameters of produced clothing is the way to succeed. Via transformation of the apparel industry in Slovakia from the realization of the work in salary to the own development, design, manufacturing and sale, it is possible to create a basis for innovative business in this sector with high added value and market share in home and foreign markets.

Bamboo fiber is a cellulose fiber which is extracted from naturally grown bamboo, is the fifth-largest natural fiber after cotton, linen, wool, silk. Bamboo fiber has good air permeability, water absorption, strong wear resistance and good dyeing and other features, but also has natural antibacterial, antimicrobial, mites, antiodor and anti-ultraviolet. Bamboo fiber is a real natural environment-friendly green fiber? There are two types of fiber derived from bamboo. The first is usually described as mechanical and the second as chemical. The growing of bamboo is environmentally friendly but the manufacturing of bamboo into fabric raises environmental and health concerns because of the strong chemical solvents used to cook the bamboo plant into a viscose solution that is then reconstructed into cellulose fiber for weaving into yarn for fabric. Bamboo fabric and clothing has wonderful potential as a sustainable and environmentally friendly product if it can demonstrate that it is sustainable and friendly to the health of the planet, manufacturing and garment workers, and consumers.

Some commercial companies in the textile industry are concerned with the implementation of new strategies that lead to the development of high quality products, which are offered to the clients as quickly as possible. Achieving this objective leads directly to the success of the company and getting the profit [3, 17, 19]. Continuous improvement strategy “KAIZEN” represents a strategy whereby it designates the gradual and continuous improvement of the company' management and company's activities, of the parameters of quality, productivity and competitiveness, with the direct involvement of the entire staff. [1, 5, 8,9,15,19,20]. SWOT analysis allows formulation of reviews about past and present condition of the company. It can be defined as a complex research of economic, technical, sociological, legal and managerial aspects that characterizes a company activity to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats and the causes that generate or will generate them, put forward recommendations to eliminate or decrease the negative aspects and valorisation of positive aspects. [2,4,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,16,18]

The textile and clothing production always changed its geographic location usually occurring from developed to developing countries in medium term ranges. Analyzing and understanding the shifts in textile and clothing industry is very important to see the new challenges and opportunities for many countries in order to determine the future activities and make strategic decisions. In this study, the textile and clothing trade around the globe is analyzed. The emerging and descending countries in terms of textile and clothing production and trade are carried out within 30 year period beginning with 1980. Future expectations and discussion are made based on the analysis and the countries that are supposed to receive shift are given with a classification.

Performance results obtained in terms of entrepreneurial skills, professional skills and structured cross various specializations in the field of management, in textiles and leather industry, demonstrates the ability of permanent self-control skills on motivation for learning, in relation to their professional and personal development objectives. Article identifies and evaluates the performance of critical business managers working in textiles and leather industry, analyzing their competitiveness in enterprises in terms of transverse and professional. Entrepreneurial job performance conferred by program engineering and management studies in the field are presented in the following steps: design, evaluation and management of production systems, design and management organizations management system, use the organization's information system management roles in the performance of textiles and leather industry, design implementation and monitoring of operational strategies and ultimately business counseling industry

In this study is analyzed the influence of the participation rate of polyester fibers on the breaking length of the yarn made from a binary blend consisting of cotton and polyester and are established the regression equations which show the dependence between the participation rate of polyester, breaking of cotton fibers and breaking length of the yarn. In this study we watched the establishment of correlations between breaking strength of the fibers of cotton, the rate of polyester and the breaking length of the yarn made of binary blend.

Presently polycarboxylic acids are being used for cellulose crosslinking. Among these, 1,2,3,4- buthanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) is the most effective in combination with a corresponding catalyst. In this research, a comparison of cross-linking effects on fabric cotton of different weight per square meter is studied. We used Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate the effectiveness of the BTCA in each fabric. Also, we evaluated the modification the wrinkle recovery angle of the treated cotton fabrics and it was measured according to UNE EN 22313. Focused on getting some conclusions, the results of each sample have been compared with the results of the untreated fabric and it could be observed differences in behavior depending on the weight per square meter from the used fabric.

The paper presents a case-study for trousers manufacturing and more specific, an analysis of quality control system and action plan for improving the quality level. Using data collected in specific check points, the statistical tools as control chart, Pareto diagram, flow chart, histograms, and Fishbone diagram are applied in order to adjust the manufacturing process and improve the quality.

This research studies micro-capsules useful life on plain and knitting fabrics applied by impregnation. Washing treatments allow us to study the behavior of the commercial product in each fabric. Fabrics structure characteristics have an important influence in the number of micro-capsules that remaining on the fabric. Two instrumental techniques, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle size analyzer, have been used in order to determinate the quantity of commercial product that remains on the fabrics and the wastewater after washing treatments. We concluded that the total quantity of micro-capsules washed out of the fabrics in the washing treatments decreases when used plain fabrics. To sum up, we can indicate that fabric structure characteristics have a considerable influence on the retention of micro-capsules on washing procedure.

Solar radiation that we perceive has increased in recent times and especially during the last years. This is due largely to changing lifestyles and the decrease of the ozone layer. For this reason has increased social awareness about the need for protection against ultraviolet radiation. The method for determining the UPF value most used is the spectrophotometric technique as it is recognized worldwide and gives good results. In this paper an alternative technique is exposed which employs an ultraviolet radiation lamp and a radiation detector. This new method provides greater flexibility and fewer errors in the measurements. In addition there is a statistical correlation between the two methods.

Naturally colored flax fabrics are considered potential eco-friendly materials for textile industries because they avoid the use of synthetic dyes and pigments which in general, contain toxic chemicals. In this context, a comparative study about the possibility to use these natural extract has been made. The selected natural extracts of bilberry fruits and red-onion skin were applied to the dyeing of flax fibers under various conditions. The textile composites made of a flax fibrous support previously grafted with inclusion compound, namely ß-cyclodextrin and dyed with the natural dye extracts have been morphologically and chemically characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X rays diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy; the colorfastness measurements have completed this study. The measurements revealed the fact that the treatment with ß-CD has relatively enhanced the washing and dry rubbing properties of the pretreated and control samples, as well. Our work paper pointed out the importance of this novel route of dyeing, regarding the safety in textiles and reducing the negative impact due to dye processes in the textile companies.

Design and operation of FMS is based on system requirement can be as productive and flexible as necessary, i.e. obtaining controlled correspondence between the degree of flexibility and automation of system. The flexibility of a FMS (Flexible Manufacturing Systems) is determined by two important criteria: Flexible hardware structure of the system; Flexible software structure. Flexible hardware structure of the CS system (calculation system) is determined to its turn according to three components: Flexibility of technological subsystem; Flexibility subsystem of storage, transport and handling; Flexibility of informational subsystem.

The demerite method is to analyze the frequency of industrial products defects while providing statistical, analytical indicators and diagrams appropriate correct technology interpretation of the results for quality control. By these indicators, the beneficiary is warned about non-quality level and the provider is made aware of the defects dynamics and directed to take efficient measures of prevent, remedial and removal of generating causes of non-conformity with the highest

The present paper shows the results of unidimensional statistic analyses of anthropometrical basic parameters such as: height (body length) – Ic, bust perimeter – PB and waist perimeter – PT, obtained by taking measurements on young men between 20-29 years of age, and the determination of initial data necessary for bidimensional statistical distributions. It should be noted that for the studied age group, in order to completely assess the variation of the main anthropometric measurements for characterizing the human body, their distribution shape was checked by different mathematical statistical methods (graphical displays, applying the "chi-square" test, calculating the asymmetry coefficients and excess vaulting and excess error calculation), using the prepared database, for a representative sample of 150 subjects.

A new method has been developed for applying the microcapsules in the spinning process, in all those yarns made in ring spinning machines, wether short fiber or long fiber. The microcapsules were placed in the interstices of the yarn, before being communicated twist. This allows solving the problem of permanence of the effect provided by the active ingredients contained in the microcapsule, for functionality and use of textile garments, against repeated washing. The method is technical and industrial feasible. This has been demonstrated by the interest shown by an important manufacturer of textile machinery for spinning. The proposed method is valid for all types of fibers that are processed by the systems of carded cotton, worsted, semi-worsted and woolen, when obtained in ring spinning machines. The new method of application is suitable for all types of microcapsules, which are currently developed for use on textiles.

The check pattern fabrics produced through the association of groups of yarns with different weaves, setting and/or lengthwise density have equal dimensions of the weave repeat along the two directions, longitudinal and cross making checks. The analysis of the existing correlations between the components of the fabric internal structure, and of the possibilities offered by the mathematical modeling applied to the description of the fabric structure, led to the conclusion that the only method through which one can obtain a check pattern fabric through the association of groups of yarns with weaves with significantly different mean float is that of sizing the composing elements such that to provide an equal degree of compactness on all the fabric, no matter the zone and character of the associating weave. The algorithm for mass calculus of the fabrics with check pattern from weave by means of the yarn setting method is described within a flow chart which also serves as basis of a logical diagram for the development of a computer assisted design software

This paper presents studies regarding the comfort ensured by the swimming or sea rescue suits and the offshore or marine transports working suits. The overall comfort index is determined based on the analysis of: air flow resistance values, vapor passage resistance and thermal resistance for these clothing ensembles used in different environmental conditions. Taking into consideration: the values of this index, the limits of the comfort parameters and on the basis of the graphics made, there can be chosen the best solution for both types of products to survive at sea, and also it could be indicated from the beginning the materials these products will be made of.

Successful development of some solutions depends on their translation into manufacturing is based on staff involvement, like involvement of band heads implemented on line of control results. Currently in many companies the management of the company is based for the control of the flow almost exclusively on self-performed by each employee at his workplace and made the control of the controller in charge and monitoring finished products. They also must ensure that no defects arise in manufacturing the quality of execution systematic data. Workers should be trained and taught in the right way to execute various operations. In this respect, the band head should ensure that every worker is trained in performing the assigned operation. Personnel training lead to the improvement of the quality by increasing the quality of execution and cost reductions.

The informational program which is presented in this work has the advantage of choosing the raw materials that compound the blend, function of the compounds' cost, but it is taking also into account the basic laws of the blending (the relation between the diameters and the average lengths of the compounds). All these will have as a result the reducing of the raw materials consume and also it drops the waste percentage from the technological processes. In order to verify the program's functioning, the quality characteristics of the raw materials and their cost had been taken from the analyses bulletins and from bills and introduced in the tables which are the program's database.

Tencel is a new fiber made in a process that is similar to the creation of rayon. As with rayon, cellulose, primarily from wood pulp, is used to make the fiber. Whether this creates a natural product is open to discussion. The process involves dissolving wood pulp with a solvent which unlike the process for rayon or cupra, is a relatively non-toxic amine. The dissolved pulp is then forced through tiny holes called spinnerets creating long, smooth, lusterous fibers much like silk in appearance and drape. It can be dyed to deep color. When spuning tencel fiber it is quite luscious. It has that wonderful silken sheen. One knows that no silk worms died to produce it. It can be very slippery to spin so it is not a beginner's fiber, but anyone ready for silk can handle it with ease. Many spinners have a great enthusiasm for this new fiber. You get the benefits of silk at half the price. However, to dye you will have to use a procion type dye for cellulose rather than the acid dyes one can use on a protein fiber like natural silk.

The value of the cloth breaking force is the resultant of the correlation between structural characteristics, of which the yarns are significant, with the two characteristics: longitudinal density and yarn count, as well as the nature and proportion of the composing yarns. In the field of the woolen cloths, no study has been carried out concerning the structural elements which define and influence the breaking force for the two yarn systems. At the same time, no methods have been proposed through which the cloth basic characteristics represent a mathematical model based on interdependence connections whose manifestation follows the real logic, and the existing correlations between the composing cloth elements. The work is meant to establish the correlations between the level of the breaking force of the yarns and their structure, as well as the level of the breaking force of the cloth and of its composing yarns.

The main result/outcome and characterizing attribute of the study envisages a facile route of ionic silver (Ag(NH3)2]OH) onto some linen fibrous supports previously grafted with MCT-ß-CD (MonoChloroTriazinyl–ß-CycloDextrin), in different concentrations. The method is aiming at an antibacterial activity/behaviour, without affecting other comfort attributes and mechanical strength. In terms of methodology, an homogenous solution of AgNO3, and amonia has been stirred, in order to obtain Ag(NH3)2]OH complex. After a 10 minutes ultrasonication phase, the linen fibrouss pecimens previously grafted with MCT-ß-CD (MonoChloroTriazinyl–ß-CycloDextrin), have been immersed in the homogenous solution, for 24 h.The fibrous supports surface patterning by grafting process has been evaluated through a coassisted investigation system: FT-IR and XPS Spectroscopy. The antimicrobial activity of studied specimens has been quantitatively and comparatively tested, against and Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia Colli. A remarkable efficient biostatic efficacy has been highlighted against Escherichia Colli bacile.

Shedding is the first primary motions of loom. It is done by raising and lowering the Heald frames. The heald frames on a loom are positioned side by side with a little distance as possible. The different positions of heald frame causes the variation in distance from cloth fell to peek of shed. In the present paper, the effect of this positional variation upon warp yarns, fabric properties and most importantly the whole weaving procedure have been concentrated. To find out the significance of this effect, two categories of fabric was produced using same weave (combination of plain and twill) but changing drafting plan. In the first category, the warp yarns having plain weave were threaded to heald frames nearest to the cloth fell and the other portion of warp yarns having twill weave were threaded farthest to the cloth fell. The drafting plan of second category was reverse the first category. All the other parameters were same in both cases. During weaving, weaving performances was observed and recorded in both cases. Later, crimp% of plain and twill portion of both fabrics were measured by Tautex Digital Crimp Tester and yarn strength of plain and twill portion of both samples were measured by Titan universal strength tester. It was observed that selecting heald frame position have substantial effect on crimp%, yarn strength and fabric performance. It is expected that this study will be help full to increase weaving performance and ensure better fabric quality in case of producing fancy weave.

Computer assisted methods developed to estimate needed material in leather products industry have the main advantage of reducing the process time to zero, and delivering a high probabilistic domain for the consumption norm. Their behavior depends on using correct input data, and the main purpose is to reduce differences between estimated values and real ones. After we developed several software solutions to estimate materials consumption, we were able to compare different methods, and we state the most important conclusion, that software solutions can perform much better if used inside automatization machineries for leather cutting.

In the case of buttonhole machines, it is considered that vibrations can cause thread breakage and needle wear and measures should be taken to eliminate or reduce them. For this purpose, for diagnosing the causes of SunStar machine buttonholes stoppages, vibration measurements were made. These were performed in each measuring point, by installing a vibration sensor on the three directions of Cartesian coordinate system: axial (X), horizontal (Y), vertical (Z).

This paper presents the basic functions for creating the shoe and product footwear design analysis last using Delcam CRISPIN Dynamics 3D system –Last Maker and Shoe Design modules. There is a brief presentation of Delcam CRISPIN Dynamics 3D which is a CAD/CAM system for footwear which offers new and enhanced solutions for shoemakers. Delcam CRISPIN Dynamics3D have developed a range of quality software products to give the shoemaker a major advantage in front of its competition. With the specific instruments of Delcam CRISPIN Dynamics CAD Suite software, Model Tracer and Shoe Design modules for product footwear design analysis. We presents in this paper a visual method for fitting various digital designs on digital lasts, created with Delcam Crispin Shoe Design.

The classical furniture which has leather upholstery is composed of armchairs, sofas with two or three seats, as individual pieces or sets. Each furniture piece has a basement, a rest, a rest frame, a back rest, arms and pillow arms, a seat frame, a back pillow, a seat pillow. The component details of the seat covers which upholster these pieces are made from bovines skins which are finished on a face or on the other face, from bovines split hide, from cloth and batting. For each seat cover pattern, it is needed to be elaborated assembling devices of the component details. For the seat covers manufacturing, a great part of the operations are the same for the armchairs, but also for the two or three seats sofas. The paper presents algorithms for the assembling of the parts for one set, made of furniture pieces, which is composed of an armchair, of a two seats sofa and of a three seats sofa.

The leather manufacturing a product requires going through several stages in the manufacturing process by which materials are made. Stages of their characteristics involving any number of individual or associated technological changes and differentiates depending on the particular model used equipment, raw material characteristics. Processing component parts of a leather product, includes any number of different technological transformations. Their purpose is to prepare parts for assembly, finishing or getting them an aesthetic. The leather industry meet the following processing: smoothing parts, thin parts, paint the edgesof parts. With the advent of advanced technology and new materials they have brought some operations such as peeling parts, marquetry, printing, plotting, weaving, embossing.

In this paper the classification nominated stitches depending on how fusing thread in the shoe industry. The proposed classification contains the following criteria: the principle of training, after the manner in which, after fulfilling the role, as class stitching, the degree of rigidity of the parts. This paper presents a case studyneeded to identify the most common stitches used in the manufacture of footwear. To make the case study were analyzed 100 pairs of shoes. Our study revealed the following aspects: the vastly seam stitching is simple with two threads, followed by zigzag stitching and manual stitching, hand stitching meet the following types, for example, moccasin, moccasin type and footwear for children.

The training of shoe-making in vocational education has existed in relation to the mentor system as a handcraft transmitted from father to son in workshops. In our country, shoe-making sector has recently developed swiftly as in other sectors. Enterprises have quickly increased the number of machines used in manufacturing and improved the conditions of production. However, traditional methods are also used in shoemaking training. The education given at the university level is new in our country. Therefore, it is very essential that the curriculum of footwear design and production should be developed and upgraded. This research aims to evaluate “Footwear Design and Production Curriculum” in two-year vocational high school in terms of objectivess, contents, learning and teaching activities, testing and evaluation based on the students’ opinions.

This paper is a study on the factors that influence material consumption norm, so that it is as low as possible, but this does not affect products quality, implicitly their price.