The present study is conducted to identify the physical and chemical characteristics of District Bagh, Azad Jammu and Kashmir surface water. Fifteen locations were selected from study area to collect the water samples. The various physico-chemical parameters of water tested are pH,Temperature, Total dissolved solids (TDS), Sodium, Potassium, Sulphate, Nitrate, Calcium, Magnesium and Bicarbonates. The heavy metals including Cr, Cu, and Cl are also the part of our current research on the basis on the outcome of previous studies conducted in the urban areas of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The final results concluded that bicarbonate was present in high concentration in all samples whereas the other parameters were in the compliance of prescribed World Health Organization standards. Furthermore, Cluster analysis and Principal Analysis were performed which shows similar results and effects of bicarbonates and hardness of water as major contributor of altering the concentration of other variables

A sustainable urban transport system has become a unified part of development in any country. Public adequacy of sustainable transport measures is a challenge for developing cities such as Karachi, where mobility to all income groups of the society needs to be ensured without affecting Travel Time, Cost, and Environmental stability. A process of stratified sampling and detailed survey has been carried out to examine public attitudes towards transit system execution using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) tool, which enables to assess relevant performance parameters according to the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system implementation and judge public opinion to shift from private vehicle to BRT. This paper investigates a comprehensive analysis of Public Perception regarding to the prospects of Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system at Corridor III Karachi.

Pakistan is currently recovering from a severe, decade-long power crisis which affected the country’s economy and disrupted its’ development. On the other hand, the environmental concerns faced by the South-East Asian region combined with the sustainable development goals to be implemented by Pakistan under the Paris Agreement puts further emphasis on renewable energy deployment. This research investigates the solar, wind and hydro resource potential for power production in different regions of the country. A total of 15 data sources have been reviewed and meta-analytic review techniques is used for analysis. It is found that 13 sources out of 15 (86.67%) have reinforced availability of wind, 12 (80%) have indicated the availability of solar potential and 11 (73.33%) have supported hydro resource potential. With the help of the Spearman correlation test, it is found that wind potential is correlated to RE potential in Sindh and has a correlation coefficient of 0.643 with a significance value of 0.010. In KPK province, the availability of wind and hydro resources are found to be statistically significant. The correlation coefficient for wind potential in KPK is 0.511 with a significance value of 0.052 and the correlation coefficient for hydro potential in KPK is 0.788 having a significance value of 0.001. Unfortunately, statistical significance between any of the investigated RE sources and RE potential in Punjab and Balochistan could not be found. It is recommended that policymakers should design policies and strategies to maximize country’s RE harnessing power and researchers should work towards finding more evidence to support RE deployment in an informed manner

Starting from the problems of imperfect evaluation index system, non-standard evaluation method and single factor of performance evaluation model, this paper applies the unified grey clustering analysis algorithm to establish the index system of software organization status and software project characteristics, and defines the connotation of software project performance. A new network topology design method is proposed, and a software project performance evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is established. An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced to solve the problem of determining the connection weight coefficient of the evaluation model accurately and efficiently. This paper introduces the basic concept of project performance evaluation, and explains the necessity and importance of performance evaluation in the project.

Starting from the problems of imperfect evaluation index system, non-standard evaluation method and single factor of performance evaluation model, this paper applies the unified grey clustering analysis algorithm to establish the index system of software organization status and software project characteristics, and defines the connotation of software project performance. A new network topology design method is proposed, and a software project performance evaluation model based on fuzzy neural network is established. An improved particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced to solve the problem of determining the connection weight coefficient of the evaluation model accurately and efficiently. This paper introduces the basic concept of project performance evaluation, and explains the necessity and importance of performance evaluation in the project.

In this research article, the path planning of a mobile robot done by using ant colony optimization (ACO) with guidance factor. A two-dimensional (2-D) threat map structure design for path planning strategy, in which threat points are fixed in the path of moving robot. The two main objective of this research; to reach the mobile robot at the target position by using optimal route using ACO strategy. Secondly, by using guidance factor all the ants of ACO arrive at the fixed targeted area. Moreover, the results of the proposed algorithm compares with the classical ant system methodology. The simulated results show that the design method has short path planning and less steady state error to reach the designated path robustly.

Power losses in a distribution network accounts for a major part of energy loss in the overall system. Reduction in power losses can make the power system more energy efficient. This paper analyzes the reactive power support capabilities of Solid-State Transformer (SST) by adopting controls on both sides of SST. Moreover, a Moth swarm algorithm is used for selecting the optimal values of phase angles and modulation coefficients of the Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) on both sides of SST. Results show superior performance of the presented reactive power management scheme in terms of voltage violation and power loss of the system. Moreover, bidirectional power flow enables flexible operation of renewable energy sources (RES). Finally, the performance of the control scheme and optimization algorithm is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus system using MATLAB.

The life of the inhabitants of the globe is greatly dependant on water. Providing portable water to communities is of prime interest. Scarcity of water is a threat in near future in Pakistan. There is a need to search for alternate sources of water to fulfil the community requirement. Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) system is a better alternative. Keeping in view the vast application of this system, it is adopted as an alternative source of water in a village of Abbottabad city where there is scarcity of water. According to Public Health Engineering Department (PHED), the currently available gravity system and three tube wells are not sufficient to supply water to all the population. For this study, first, the rainfall data is collected and then by using the principle of rainwater harvesting system, the quantity of available water is calculated. The calculations were made using SCS curve number method using mean monthly rainfall depth. From calculation, we found that not only for current population but for population in 2028 can also be served by storing the water that we get from Rainwater Harvesting system if stored in a reservoir. But after 20 years i.e. in 2038, there will be deficiency of 146, 449 gallons per day of water for entire community which can easily be arranged from a small tube well. Therefore, on the basis of this study, it was recommended to the PHED of Abbottabad city to store the rainwater in a reservoir so that it can be easily utilised.

This paper has been endeavoring to enforce modern technique in the field of electronics. It is focused on a 6Degree of Freedom (DOF) and an under actuated system. For the underwater controlling and modeling of the vehicle, it has used an Internet Protocol (IP) camera for underwater surveillance. The most important task which the project will do is that it has an image processing feature that will enable the vehicle to find and detect lost or floating objects and picked it out through robotic arm. The Sonar sensor shows the depth of the vehicle and the distance from objects and the barometer shows the surrounding pressure, temperature and altitude of the vehicle. The real time controlling is carried out with the prototype and the results shows that the system is fully capable of accomplishing tasks such as wireless communication, object detection, object recovery and can detect major environmental changes such as pressure, temperature, obstacle avoidance and other real time information processing effectively and efficiently. This report has been so devised to be of special value to research organizations. It introduces a model for simulation and control purpose. The Remotely Operated Underwater Vehicles (ROVs) are remote control underwater robots, driven by an individual on the surface. The whole system model is discussed and finally the results are conveyed

Free-space optical (FSO) communication is one of the choice of researchers for most of the bandwidth hungry applications in evolving networks where the deployment of optical fiber is not directly possible as a transmission medium. In this research article, benefits, challenges, applications and role of FSO is discussed in detail for evolving networks. Further, performance of FSO communication system is tested using four channels of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM). Various simulations are performed on FSO including different weather conditions, that directly affect the link performance. Many important parameters such as distance, data rate, bit error rate, amplifier gain, transmitter power, and attenuation under different weather conditions are tested in this research work. The operation of FSO communication system is carried out in the range 760-850 nm where equal channel spacing is considered for the working of DWDM communication system. Moreover, a fair comparison of proposed system is also presented for its operation in two more bands i.e. C and L-band, to show which one offers better performance. Simulation are performed in licensed version of Optisystem 14.0 and MATLAB. For the analysis of proposed system, results are presented in the form of BER and Q-factor plots.

Power losses in a distribution network accounts for a major part of energy loss in the overall system. Reduction in power losses can make the power system more energy efficient. This paper analyzes the reactive power support capabilities of Solid-State Transformer (SST) by adopting controls on both sides of SST. Moreover, a Moth swarm algorithm is used for selecting the optimal values of phase angles and modulation coefficients of the Voltage Source Converters (VSCs) on both sides of SST. Results show superior performance of the presented reactive power management scheme in terms of voltage violation and power loss of the system. Moreover, bidirectional power flow enables flexible operation of renewable energy sources (RES). Finally, the performance of the control scheme and optimization algorithm is tested on a modified IEEE 33-bus system using MATLAB.