The survey and the characterization of the climatic variability at the reduced scales prove to be fundamental for understanding the impacts of the climatic changes on the projects of development and the local vulnerability. One of the main contributions of this study is to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of rainfall series in the oriental termination of the Saharan Atlas that integrates three major mountain ranges and their borders to know: The Belezma, the Aures and the Nememchas during 44 years (from 1969 to 2013) with correction methods, rainfall indices, geostatistical analysis and interpolation (inverse Distance weighting). The results show that climate especially show a significant interannual variations in the region of survey between the north slopes area and the South, an alternation of wet and dry periods and a reduction in the values of the rainfall during the last years. Temporal analysis at sites shows that precipitation is stationary in the mountainous regions as stations of Chelia, Yabous, Ain mimoune, Boudella and Ouledchelih, which record maximum values; in contrast the zones of plain stations present minimal values during the study period. The spatial analysis based on interpolation methods revealed variations in rainfall especially during two decades (1989-1998 and 1999-2008) with maximum values. Its variations allow detecting the impact of climate change on all region of study on a latitudinal and altitudinal plan.

Nigeria is highly vulnerable to the impacts of climatic influence on accessibility to quality food. Thus, this study focused on how people relate to the climatic condition with emphasis on improving crop production and the challenge of food insecurity. Systematic method was adopted for distribution of one-hundred and twenty copies of questionnaire among the head of the households. The sampling method involved selection of every 15th building with copy of fifteen questionnaire in each of the eight (8) quarters that made up the entire study area. 3-points Likert scale was adopted. Poor food production results from increased temperature and irrigation deficiency. Among all other adaptive measures adopted in response to climate impact on food production in this area, only irrigation system was rejected because its Mean Weight Value at 1.73 is below the 2.07 Grand Mean Weight Value. Intensive agricultural practices with irrigation-based system of farming is capable of producing crops with required moisture under diverse climatic conditions. Descriptive statistics such as tabulation and simple percentages were also employed for data analysis and presentation of results.

In the past 60 years, tourism has become one of the most profitable industries, being in continuous development, which tends, however, to be a risky investment when this activity is dependent on climate, because not all years are successful and not all regions are up to the standards imposed by competition. Petrosani Depression is a territory with a real tourism potential waiting to be exploited, especially now, when the economic constraints are increasingly felt, due to the increasing reduction of activity in the mining field. Thus, we believe that tourism is an economic alternative integrated into the sustainable development of the micro-region. This paper aims to present the fundamental characteristics of tourism in this area, identifying the major problems and propose solutions to overcoming obstacles encountered in the development of sustainable tourism in Petrosani Depression.

Due to the increase of the frequency and severity of hydrik risk phenomena, applying GIS techniques for spatial analysis became indispensable for the identification of the most vulnerable areas to floods and flash-floods. In this study, a proper methodology was used to estimate built areas vulnerability to flash-floods within Panatau river basin, which is located in a very exposed area. Thus, the buildings vulnerability index (BVI) was defined and calculated by including the following components: the Flash Flood Potential Index (FFPI) and the buildings density within the built-up area (D). The calculation of BVI was based on multiplying the standardized values of these two components. The results highlighted a high and very high vulnerability to flash-floods, on almost 13% of the total area. According to the spatial distribution of BVI values, within each village, the most vulnerable surfaces are located in Panatau and Sibiciul de Jos, which is also attested by data from the National Romanian Water Administration. On the other side, Lacu cu Anini village is the less vulnerable.

Marriage at its right time and with the right and self-selected person is one of the best things that can happen to a man. Unfortunately, as glamorous such a day of espousal would have been, child marriage has made it sour for child brides as most of them are forced into it, particularly in their mid-teens; thereby aborting beautiful and achievable life goals and future ambitions. This paper examines the factors inducing child marriage in the most endemic location in the country North-Eastern Nigeria and the health implications on victims. Primary data i.e. questionnaire andsecondary data from Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS, 2008) were used. A Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was also held with a group of child wives, all of who are less than 18 years. Results show that povertyand limited educational attainment are the two main cause of child marriage in the study resulting to different health problems. Recommendations were made to curb this infamous practice in Northeastern Nigeria as is a globally acceptable fact that delaying marriage until a lady is physically and physiologically mature improves her health.

Al-Huwaiza marsh shows environmental and economic significance, but it has been exposed to the drying processes and then to the drowning processes. It has witnessed great decrease in the water resources specified for the country and the decrease in the water portion feeding it. A fact which shows negative effects on its area, for the change of the environmental variables, has affected the process of nurturing the marsh - only 33.4% of the area of the marsh has been drowned during the 1990s. As a result, its environmental features have been deteriorated, which have negatively affected the kind of water contained in it and which require a series of procedures and solutions to be done in this regard. Among these there are the following: encouraging the dialogue and negotiations with the countries in which the high basins of the rivers Tigris and Euphrates are located (Turkey, Syria and Iran), controlling the random spread of the marshes and concentrating on the constant and deep marshes, developing and rehabilitating the deep marshes by means of establishing natural protected areas, enlivening the constant marshes by means of connecting them to one another, supporting and encouraging studies and research, controlling the pollution of the marshes, developing the general services of the marsh areas and the neighboring ones, and stronger involving of the ministries which should pay their serious and actual attention to the environment and the population of the marshes.

The Danube delta is a wetland of primordial importance for wildlife and humans alike. The former resources trigger a specific form of leisure for the latter, namely ecotourism whose manifestation is featured in the current research paper through an analysis of the foreign and domestic arrivals as well as a succinct presentation of its fauna resources. This primitive location, its seclusion and its unique resources invite the tourist to authenticity, immersion and self discovery, in other words a responsible type of tourism. The total tourist arrivals for the Danube delta amounted to 88000 in 2012, thus indicating its remoteness from mass tourism.

Over the years, researchers have provided evidences of varying degrees on mobility as a determinant factor of quality of life of the elderly in the rural areas in different parts of world. In Nigeria, mobility of the elderly in rural areas as one determinant of their life remains under researched. This study therefore examined mobility as a determinant of quality of life of the elderly in the rural areas of Ondo State, Nigeria. Data were collected through multistage procedures in 27 randomly selected rural settlements while a total of 795 questionnaires were administered on elderly in the study area. Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed, using descriptive statistics and Chi square techniques. The results indicated that there exists varying degree of socio- economic and mobility characteristics of the respondents - mobility and quality of life of the elderly, total trip and quality of life as well as rating of waiting time for means of transport and quality of life of the rural elderly. Findings showed that a larger percentage (83.8%) of the sampled respondents did not own any personal means of movement or transport both male and female from the rural area of Ondo State. However, there were general poor ratings of quality of life in relation to their mobility, 24.34% and 25.45% of the sampled elderly in both the hinterland and at the coastal region rated their quality of life very bad, and 42.91% (hinterland) and 53.13% (coastal areas) rated it bad. Similarly, no significant difference was found in the seven categories of waiting time among the hinterland communities (?2= 27.08, p > 0.05) and coastal communities (?2 = 20.84, p > 0.05). However, the general view was that the waiting time at road sides or stops for vehicles was considered as having negative impact on the quality of life of the elderly.

The following paper intends to spatially analyse the four main component categories that comprise touristic infrastructure (accommodation, restaurants, treatment, and entertainment) of the 12 Romanian seaside resorts, the coordinating center of the entire touristic activity in the area (the City of Constanta), the towns of Navodari and Ovidiu, as well as some rural settlements: 23 August, Agigea, Corbu, and Limanu (2 Mai and Vama Veche), that register a more intense touristic bustle. The accommodation capacity of this main touristic region of the country was 111,986 beds in 2016, out of which 60.5% were in hotels, 11.2% in rented apartments, 8.7% in camping sites, 7.6% in villas, 6.3% in hostels, while the remaining 5.7% in bed & breakfast, bungalows, school camps, and touristic cabins. The total number of accommodation units with restaurant facilities reached 1197 units with 175,016 seats, the dominant category being restaurants, mostly ancillary to hotel units. The most complex resort is Mamaia, with a capacity of 22,271 beds, and 47 large and very large hotels, most rated with 3, 4, or 5 stars.

This study examined the differences between the qualities of surface water traversing the various land use types within Ibadan metropolis, South-Western, Nigeria. And identified the pattern of distribution and compared the concentration of some of the chemical and physical components of the surface water with a view to determining the impact of human activities on the concentration of both the physical and chemical components of water within the study area. The study integrated a topographical map of 1965 and Google Earth satellite images of 2.5 m spatial resolution coupled with intensive fieldwork. Four rivers that traversed the metropolis were purposively selected for this study from where a total of twenty samples was collected with five samples from each stream that traverse the various land use types using Global Positioning system for the transfer of coordinates to the sample points. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, simple linear regression analysis and geospatial techniques coupled with laboratory analysis of samples collected. The result showed a significant relationship between residential and commercial land use and surface water quality change (0.02, 0.013; P<0.05). The study concludes that commercial and residential effluents has strong negative impact on the surface water quality change compare to industrial and agricultural land use in the study area.

This study dwells on the role and the importance of fairs, and particularly about ”Beiu? Fair”, in conserving, promoting and capitalizing the identity of the local elements. The combined use of the observation, cartographics, analisis, deduction and historiographical methods led to the identification of the main identity elements specific to the place, namely: name, the space-time localization, the involved actors and the products that are bargained.

Among the segments of economic development and shifts in the Miskolc agglomeration the present study introduces some characteristics of the functional, sectoral and regional differentiation of economic transformation. The functional, sectoral and geographical distribution of business corporations in the 35 settlements of the Miskolc agglomeration in 2016 may help to interpret and assess economic processes adapted to local characteristics in the past quarter-century. During the research, only those operating businesses were considered that had net sales of 20 million HUF or more in 2015. An empirical study of 640 active businesses in 35 settlements reveals the regional inequalities and sectoral concentration of the economy. The intensity of the spatial structure of the economy is uneven within the Miskolc agglomeration and spatial specialization can also be observed in the economic hinterland of Miskolc. The economic development induced significant changes in the spatial structure of three towns (Felsozsolca, Nyékládháza, and Alsózsolca). Services (e.g. personal, distributive, and services for other businesses) as well as commerce, logistics and leisure functions concentrated in these towns strengthened their positions in the spatial structure. In addition, the technological and industrial parks of these towns are playing an increasing role. However, the towns of the agglomeration cannot or can hardly be regarded as economic competitors of Miskolc, i.e. the urban region has not become polycentric, and the inhabitants of these towns are not totally independent of Miskolc. In the case of Sajóbábony (due to its special situation) and Szikszó (despite its economic recovery) the functional, sectoral and regional transformation is not clear yet. Of the villages, only four (Kistokaj, Mályi, Szirmabesenyo, Hernádnémeti) could significantly improve their economic positions, and were able to rival the dynamically transforming three towns of the agglomeration. On the outer edge of the agglomeration the dynamism and the impact of businesses on the formation of the structure of the economic space is less and less detectable. Here, settlement differentiation is also influenced by transport accessibility, the innovation capabilities of local communities and other geographical factors.

The pattern of rainfall in Akure has been haphazard, because it has not followed its natural trend for a long time as a result of climate change effect. This research aimed to examine the trend of rainfall in Akure using 50 years rainfall data. Data was collected from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Oshodi, Lagos state, Nigeria. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (time series and correlation analysis) were used to analyse the data. The results from time series analysis showed that rainfall fluctuated in an upward trend through the period of study. The predicted rainfall for 2016 - 2045 indicated a positive trend of (+0.274), meaning that rainfall will increase in intensity, number of raining-days and duration. The study equally revealed a significant increase in rainfall trend for Akure between 1966 and 2015. The study therefore, recommended that flood forecasting and early warning should be adhered to by all stakeholders. Flood prevention through effective urban planning and provision of relief materials to the victims of environmental disasters should be encouraged.