In order to improve the fertilization uniformity and stability of the orchard double row ditching-fertilizing machine, the design was optimized. Firstly, the factors affecting the movement of the fertilizer particles were analysed in combination with the kinetic model of the fertilizer particles during the falling process. Secondly, the influence of each factor on the fertilization uniformity was analysed by single factor variance. Finally, the Box-Behnken central composite method was used to establish a mathematical model of fertilization uniformity of the orchard double row ditching-fertilizing machine, and regression statistical variance, response surface, and contour lines were used to analyse the influence of each mechanism parameter on the fertilization uniformity. The test results show that: when the test parameters of the conveyer belt speed is within 165~235 r·min-1, the advancing velocity is within 0.8~1.2 m·s-1, and the guide plate angle is changed within the range of 15~45°, the degree of influence of each factor on the fertilization uniformity from high to low is the conveyer belt speed, advancing velocity, the angle of the guide plate, and the conveyer belt speed; when the conveyer belt speed is 214 r·min-1, advancing velocity is 1 m·s-1, and the angle of the guide plate is 37°, the fertilizer coverage reaches 100%, and the fertilization uniformity is increased from 86.31% to 90.73%, and the fertilization stability is improved. The research results provide a theoretical basis for the design and optimization of orchard ditching-fertilizing machine.

Measuring and analysing the roughness of agricultural field and road have great significance for studying the characteristics of tractor dynamic response. This study was designed to analyse and compare the roughness characteristics of agricultural field and asphalt road profiles. A profiling apparatus was developed to measure field and road surface profiles of parallel tracks. The profile measurements were conducted in a grass field, a corn stubble field, a harvested potato field and on an asphalt road. The root mean square value and two spectrum parameters of surface profiles were calculated and analysed to investigate the roughness characteristics of fields and asphalt road. The results of the study indicate that for the values of the agricultural field and asphalt road surface roughness, waviness and roughness index are both positive associated with the root mean square value. Most of the waviness values of all measured field profiles were less than 2 with the average of 1.8, while the waviness values of all measured asphalt road profiles were greater than 2 with the average of 2.08. The roughness of both field and asphalt road profiles can be distinguished by the power spectral density fitting method. However, it has better performance in characterizing asphalt road profiles than characterizing field profiles with the power spectral density fitting method.

Based on the split-stream rushing principle and multi-unit coupling theory, a new type of coupled muffler for diesel engine was designed, and the experimental study on the acoustic performance and exhaust resistance performance was completed. The results show that the growth rate of insertion loss of the coupled muffler within 200Hz is 34.01% compared to the original muffler. The average fuel consumption reduction rate of the diesel engine with the coupled muffler is 19.16% lower than that of the original muffler. Therefore, the coupled muffler can achieve the comprehensive goal of good acoustic performance and low exhaust resistance.

In this article it is studied the behavior of a rechargeable battery, which outputs a maximum power capacity of 17 kWh that is being used as the main source of the prototype electric tractor developed at INMA Bucharest. This tractor is equipped with 16 kW electric motor, 4 speed gearbox and 4x4 traction. The charging mode of the battery when it is supplied with different powers from the current source was studied, but also the power delivery mode when the tractor is in operation and different loads occur. The energy consumption of the battery has also been studied, from the moment when the tractor is put into operation, driving on flat asphalt or agricultural land, with or without load and also in extreme traction conditions, for ploughing or towing heavy loads.

The quality of tobacco baking is one of the important factors affecting the economic benefits of tobacco enterprises. Because of the low efficiency of traditional manual baking methods and the poor quality of tobacco, the economic benefits of tobacco enterprises and tobacco farmers are also greatly affected. In view of this, this research takes the temperature and humidity control as the research object, and proposes an agricultural intelligent tobacco house temperature and humidity controller based on STM32. Firstly, the general design scheme, hardware circuit design scheme and software design scheme of the control system are described, in which the human-machine interface circuit design of the hardware circuit design is emphatically analyzed, and finally, the design of this research is applied The agricultural intelligent temperature and humidity controller measures the temperature and humidity of the flue-cured tobacco house, and verifies the control effect. The results show that the temperature control accuracy based on STM32 is significantly higher than that of traditional control method, which is conducive to the improvement of tobacco baking quality. It is hoped that this study can provide certain reference and reference for the research of temperature and humidity control in tobacco industry in China.

This paper presents investigation of some operational parameters of coatings for rebuilding, deposited on worn-out cast-iron parts of self-propelled agricultural machines. The coatings have been realized by applying a combined technology comprising deposition of electrochemical coating of non-ferrous metal and subsequently deposition of welding coating. The parameters for deposition of the electrochemical coatings and the parameters for deposition of the welding coatings have been presented. The results of the investigation of the following coatings’ operational parameters are presented: removed material in friction process, friction torque, micro-hardness and roughness. Based on the results obtained, the relative wear resistance of the coatings has been calculated.

A set of equipment for an innovative keeping system based on the modern technical means using is presented. The set of equipment includes a machine for weaning piglets’ keeping, a vibrating feed distributor and a self-feeder. The small-group weaning holding, piglets’ nest-building behavior technology justification is given, and a new type of feed distributor and self-feeding device developing expediency is shown. The experimental studies materials of a new (vibrating) feed distributor using are presented, its efficiency and sufficient performance are confirmed. The calculated economic efficiency of the developed feed distributor is given.

The particle relative motion on a spherical segment rotating about a vertical axis was considered in the article. The differential equations of the relative displacement of a particle were completed and solved by numerical methods. The relative and absolute trajectories of particle motion and graphs of relative and absolute velocity changes were constructed. The regularity of particle motion as it is lifted over the surface was found out. The conducted experimental research has confirmed the received theoretical results.

Machine quality, mowing efficiency and work reliability of lawn mowers are main issues concerned in hilly and mountainous regions. Taking a rotary lawn mower of single-disc type as research object, structure and parameter design of the mower was defined according to empirical formula, performance of grass cutting and modal analysis of the cutting blades were conducted by means of EDEM and Creo, and field test was conducted to verify the overall performance of the machine. Results showed that symmetrically installed 2 cutting blades with revolution speed 3500 r/min and forward speed 1.4 m/s showed good performance of grass cutting and stability. The velocity of grass particles of cut grass was mostly in the range of 1.1-1.5 m/s, and the velocity of broken grass was stable, which proved good harvest and gathering of grass. The height of remained stubbles was about 50 mm, and the length of cut grass was distributed in the range of 30-60 mm, which met requirements of forage production.

Small, handheld furrow openers using rotary blades usually have limited power, making it necessary to minimise their operating power consumption, which mainly occurs with the soil throwing and movement of rotary blades. To this end, it is necessary to investigate the power consumption of such tillage implements, particularly the relationship between their power consumption and operating conditions based on soil movement patterns. In this study, we performed a field test of a furrow-opening rotary blade using round, physical tracers to monitor soil movement. The total power consumption of the rotary blade was positively related to the operating depth of the blade but was not related to the soil movement distance. The total power consumption peaked at 6.677 kW at a forward speed of 0.3 m/s, which was negatively related to the forward speed, but positively related to the soil movement distance. At a blade rotational speed of 340 rpm, the total power consumption peaked at 4.385 kW and was positively related to the blade rotational speed and soil movement distance. Therefore, it was concluded that by decreasing the rotary blade rotational speed and operating depth and increasing the forward speed, the power consumption of the unit working length can be reduced.

In the design of corn combine harvester, there is a high demand for customization and diversification in China. Aiming at the problems of backward design method, lack of design knowledge and long product development cycle, the discrete beam method is used to establish the corn plant model. The model of sub-device and the vertical and horizontal roller picking device is established by using UG, and the virtual prototype model is established by using ADAMS software. Meanwhile, the simulation experiments on the kinematics and dynamics performance of the separating device, the corn plant and the picking roller are carried out, and the simulation results are verified by field experiments. Through this method, the design parameters of the separating device and the picking roller are serialized, the method of evaluating the separating performance and the picking performance is provided, and the development and design cycle is shortened, which provides certain reference and theoretical basis for the development and design of the corn harvester header

One of the tasks of using the black fallow in agricultural production is the weed control and the moisture conservation in the soil. Application of the most advanced soil cultivation technologies ensures preservation of no more than 75% of precipitations in the soil. To improve the state of this issue, we have developed a special machine for processing the black fallow. A mathematical model has been developed that describes the dynamics of the movement of the harrow section in a longitudinal-vertical plane, and its solution is given, which allows investigation of the impact of this or that design parameter upon the dynamics of the angle of rotation in time. The adequacy of the developed mathematical model is confirmed by special laboratory and field investigations of the created experimental machine. With rational design parameters the rotation angle of the harrow section in a longitudinal-vertical plane will not exceed – 3º, and the time of its exit to the equilibrium position will not exceed 16...17 s.

The food waste and losses (FW) became one of the most impacting aspects in modern society. This review article presents an overview of various aspects linked to the phenomenon of food losses in primary cereal production and its consequences. From the analysis of reviewed specific literature, it resulted that the losses are found both in the harvesting process and in the post-harvest processes (conditioning, separation, sorting, chemical treatment, transport etc.) these representing the primary processing of agricultural products, especially seeds. The review focuses on the new technologies’ influence in reducing FW in harvesting and post-harvesting process, highlighting the contribution of agricultural engineering studies on this specific topic

The article exposes the results of the mathematical simulation of the agricultural bridge equipment functioning. The mathematical models describing the functioning of the agricultural bridge equipment were checked for adequacy by comparing the theoretical and experimental amplitude-frequency characteristics of the oscillations of its heading angle and lateral displacement. It was established by the result of investigated characteristics’ quantitative assessment that a satisfactory coincidence of the theoretical and experimental results, as well as a positive result of checking the adequacy of the mathematical models of the vertical and the horizontal oscillations of the agricultural equipment indicate a possibility of their further use for solving scientific and practical problems.

Exposure and the outbreak of diseases result in significant losses in large scale poultry operation. New ventilation systems are necessary to provide safe and homogenous internal environment at large enterprises, especially under the changeable climatic conditions of global warming. Within the framework of this investigation, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation of a side ventilation system in a poultry house during winter seasons has been conducted. As results, 3D temperature fields, current lines and pressures in a poultry house have been found. It has been determined that fresh air valves arranged at a height of 200 mm from flooring work better than those traditionally arranged at a height of 400 mm. The erection of walls on the inside of a poultry house framework as well as the decrease in the height of flooring improve poultry house aerodynamics.

In order to enhance the utilization of solar energy in photovoltaic greenhouse, this paper takes the optimization strategy of photovoltaic array is maximum power point tracking algorithm as research object. According to the changing rule of the slope of photovoltaic arrayis output P-U curve, this paper proposes a new variable-step conductance increment method to track the maximum power point. When the working point is located on the left side of maximum power point, the logarithmic function value of curve is slope is adopted as the voltage step to adjust the position of working point. When the working point is located on the right side of maximum power point, the exponential function value of curve is slope is adopted as the voltage step to adjust the position of working point. Through the MPPT modelling and simulation in MATLAB/Simulink and the corresponding circuit test, the result shows that comparing with the traditional variable-step conductance increment method, the proposed algorithm can find the maximum power point faster, and it can effectively reduce the power loss caused by step oscillation in the searching process, which achieves the goal of enhancing conversion efficiency of photovoltaic power generation.

As a kind of intelligent agricultural equipment, picking robots are of great significance for improving the efficiency of agricultural production. However, the main bottleneck restricting the development of picking robots today is the positioning and control in image recognition. Therefore, an agricultural picking control method based on visual servo technology is proposed. This method can accurately control the picking hand of the picking robot on the basis of building an eye-hand relationship model and an online identification system. With the tomato picking process as the background, the effectiveness of the method was verified. The test results of image feature points show that there is a small error between the stable feature points and the expected image feature points. In addition, the image plane trajectory of the picking robot is relatively smooth, and there is no vibration or overshoot. In addition, from its density distribution characteristics, it can be seen that the picking hand movement is a continuous acceleration stage at the beginning of the control, and at the end of the control, the characteristic points gradually tend to the desired characteristics, and the output of the control system is relatively stable. It can be seen from this that the model has better control performance. This method has certain practical significance for the improvement of agricultural picking efficiency.

The stability of the boom system of sprayers is easily affected by the liquid sloshing force and the uniformity of droplet deposition deteriorates. Therefore, the liquid sloshing forces in the rectangular tank were measured through experiments. Three main factors affecting the sloshing forces were examined. Experimental results reveal that the sloshing forces measured fit well with the theoretical curve and the maximum sloshing force is independent of the excitation amplitude for a violent sloshing. Based on these characteristics, a practical method was proposed which can approximately calculate the maximum sloshing force based on the linear model, and can be used for the sprayer chassis design and active and passive control of boom attitude.

The purpose of this research was to study heat and moisture retention and breaking force properties of different plastic mulches. The field experiments with different plastic mulches were carried. The results showed that, the fracture strength and the right-angle tear strength of reinforced mulch are superior to those of weather-resistant mulch and ordinary mulch. The soil moisture, humidity and daily mean temperature under plastic mulches were affected by the laying time at a 1% probability level. It was also found that the variety had no significant effect on daily mean temperature under plastic mulches. A strong correlation was found between breaking force and the laying time of plastic film. A multiple linear regression model was developed to determine the relationship between the heat and moisture retention properties and breaking force. The R2 values of three plastic mulch varieties regression model were 0.904, 0.913 and 0.931. The breaking force of reinforced mulch and weather-resistant mulch indicates that plastic mulch recovery should be conducted after autumn, before it is too weakened by exposure.

Different designs of separators are used for separating seeds. The principle of separator operation is based on various physical, mechanical and aerodynamic properties of seeds. Gravitational separators are promising because energy is not spent on separation process in this type of separators. A gravity-cascade separator was proposed, in which the separator sections are connected like “scissors”. The sieve length was theoretically justified, taking into account the condition for passing a small fraction of seeds into the sieve holes. The influence of sieves tilt angle and seed flow rate from hopper on the quality index of separation process was studied experimentally

With the development of agricultural automation, applying intelligent algorithms to the navigation control of agricultural work vehicles has important practical significance for improving vehicle navigation accuracy and operation efficiency. In view of the complexity of the agricultural greenhouse environment, this study proposed a fuzzy PID path tracking algorithm based on the traditional vehicle PID control system. This algorithm uses a fuzzy controller to improve the PID control system, thereby realizing the online setting of PID control parameters. In order to verify the effectiveness of the fuzzy PID path tracking algorithm, the improved control system was applied to the tracked vehicle robot of Beijing Forestry University, and the operation performance of the vehicle robot was tested. The research results show that the absolute error rate of vehicle robot distance measurement is less than 1%; the error of the man-machine follow-up test is between 4 and 7 cm, and the measured follow-up distance is slightly less than the safe follow-up distance; the maximum error of the vehicle is fixed-point parking is 0.3 cm; The linear position tracking control has a lateral position deviation of ±3cm, and the vehicle is linear driving control and steering effects are better. The fuzzy PID path tracking algorithm designed this time shows good control performance, which has reference significance for the practical application of agricultural robots.

In order to reduce the adhesion of moist threshed rape mixture and cleaning sieve, a method named “Hot-airflow Cleaning” has been proposed. Firstly, the key factors influencing anti-adhesion property were obtained based on the theoretical analysis. They were temperature, wind speed and fan inclination. Then, based on the single-factor experiments, the proper temperature of the fan was 30-50oC, the proper wind speed and inclination of the fan were 2-4 m/s and 15-45°, respectively. Finally, the fan’s parameters were optimized by Box-Behnken design. The results showed that the optimum technological parameters were temperature of 50 oC, a wind speed of 4 m/s and that fan inclination was 45°. This research could provide a reference for the improvement of cleaning system for rape combine harvesters.

In order to improve the effective sunshine time, heat storage capacity and temperature distribution uniformity of traditional arch shed under low temperature, this paper designed a large-span arch shed which has larger sunny side span and east-west orientation. According to the numerical and measured data, it is concluded that the heat storage capacity and temperature distribution of asymmetrical arch shed are better than those of symmetrical arch shed within a certain range of the ratio between sunny and shaded side. After that, ten different asymmetric arch sheds were designed. It is concluded that the structure of 11+9 m along north-south direction has the best heat storage capacity. Besides that, the analysis of outside wind speed and opening size of top vent were carried out. It is found that the outside wind and top vent can effectively promote convection and exchange of the air, and then achieve the purpose of reducing the temperature. At the end of this paper, in order to identify the relationship of temperature with the structure of arch shed, outside wind speed, and opening size of top vent, a mathematical model was built based on response surface methodology, which would provide theoretical guidance for the design of arch sheds

With the development of information technology, precision agriculture has also ushered in new development prospects. The use of farm robots to accurately identify the navigation path is of great significance for achieving accurate positioning of agriculture. In this study, when analysing the extraction algorithm of farm robot visual navigation based on dark primary colours, a method for pre-processing and edge detection of farmland images based on dark primary colours is proposed. At the same time, the least square method of linear fitting is used for the navigation path of agricultural robot, and then the fitting program is executed. On this basis, combined with the actual situation of outdoor farming and greenhouse cultivation of crops, the effectiveness of the robotic visual navigation extraction algorithm was verified. The research results show that for any form of farmland cultivation, image extraction technology based on dark primary colours can effectively distinguish between soil and crops, and the visual navigation path of farm robots fitted with least squares is basically linear, which is consistent with the commonly used crops for farm planting. The legal route is basically the same, and then the effectiveness of the extraction algorithm is verified. It is hoped that this study will provide a certain reference and reference for the analysis of the field navigation robot visual navigation extraction algorithm based on dark primary colours.

With the development of information technology, precision agriculture has also ushered in new development prospects. The use of farm robots to accurately identify the navigation path is of great significance for achieving accurate positioning of agriculture. In this study, when analysing the extraction algorithm of farm robot visual navigation based on dark primary colours, a method for pre-processing and edge detection of farmland images based on dark primary colours is proposed. At the same time, the least square method of linear fitting is used for the navigation path of agricultural robot, and then the fitting program is executed. On this basis, combined with the actual situation of outdoor farming and greenhouse cultivation of crops, the effectiveness of the robotic visual navigation extraction algorithm was verified. The research results show that for any form of farmland cultivation, image extraction technology based on dark primary colours can effectively distinguish between soil and crops, and the visual navigation path of farm robots fitted with least squares is basically linear, which is consistent with the commonly used crops for farm planting. The legal route is basically the same, and then the effectiveness of the extraction algorithm is verified. It is hoped that this study will provide a certain reference and reference for the analysis of the field navigation robot visual navigation extraction algorithm based on dark primary colours.

With the development of communication technology and embedded technology, mobile intelligent terminals (mobile GIS) have become the key research direction of monitoring systems. In view of this, the study first constructed the structure frame of the agricultural monitoring system and the system mobile database, and designed the monitoring system terminal, combined with the .Net Compact Framework platform to implement the system functions, and finally the monitoring system based on GPS and GIS. The function of the system was tested. The results show that the system design of this study combines user needs’ analysis, system framework and functional module division. The system design function realizes the function of creating a database, the entry and collection of attribute data and graphic data; and the editing and browsing of map data and management functions; it realizes the processing of data and the output of results, and displays in the form of graphs or reports; it realizes the functional modules of the monitoring system. It is hoped that this research can provide a certain reference and reference for the application of mobile intelligent terminals in our country is agriculture.

Rotary seed sorters used for wheat processing show some functional advantages in eliminating persistent contaminants, especially due to the more aggressive treatment applied to the processed material. The objective of this paper was to design a new constructive subassembly that would increase the performance of rotary sorters used for extracting various contaminants from seeds. By testing a pilot stand that reproduces the operation of a professional equipment and developing mathematical models that fits the main operating parameters, it was possible to identify the new characteristics needed to improve cylindrical sieves and to optimize the functioning of this equipment.

The key to the design of the ground air dual-purpose agricultural information acquisition robot is the application of machine vision technology to realize the collection of crop growth state information. This research mainly designs the machine vision system of the ground air dual-purpose agricultural information acquisition robot, including hardware, software and image processing algorithm. The machine vision system designed in this paper can effectively complete the collection of crop status information. In order to verify the effectiveness of machine vision system, blueberry was used as the experimental object. The control group was set up indoor and outdoor, the fruit condition and quality information were detected, and the blueberry yield was estimated according to the test results. The experimental results show that the image segmentation algorithm in the vision system can identify blueberry fruit well, and the system has strong information analysis ability, and can accurately predict the quality and yield of blueberry fruit according to the image. It can be seen that the machine vision system has a good ability of information acquisition and recognition, which has a high reference significance for the design and research of the ground air dual-purpose agricultural information acquisition robot.

The paper presents the interaction system within soil working mechanical process, consisting of two elements, namely the soil and the tool metal, between which there is a relative movement at the level of the interface between the two elements. Research has shown that there are at least two main forces acting on the active parts: friction and impact, the action of these forces causing wear. In order to test the soil working knives under laboratory conditions, a test stand was used to test different types of soil working knives by modifying their functional parameters, respectively the working depth, knife angle relative to the soil, lateral angle relative to the forward direction, working speed and, if necessary, granulation and moisture of the test medium respectively.

In order to detect the soluble solids content of apples quickly and accurately, a portable apple soluble solids content detector based on USB2000 + micro spectrometer was developed. The instrument can communicate with computer terminal and mobile app through network port, Bluetooth and other ways, which can realize the rapid acquisition of apple spectral information. Firstly, the visible / near-infrared spectrum data and soluble solids content information of 160 apple samples were collected; secondly, the spectral data preprocessing methods were compared, and the results showed that the prediction model of sugar content based on partial least square (PLS) method after average smoothing preprocessing was accurate. The correlation coefficient (RP) and root mean square error (RMSEP) of the prediction model were 0.902 and 0.589° Brix, respectively. Finally, on the basis of average smoothing preprocessing, competitive adaptive reweighted sampling (CARS) and successive projections algorithm (SPA) were used to optimize the wavelength of spectral data, and PLS model was constructed based on the selected 17 characteristic wavelengths, which can increase the accuracy of soluble solids content prediction model, increase the RP to 0.912, and reduce RMSEP to 0.511 ° Brix. The portable visible / near infrared spectrum soluble solids prediction model based on the instrument and method has high accuracy, and the detector can quickly and accurately measure the soluble solids content of apple.

The shelling stress of the castor capsule is difficult to obtain by experiments, which is vital for the design of the key components for the shelling machine. The stress analysis of the shelling process of the castor capsule is carried out. In this study, the typical variety castor Tongbi 11 is taken as the research object, and the model of castor shelling is established. The stress and rate of shelling removal of the inner drum are analysed. The effects of size optimization on the shelling results were analysed. The shelling machine was designed for the experiment. In the condition of the highest rate of shelling, the size of the outer drum is maintained, and the inner drum angle is 4.5. The length of the drum is 605mm. At this time, the shelling rate is 96.42 %, which is 0.39 % different from the fitting value. This study provides theoretical support for the design and parameter optimization of the castor shelling machine and its key components.

In order to improve the pelleting effect of Agropyron seeds, the pelleting experiment was conducted under different working parameters. In this paper, the discrete element simulation software EDED was used to establish the simulation model, and the influence of the vibration frequency of coater, the tilt angle of coater, and the rotational speed of coater on the movement trajectory of the Agropyron population were analysed. The simulation results show that the rotational speed is 40r/min, the tilt angle is 35° and the vibration frequency is 20 Hz, and the amplitude is 2 mm, the optimal trajectory of Agropyron population is obtained. The orthogonal experiment of 3 factors (vibration frequency of coater, rotational speed of coater, tilt angle of coater) and 5 levels were designed. The working parameters of pelleting Agropyron seeds were optimized by investigating the 4 indexes of compressive strength, seed rate, single seed rate and pelleting qualified rate. The results show that the vibration is the main factor affecting the compressive strength and single seed rate, the rotational speed is the main factor affecting the seed rate, and the inclination angle is the main factor affecting the pelleting rate. The optimal parameters are as follows: the rotational speed is 40r/min, the tilt angle is 35° and the vibration frequency is 20Hz.

With the development of science and technology, the degree of agricultural mechanization is getting higher and higher. Agricultural machinery is an important support for the development of agricultural modernization. Optimizing the allocation of agricultural machinery is conducive to improving agricultural production efficiency and economic benefits. In this paper, mathematical modelling method is mainly used in the analysis and optimization of agricultural machinery configuration. By determining the objective function and constraint equation, combined with the actual situation of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, the linear programming model and workload model of agricultural machinery and equipment optimization are established. Finally, the actual number of agricultural machinery and equipment and the number of optimal allocations of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps farm were compared. The effectiveness of the optimization model is verified by comparing the optimized agricultural machinery equipment with the actual equipment. The results show that the optimized equipment model has good optimization effect. On the basis of reducing the number of agricultural machinery and equipment, the matching rate of agricultural machinery is improved, and the operation cost of agricultural machinery is effectively reduced. It is hoped that this study can provide certain reference and reference for the optimization analysis of agricultural machinery and equipment based on mathematical modelling.

In recent years, apple harvesters have become a research hotspot. Interaction control between the robot end-effector and the fruit is crucial to reduce mechanical damage to the fruit and achieve high picking performance. In this article, the damage degree was also quantified using a damage factor based on the damage plasticity model. A flexible three-finger end-effector was designed based on the Fin-Ray effect, and finite element models were established in ABAQUS to simulate the cortex damage during grasping. The results showed that the maximum von Mises stress was 0.159 MPa for the apple skin, 0.082 MPa for the cortex, and 4.178 N for the contact force, respectively. The result of the verification test showed that the maximum contact force was 4.572 N, and the relative error between the simulation and experimental results was 8.62%. Simulation and verification tests showed that the flexible three-finger end-effector achieved non-destructive grasping of apples.

The cross-slot opener is a new type of seeding opener. The sweep angle, which is a key structural parameter of the cross knife, has an important influence on soil disturbance. In this paper, discrete element method and tracer method are used to study the conditions of working speed of 0.83m/s and ditching depth of 130mm, the sweep angles of the transverse knife are 0°, 10°, 20°, 30°, 40°, respectively. The influence of time opener on soil disturbance and working resistance. The simulation analysis of the operation process of the cross groove opener shows that the trenching process under different sweep angles of the transverse knife is basically the same, and the standing knife is the main cause of soil disturbance; both the tracer method and the simulation results show the surface and shallow soil particle disturbance. The proportional and horizontal working resistance first decrease and then increase with the increase of the sweep angle of the cross-slot opener. When the sweep angle of the cross-slot opener is 20°, the micro-disturbance of soil particles and the horizontal work resistance are the least; The relative error of the soil disturbance ratio obtained by the tracer method and the discrete element method are both within 15%, and the relative error of the horizontal working resistance is 6.5%. The established discrete element simulation model can more accurately simulate the soil disturbance process of the cross-slot opener.

Parts that come into contact with the soil are ones of the important energy consuming parts in tillage operations. In order to improve the research and development efficiency of tillage components, it is necessary to develop a performance test platform for tillage components with high interchangeability, convenience and comprehensive data collection. Therefore, a performance test platform for combined powered and passive tillage components was designed. Strength analysis and structural design optimization of key components was based on ANSYS. A real-time measurement and control software was developed based on LabVIEW platform. The related tests results show that the test platform can be used to simulate the actual condition and meet the test requirements.

The purpose of this paper is the numerical study of the effects of the fluid interaction with the blades of the working bodies of the renewable energy conversion systems. The paper presents the results of numerical research regarding the influence of the blade shape (straight), the number of blades (2, 3, 4) or the wind speed in the area on the output power of the small capacity wind turbines. The validation of the simulation data was performed by comparison with the experimental data obtained on a Windtrainer Junior laboratory wind energy system. Computed power coefficients are in good agreement with the experimental results. Increasing the efficiency of energy conversion for small wind turbines for their implementation in green farms represents a significant step in the concept of sustainable rural development.

Low productivity and high electricity consumption are considered problems of the hammer mill, which is widely used in current feed production. In this paper, the mechanical properties of corn grain ground by a hammer mill were analysed, and the key factors affecting the performance of the hammer mill were determined. The single-factor experiment and three-factor, three-level quadratic regression orthogonal experiment were carried out with the spindle speed, corn grain moisture content and number of hammers as experimental factors and the productivity and electricity consumption per ton as evaluation indexes. The results showed that the order of influence on the productivity was spindle speed > corn grain moisture content > number of hammers and that the order of influence on the electricity consumption per ton was corn grain moisture content > spindle speed > number of hammers. The parameters were optimized based on the response surface method with the following results: the spindle speed was 4306 r/min, the corn grain moisture content was 10%, and the number of hammers was 24. The validation experiment was carried out with the optimal parameters’ combination. The productivity and electricity consumption per ton were 988.12 kg/h and 5.37 kW·h/t, respectively, which were consistent with the predicted results of the model.

Currently, the use of secondary agricultural raw material is a topical issue. There are various applications of agricultural crop residues possible, but they are finance- and energy-consuming. Burning crop residues is very harmful for the environment. One of the ways to solve the problem is the production of solid biofuel that can be used to heat buildings. The authors suggest producing solid biofuel in the form of small-sized fuel rolls / pellets (SFR), which are made of oleaginous flax residues. As a result of the conducted experimental investigations, the authors have proved the efficiency and the environmental safety of SFR consumption. The new fuel can be recommended if the requirement of efficient and ecologically safe combustion is met. Thus, the influence of small-sized fuel rolls’ properties on the process of their combustion as well as quantitative and qualitative analysis of the combustion gases from burning solid fuel made of oleaginous flax residues have been investigated. The paper presents the results proving that SFR combustion is the most efficient on condition of providing reduced moisture (10-12%) and reasonable density (80 kg/m3) in the process of pellet production. In addition, it has been determined that there is a significant reduction of harmful CO emissions and normalization of ??2 concentration. The application of the suggested solid biofuel can make it possible to solve the problem of using oleaginous flax residues and provide cheap fuel for household purposes.

The article presents the theoretical study and elaborates the calculation methodology of the technological and constructive parameters of the aerodynamic dryers: the saltation speed of the vegetal mass particles, the speed of the thermal agent flow, the length of the dryer pipes and the duration of the moist particles contact with the thermal agent. The comparative analysis of the aerodynamic dryers was performed: with direct and vortex flow. The advantages of vortex dryers, recommended for implementation in production, are theoretically argued. In the research of the developed conical shape dryer, it has been identified a phenomenon of vortex flow parameters self-regulation to the material to be dried inside the dryer, under the condition of varying the amount of material feeding the dryer, allowing automatic creation of optimal drying conditions, when the supply of raw material and/or its humidity were changed within the studied limits. It has been demonstrated the possibility to increase up to 12-15 times the duration of contact of the raw material particles with the thermal agent and, respectively, to reduce the overall dimensions of the developed vortex dryer, compared to the known ones, which have direct air flow.

This article presents and analyses in two cases the dynamic performance of regulation and control of the linear speed of an electro-hydraulically driven mechatronic axis. In the first case, the flow control is performed with a proportional hydraulic directional control valve, while in the second case the control is performed with a servo-valve. The linear mechatronic axis is part of a complex subsystem used in both agriculture and industry that allows the precise winding of a hose / cable on a drum with the help of a spooling device, which conditions the positioning of the hose. The speed control of the hydraulic cylinder with bilateral rod on whose liner the spooling device is fixed is performed in a closed loop with the help of transducers and a programmable controller (PLC).

The paper presents an analysis of the basic principles of formation, the properties and characteristics of a new modular energy tool, consisting of the energy and the technology modules. The purpose of this study is to assess the degree of impact of the throttle in the hydraulic line, connecting the cavity of the hydraulic cylinder, upon the controllability of the modular power tool with a mounted plough during the movement of the ploughing aggregate on the headland. As a result of the conducted tests, it was proved that increasing the controllability of the movement of the aggregate on the basis of a mobile power tool is possible by throttling one of the hydraulic cylinders that limit the mutual reciprocal rotation of the modules in a horizontal plane. Installation of the throttle modular power tool on the limiting hydraulic cylinder with a drag coefficient 1.03×106·N·m·s·rad–1 allows one to reduce two times the delay in the reaction of the relative bearing of the energy module to a change in the angle of rotation of its driven wheels.

Well cellar seedling transplanting can effectively avoid series of problems such as long recovery time and poor uniformity of seedlings caused by the server climate conditions outside. Well cellar making is quite difficult in the upland with low moisture content. An opener with large socket was newly designed for the well cellar making. The well cellar making process was simulated by means of discrete element method (DEM), and its verification was qualified by soil bin test, with a relative error 7.46%. Taking arc radius of the opener socket, rotation speed and penetration speed as control factors, and collapse rate of the cellar hole as evaluation index, the influence of control factors on the collapse rate and their significance were obtained by Box-Behnken Design (BBD) test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). A quadratic regression equation of collapse rate with control factors was established, and the optimal parameters of the control factors were obtained as arc radius 128 mm, rotation speed 380 r/min and penetration speed 0.15 m/s, with the minimum collapse rate 22.70%. The collapse rate of the newly designed well cellar opener decreased much compared to the traditional one.

In order to improve the seed filling performance of mechanical hole type seed metering device with high speed, a vertical disc metering device was designed with seed agitator to improve the seed filling probability. Discrete element simulation method and physical prototype bench tests were used to simulate and analyse the seed metering process. The structure parameters of the seed agitators were optimized by the quadratic orthogonal rotation central composite design test. The results showed that: 1) the addition of seed agitator had a significant influence on the MIS (miss index), among which the concave type had the lowest MIS, and it was the highest without agitator; 2) for concave type agitator, the optimal value of depth and angle were 3.1 mm and 60.5°, respectively; 3) the physical prototype tests showed that the QFI (quality of feed index) was more than 95% under the speed of 2-10 km/h, and the MIS was less than 1%, which meets the requirements of precision sowing.

This study investigates the potential of using a sprayer robot for the greenhouse with bell-pepper plants and compares its performance with the backpack sprayer. The infrared sensors were used to navigate the robot and the ultrasonic sensors were used to distinguish the beginning of each row for automatic spraying. Results showed that the robots guidance was done well by the infrared sensor. It was capable for spraying plants on both sides of the greenhouse simultaneously with ultrasonic sensor. The sprayer robot had better spray quality and lower solution consumption and spraying time and spray loss than the backpack sprayer.

This research aimed to develop an information acquisition and intelligent irrigation decision system based on the agricultural Internet of Things (IoT). The system consists of a field control terminal and a remote client, realizing control, real-time display, alarm, and other functions. The user may apply the upper and lower limit of soil relative water content as the irrigation decision threshold. The system automatically controls irrigation according to the threshold. In the calculation and analysis part of the system, the programming software Keil 5 was used for data collection and monitoring, database comparison, calculation and analysis, irrigation decision, and other functions.

With the development of agricultural information technology, the intelligent monitoring system applied in pigsty can alert people when domestic pigs and wild boars jump into each others pigsty, and bring convenience to breeding staff. The system uses convolution neural network as the core algorithm to realize the function of real-time monitoring and reminding users. Using Spring MVC framework technology, a pig intelligent classification monitoring system based on C/S architecture is developed. Three layer architecture model of presentation layer, business layer and persistence layer is used. Neural network algorithm is embedded in the image processing module, and Netty framework is used to maintain the connection between each module. Field experiments show that the recognition accuracy of the system can reach 97.08%. This system can be used as a reference for the design of pig intelligent classification monitoring system, and provide a reference for the design of related systems.

In order to realize the rapid and non-destructive detection of fresh Cerasus Humilis’ (CH) classification, and promote the deep-processing of post-harvest fresh fruit and improve market competitiveness, this study proposed a nonlinear identification method based on genetic algorithm (GA) optimized back propagation (BP) neural network of different varieties of fresh CH fruit. “Nongda-4”, “Nongda-5”, and “Nongda-7” fresh CH fruit were selected as research objects to collect their visible/near-infrared spectral data dynamically. The original spectra were preprocessed by moving smoothing (MS) and standard normal variate (SNV) methods, for the characteristic wavelengths were extracted with four dimension-reducing methods, namely principal components analysis (PCA), competitive adaptive reweighed sampling (CARS), CARS-mean impact value (CARS-MIV), and random frog (RF) algorithm. Finally, the BP prediction models were established based on full-spectrum and characteristic wavelengths. At the same time, the GA optimization was used to optimize the initial weight and threshold of the BP neural network and compared with the partial least squares’ discrimination analysis (PLS-DA) linear model. Through comparing the MS (7)+SNV was proved to be the best preprocessing method, the CARS-MIV-GA-BP model had the best discriminant accuracy, the prediction set accuracy was 98.76%, of which the variety “Nongda-4” and “Nongda-5” recognition rate were 100%, the variety “Nongda-7” recognition rate was 96.29%. The results show that the GA can effectively optimize the initial weights and threshold randomization of the BP neural network, improve the discrimination accuracy of CH varieties, and the CARS-MIV algorithm can effectively reduce the number of input nodes of the BP neural network model, simplify the structure of BP neural network. This study provides a new theoretical basis for the detection of fresh CH fruit classification.

During the mechanical harvesting of rapeseed, the impact of the rotating reel tine on rape can easily cause the pods to burst and seeds drop. However, the specific size of the pod shatter resistance suitable for mechanical harvesting is unsure. In this paper the impact force on the rape was analysed through the measurement and wireless transmission of stress change of the tine. A two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) collision tester of pod resistance for field testing was used. The results of the shatter resistance index (SRI) under 2-DOF method and the cracking force under ripping method were compared. According to the results of SRI, cracking force and tine impact force, the expected field SRI was determined. The results show that the tine impact forces at the low reel speed of 18 revs min-1 was 1.76 N. The 2-DOF method results are reliable and the SRI is significantly correlated with the cracking force. The SRI should be over 0.576 to be greater than the impact force under the low reel speed, however, only 14.8% of the tested varieties could satisfy. It indicates the resistance of the commercial varieties is generally poor and need to strengthen.

With the development of artificial intelligence technology, in order to alleviate the labour intensity of agricultural paddy field production and improve production efficiency, the development of robot used in paddy field production has been a hot research in the field of agricultural production. Different from the industrial environment, the agricultural production environment is complex, and there are many interference factors to the intelligent robot. Therefore, ensuring the reliability of the robot in the operation has become an important index in the production process. The model checking technique can evaluate the reliability of the system when designing the system. In this paper, timed automata is used to model the agricultural paddy field intelligent robot, and the environmental influence factor model is introduced, so as to evaluate the reliability of the system qualitatively and quantitatively in the design of the agricultural paddy field robot. Finally, the control prediction of the system safety is carried out, and to provide a definite basis for the actual engineering design.

In order to improve the large-scale production efficiency of corn and realize the intellectualization and automation of corn seed metering technology, it is necessary to combine modern computer technology with intelligent algorithm to establish a feasible model suitable for corn seed metering device. In this paper, watershed algorithm and EDEM (EM Solutions EDEM) algorithm are used to establish an efficient corn particle recognition model. Watershed algorithm is used for image matching and recognition, EDEM algorithm is used for simulation and processing of corn particles. Twenty corn seeds were selected, and the proportion and volume fraction of seeds with different shapes were calculated by using the model. The parameters needed for simulation were calibrated to verify the reliability of corn sowing accuracy. Through the credibility evaluation of RTM (Resin Transfer Moulding) model in maize seed metering model, it can be seen that the model has credibility, and the variance test result P = 0.662 > 0.10 shows that the credibility of the model meets the requirements. The results show that the model can be applied to the large-scale production of corn seed metering device, greatly improve the production efficiency, has high reliability, and is worthy of practical application and promotion. In this paper, the model construction and Simulation of corn planter based on EDEM are deeply studied and analysed, and the related processes are improved, so as to comprehensively improve the work efficiency of corn planter and improve the quality of planter.

With the development of engine supercharging technology and the application of in-cylinder direct injection technology, engines with high power and torque have become a trend. Crankshaft, as one of the most important and expensive parts in tractor engine, plays the role of transforming linear motion into circular rotation. The damage and destruction of crankshaft will lead to the damage of other parts of the engine, which makes the engine unable to work normally, and its stability affects the reliability of the whole engine to a great extent. The main failure form of tractor engine crankshaft is bending fatigue failure, so alternating bending stress occurs in crankshaft, which may cause fatigue failure of crankshaft. Crankshaft is one of the important components of tractor engine, and its stress is complex, which is the key and difficult point of engine design. In this paper, the crankshaft of tractor engine is analysed and studied based on compound supercharging technology, so that the dynamic characteristics of the engine are deeply understood, the action law of dynamic working load is mastered, the response analysis and evaluation of the system are carried out, and the optimization method of crankshaft mechanism of agricultural tractor engine is found out.

The paper presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies on determining process efficiency of subsoil-broadcast sowing by means of improving the diagram and determining the technological parameters of a cultiseeder tined coulter / opener. The design of a tined coulter, where seeds are fed to its right and left sub-coulter spaces through various seed pipes, has been suggested. A simulation model of the process of seed movement and deflection in the sub-coulter space has been suggested. As a result of the conducted experimental studies, the statistics of the air drag coefficient and the recovery coefficient, the deviation angle of a seed flight operating trajectory after its divergence from the theoretical one, have been found. Rational parameters of a separator-distributor have been determined. Field experiments have been conducted in order to compare agro-technical performance indices of the experimental coulter and a commercial one.

The greenhouse which is a building used to manipulate the micro-climate is an essential building for plant growth. Greenhouses have one or more devices that are used to monitor their internal environments against changes in micro-climate. The problem is that some devices are metal-based devices and plastics that can be deformed, such as electronic devices, one of which is a micro-climate monitoring device, so a shield that can protect the device but does not interfere with the sensor readings is needed. The purpose of this study was to make and test a plastic-based container called Duradus Junction Box, which has six removable ventilation openings to measure the micro-climate data. This study uses five Duradus Junction Boxes with different numbers of ventilation openings, a micro-controller connected to the air temperature and relative humidity sensor, and a MicroSD module to record all micro-climate data, all devices being then tested simultaneously for 30 days. Statistically, after using One Way ANOVA, this study found that micro-climate measurements result for actual devices data can be considered similar because the P-value for temperature (0.886) and relative humidity (0.917) is greater than alpha level of 0.05. However, when reading the recorded data for both parameters, it can be seen that micro-climate data inside all shields are slightly higher than actual microclimate data ranging from 1 to 2oC for air temperature and 1 to 3% for air relative humidity.

Individual pig recognition is an essential step for accurate breeding and intelligent management of pigs. To realize individual pig identification, applicable dataset of pigs needs to be built. For pigs’ behaviour is difficult to control, the data acquisition is of great difficulty and low efficiency. In addition, few reports on pig face detection are there at home and abroad, thus, face data acquisition faces more difficulty. In this study, double open mv3 digital cameras were adopted, and the approach of starting the pig face acquisition program by acquiring pig figure with a vertical camera to calculate the slope of their back before sending a signal to the horizontal camera was adopted. The image brightness was calculated based on RGB function: when the value was less than 90, the supplementary light system would be started by L298 module, and when the value was more than 120, the acquisition system would be restarted. This study provides a reference for solving the key problem of automatic acquisition of pig face data for pig face detection.