The following project tackles modern solutions in the execution of embankments for railroads making use of Digital Terrain models with wich machines can be guided using GPS positioning such as Autograders for leveling platforms according to the designed heights and platform slopes or Excavators in digging twinning steps, slopes covered with rip-rap and so on. The DTM’s are developed individually for each platform using ArcGIS and according to the designed heighs and offsets specified in the project.

A geometric model is a mathematical representation of the geometry of an object or a building as a whole, using geometric shapes, which are described by surfaces, which in turn are described by curves and so on. Data such as the geometry, the topology and other speci?c data have to be represented by the model. Many computer-aided design systems use parametric polynomial representation for free-form curve and surface modeling. In this article we will present a brief description of the existing types of geometric modeling, as well as a comparison of them.

In this article the main topic of interest is to explore the processing possibilities offered by the latest version of Drone2Map. At the same time, we want to highlight the ways of sharing the 2D and 3D products obtained, but also the means of their subsequent analysis in the established GIS environment. One of the major advantages identified is primarily the interoperability of Drone2Map - ArcGIS Online – ArcGIS Pro.

Generalization in GIS is a very complex and important aspect, and the evolution of GIS technology has led to the creation of tools based on complex algorithms, which greatly facilitate the work of specialists. GIS software capabilities thus include spatial transformations that change geometric data and topological representation. Data processing by generalization refers to raster data and vector data. The article focus is on presenting and comparing the usability of four simplification algorithms (Douglas-Peucker (DP), Wang-Müller(WM), Zhou-Jones (ZJ), Visvalingam-Whyatt(VW)), applied for some examples on polygon layers, to emphasize the changes due to generalization.

For the modernization of Avram Iancu commune, it is proposed to access the European funds by the commune City Hall, for the introduction of urban networks, rehabilitation of adjacent roads, as well as restoration of tourist attractions existing in the area. The need to carry out road modernization works resulted from the fact that the road network has a special importance because it facilitates the mobility of the population, raw materials and finished products. The present paper presents the succession of topo-cadastral works performed in order to prepare the cadastral documentation which represented the basis for the modernization works of the forest roads in Avram Iancu commune. The realization of this project was necessary for the capitalization of a tourist area, in order to increase the economy and investments in the region.

In this article we have tried to present some significant aspects regarding the evolution of average temperatures in Romania. For the study, the statistical data provided by the National Meteorological Administration were used. Finally, it was presented the way of temperatures evolution, through suggestive maps, made using GIS applications.

In the current context it is necessary to find solutions to support the smooth running of day to day activities, specific to a modern society, an urban environment, and smart cities can respond effectively to many such challenges. This article presents the elements with which surveying can contribute to the development of a plan for smart city and also proposes several solutions, which can become part of a smart city in Romania, contributing to the sustainable development of cities. The solutions presented come in response to the current challenges that people face and can continue to be used for the development of the society, especially since other countries have successfully implemented part of such solutions and the European Union supports the implementation of such project.

The forest road is a permanent communication route which includes all the works related to the optimal development of the traffic: bridges, signs, consolidation works or any other constructions or arrangements included in the forest road project. Considering the location of these communication routes, as well as the natural and anthropic factors that influence their lifespan, through this project we aimed to present the usefulness of topographic works for raising and tracking the action of natural phenomena that influence the infrastructure of a exploitation road. These works have the role of providing a more detailed and precise digital terrain model of the situation in order to develop constructive technical solutions to counteract the destructive activity of these phenomena.

The paper deals with the application possibilities of UAVs ((Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) in education and in research activities carried out in university level. We can find several software applications for mission planning and execution of flight plans for UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles) on the market. Some of them are fully free or very cheap, and they are suitable for teaching purposes. Choosing an appropriate evaluation software is also an important issue in education and team research processes. A series of experiments showed us, that the UAS (Unmanned Aerial System) technology is a good tool for deepening the knowledge in photogrammetric evaluation techniques and algorithms.

In the present, our country is trying to carry out the works for the introduction of the general cadastre in as many administrative and territorial units as possible, through the “National Cadastre and Land Registry 2015-2023”. On this context, it will be strengthened to realize the cadastre of the land fund in order to establish equitable taxes and duties throughout the national territory. At the same time, in parallel, sporadic cadastre works are carried out to serve the urgent needs of citizens. In this context, this paper presents the case study regarding the introduction of the cadastre within the Craciunelu de Jos Territorial Administrative Unit.

The smart value report is useful in a smart market. This phenomenon is shaping an interdisciplinary attention amongst researchers. The purpose of this article is to identify a research scheme so that in the future, researchers can make valuable contributions. This paper presents a lot of aspects used to describe the operating mechanism of the value report through blockchain technology. Our proposal consists in the schematic realization of a smart value report for real estate, in order to facilitate its execution, advantages and methods of implementation of this report. The smart value report aims to reduce costs and improve efficiency methods in the domain of real estate appraisal.

A semantic modeling makes it possible to add, in addition to geometric data, as much information about architectural elements. In order to create a semantic modeling that has a unitary structure for all geometrically modeled buildings, regardless of who makes this model, it was proposed in this article to create an application based on augmented reality to help semantic modeling of historical buildings on the architectural side. This application will be the basis of semantic annotations in the field of architecture. When several important buildings have been modeled using the same unitary structure, they can be represented in a semantic Web.

Both geodetic engineers and specialists in the fields such as Hydrology, Hydrotechnics or Geography have faced countless times the problem of using multiple height reference systems on the territory of our country. Over the years, several "zero" points or fundamental points have been used in Romania: "zero" Black Sea Sulina, "zero" Adriatic Sea or "zero" Baltic Sea (most often used). Regarding the Romanian sector of the Danube River, all bathymetric navigation maps use Sulina as a fundamental “zero” point. Unfortunately, the (absolute) heights of the gauges “zero” installed along the Danube River differ from each other depending on the reference surface from which these heights are measured. For this reason, the water level determinations cannot be performed in the same height reference system. In practice, the transformations between different vertical datums used along the river are still a real challenge. This paper supports those who want to understand the history of using the main height reference systems on the Romanian sector of the Danube River and, moreover, represents a review of the relationships between them. Although they were determined long ago, some of them have been transposed into the GIS format to facilitate the height transformations.

The planning and tourism development of a geographical area is influenced by the richness of water resources. The hydrographic component has an important role in stimulating and developing tourism activities, imposing itself from this point of view through all forms of water storage, both surface and underground. From this point of view, tourism knows favorable conditions for development, benefiting from an extraordinary complexity and richness of the attractive elements offered by the hydrographic network. Each of them generates through its different effect, specific forms of tourism. The hydrographic network is thus imposed by the landscape and balneotourism impact, the ?ureanu mountains constituting a huge natural castle of underground and surface waters.

The accelerated pace of technological changes, which have irreparably changed the communication area and the business area, is so advanced that we can already discuss a post-digital age. According to research conducted by International Data Corporation, $ 1.25 trillion was spent globally in 2019 for digital transformations, the number rapidly increasing to $ 1.97 trillion by 2022, when over 60% of global Gross Domestic Product it will be digitized, generating growth in every area where offerings, operations and relationships are digitally improved.

Pandemics have been a real challenge for all humanity since time immemorial, leading to the finding of scientific and medical solutions for long-term monitoring, the development of solutions for pharmaceuticals and equipment specialized in their treatment and healing, but also in the storage of information in the form of spatial data sets necessary for the analysis and study of the phenomenon of their transmission on the entire globe. The contemporary world is currently facing the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is, from our point of view, probably one of the greatest disasters caused by human intelligence from World War II to the present day. This paper aims to reproduce and, why not, to propose at the international level the realization of a unique global real-time monitoring system of pandemics through geodetic sciences, using in this sense the technology based on GNSS systems for real-time monitoring of individuals invested with a certain type of virus, using technical equipment that includes systems that allow the use of GNSS technology who, through the interconnection between them and a digital database created in the GIS environment based on metadata, individuals invested and suspects can be monitored by existing specialized institutions at international, national and local levels, which can transmit useful information to each other in the fight against the pandemic created by COVID-19.

The mining activities for the exploitation of the iron deposits often lead to massive deformation and displacement of rocks, with major consequences on the civil and industrial buildings on the surface, sometimes even including the loss of human lives. The mining activity in the research area have had in time a series of negative effects on the soil and human settlements. The first manifestations of the deformation were the appearance of cracks in the monumental building of the Orthodox Church of Ghelari, as well as to some houses in the influence area of the mining exploitation. The great degradation in the perimeter of Ghelari is well-known. In time, a series of submergence of the land due to the mining activities was signalled. The present paper intends to present a study on the character and the amplitude of the phenomenon of mining subsidence as a result of the anthropic activity mentioned above.

The sprawl of built-up areas is one of the most important anthropic changes which lead to the development of cities. This study analyses the sprawl of built-up areas around the city of Bra?ov, Romania, on the basis of two Landsat satellite images acquired in 1985 and 2019. The analysis was based on satellite images obtained through the difference between the NDBI and NDVI indices calculated for each satellite image. The results show that in the period 1985–2019 built-up areas around Bra?ov and its surroundings increased considerably (24.6%). Furthermore, it was noted that, although the reflectance of built-up areas varies very little from one season to the next, it can be influenced indirectly by the presence in the studied area of agricultural land and barren land whose reflectance is seasonal. This phenomenon led to confusion among built-up, agricultural land and barren land in mapping built-up areas.

As the world enters the fourth industrial revolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), robotics, virtual and augmented reality, researchers like geodesist have been challenged with the task to apply and ascertain the capabilities of such technologies in solving real life problems. Machine learning which a subset of AI is increasingly being applied as alternative predictive tool to solve geospatial problems. In this study, the normal gravity is considered. The objective of the presented work is to test the capabilities of machine learning approaches (strengths and weaknesses) in evaluating (predicting) normal gravity. Looking at the current fourth industrial revolution where machine learning is at its centre stage, the main motivation of this study is to seek answers to the following questions: can machine learning be used to create a normal gravity prediction model?; and can the machine learning model predict normal gravity values with sufficient accuracy? In line with these questions, the study applied the supervised learning approach to develop Backpropagation Neural Network (BPNN), Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN), Group Method of Data Handling (GMDH), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Least Squares Support Vector Machine (LSSVM) and Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines (MARS) models. Statistical analysis revealed good prediction accuracy for all the proposed models. In comparison, the RBFNN achieved the best RMSE, NRMSE, MAPE, VAF and PI values of 2.93E-05 mGal, 5.97E-10%, 2.20E-09%, 99% and 1.9, respectively.