Buildings registration through PNCCF program in the integrated system of cadastre and land register is done with the help of measurements carried out for the purpose of creating cadastral plan where positions of all buildings are established according to actual reality on ground. This is done without taking into account whether the land belongs to state’s public or private domain, is in LAU’s property, in an owner’s capacity, possessor or holder of natural person. Work done in measurement stage can be done either by graphic, numerical, photogrammetric or combined methods.

The Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aircraft designed to operate without a human on board. The main advantages of UAVs in photogrammetry are the possibility to acquire very high resolution imagery, but the most important limitation is represented by the area covered in time unit. The SfM algorithm, coupled with the advancements in UAV photogrammetric processes, have significantly enhanced the efficiency, accuracy, and accessibility of aerial mapping using UAVs. This paper gives an overview of the proper workflow with data acquired with photogrammetric sensor (Aeria X) mounted on an eBee SenseFly UAV and a comparison between the products (dense image matching point cloud, digital surface model, and orthophoto) obtained using the most known software: Pix4D Mapper (developed by the company Pix4D) and Metashape (developed by the company Agisoft LLC). In the study case, GCPs are used in the bundle adjustment, in order to generate better quality products. The quality is evaluated by computing metrics, like root mean square errors, but also in a relative manner by measuring distances between different products with Iterative Closest Point method.

3D modeling allows the creation of three-dimensional models of the shape, surface or objects with the help of the computer and dedicated software, as a result 3D modeling makes product design much more efficient. Using 3D modeling, specialists from different fields of activity can walk through a virtual project model before it is built. Accurate 3D modeling of various projects helps estimate project costs. The use of 3D modeling for construction and architectural design allows the architect to make constant changes as the 3D model is developed and apply changes to suit the requirements, resulting in not only a better finished design, but also a more efficient use of materials used.

The geographical axis is a space – time force line which allows the geographical diagnose and prediction of a given territory. The analysed territory may have different geometrical configurations and varied sizes according to their polarization capacity. The geographical axis contains territorial features such as history, population, cities, villages, education, politics, culture, et cetera. The following paper focuses on the Blaj – Alba Iulia geographical axis and on the current situation of the public transport, namely on the current situation of the road and rail infrastructure on the Blaj – Alba Iulia route.

Avalanches represent a significant threat in mountainous regions (Arieseni, Alba County), especially in areas without vegetation that contributes to the stability of the snowpack. This study proposes a GIS-based methodology for identifying and assessing avalanche risk, utilizing Corine Land Cover (CLC) vector data, digital elevation models (DEM), and proximity analysis to built infrastructure. Through raster reclassification and multicriteria integration, a detailed risk map was created, providing a useful tool for managing exposed areas and disaster prevention.

Currently, machine learning, including artificial neural networks of different architectures and support vector machines, provides extremely important tools for analyzing, processing and visualizing geo and intelligent environmental data. Machine learning represents an important complement to traditional techniques, such as geostatistics. In this article, we present a review of several applications from the last period of using machine learning for geospatial data: regional classification of environmental data, continuous mapping, environmental data, and pollution, including the use of automated algorithms, optimization (design / redesign) of monitoring networks.

Urban planning has encountered numerous challenges due to the rapid growth of the cities in order to provide for suitable living circumstances, including satisfying the need for basic services, affordable housing for all residents, transportation and employment, and to fulfil the main Sustainable Development Goals SDGs. The urban development must be guided by national and local authorities in order to maximize opportunities, requiring a harmonic coordination between policies and investments. The concept of Digital Twin has many opportunities to expand in the future, since it is constantly evolving, developing new features to provide the data required to optimize products and processes in a safe environment and decreasing the risks and costs of introducing new procedures. ArcGIS Urban is designed to improve urban planning and decision making and offers users the option of viewing multiple potential development perspectives and subjecting them to public review to ensure that the benefits of the community restrictions outweigh the costs.

In today interconnected world, the reliability of our electrical infrastructure is crucial. Powerlines are the lifelines of modern society, providing essential electricity to homes, businesses, and vital services. However, these critical assets face numerous challenges such as wear and tear of wires, environmental factors, and potential hazards. This is where powerline inspection becomes a required action. It plays a pivotal role in ensuring the safety and functionality of our electrical grids by identifying and addressing issues before they escalate into larger problems. This article delves into the practical implementation of LiDAR and SLAM technologies for powerline monitoring. It is focusing on how the fusion of data from these two sensors creates a complete dataset, essential for evaluating the state of electric infrastructure. Throughout, we will explore how the synergy between LiDAR precise 3D scanning capabilities and SLAM realtime mapping enhances the efficiency and accuracy of powerline inspections. Additionally, the significance of this integrated approach in ensuring the reliability and safety of electrical networks will be discussed.

It is well known that the activity of monitoring the in situ behavior of buildings and land in our country is regulated by Law no. 10/1995 regarding quality in constructions, with subsequent amendments and additions, as well as by a series of STASs and Normatives, among which we mention Normative P 130-1999 regarding the behaviour of constructions over time, which was submitted for public consultation at the end of 2023, in order to amend, complete, improve and update it, and which will enter into force after publication in the Official Gazette. Thus, having the technical and legislative support, the specialists who participate in such geodetic engineering works, of great complexity, precision and responsibility, have the obligation to respect them. Therefore, the beneficiaries/owners of the constructions are the ones who have the legal obligation to initiate the process of monitoring the deformations in order to ensure and verify the suitability for use, the specialists in the field to perform these works, and those responsible, according to the law, to verify all these aspects.

Due to the necessity to integrate, administer, and interpret, with the utmost efficiency, a large volume of data, as well as due to the rapid development of information technologies, Geographic Informational Systems (GIS) prove their necessity and utility for several domains that deal with spatial information. The paper at hand presents a case study which aims to integrate all needed cadastral and topograhic data for Dumbravi?a Territorial Administrative Unit, Maramure? county, Romania. The goal is to present the utility and efficiency of GIS in such cases, in order to make the correct decisions.

Considering the evolution of technology and the need to obtain the most accurate information, the present paperwork presents technologies and applications that can be used simultaneously both in topography and in environmental protection, the equipment used and the necessary steps in performing an aerial survey with the aim of protecting the environment we live in. For the precise spatial localization of the study area, the positioning in the national reference system is also important. The DJI Phantom 4 drone with fully integrated RTK module provides real-time centimeter position information. Photogrammetry represents the exact aerial image of the land surface with utility in topography, monitoring of protected areas, agriculture, architecture, forestry, environmental protection, etc. The use of photogrammetry is important in observing the land, for the optimal positioning of a photovoltaic park having implications in environmental protection and obtaining the advantages at the highest level, the working time being short, high precision and easily recording the areas that are more difficult to access.

Considering the ongoing deforestation around the Apuseni Mountains, particularly in the Curatele commune of Bihor county, a comparative study between the years 2017-2022 was deemed necessary. Using GIS processing and interpretation algorithms, a multi-temporal analysis of satellite data sets enabled the visualization of deforestation on a large scale, aiding in monitoring its negative effects. To understand the area topography, a digital elevation model was analyzed and correlated with the remote sensing data to assess the impact of deforestation on land characteristics, such as water drainage patterns, increased erosion risk, and loss of local flora and fauna. Moreover, by identifying yearly changes in the forest landscape, proactive measures can be taken to prevent further environmental damage or degradation.

The study proposes a brief description of the ROP Project „Enhancing the coverage and inclusiveness of the property registration system in rural Romania" - code SMIS 120063, financed by European funds, as an integral part of the National Cadaster and Land Registry Program. The objectives of the project, the main activities, as well as data on the current stage of implementation will be briefly presented. The main factors that influenced the speed of project implementation will be analyzed, as well as the actions taken by the National Agency for Cadaster and Real Estate Advertising to increase the degree of contracting. Emphasis will be placed on the main changes in the regulatory framework that influenced the process of systematic registration of buildings in the period 2018-2023. The study will describe the procurement procedures carried out up to now, as well as the activities proposed to be carried out in the next stage, within the Operational Program Smart Growth, Digitization and Financial Instruments 2021-2027.

The development of GNSS permanent stations networks at national or regional level has led to the need to integrate them into European and international networks. This involves calculating the coordinates of GNSS antennas in ETRF and ITRF systems with high precision, and this can only be achieved by performing observation compensation calculations with scientific GNSS data processing software. In this context, the certification of the coordinates of the antennas of the stations in the National GNSS Network by the European specialized forum, at EUREF – EPN, represents the last step to be taken, in order to fully integrate the Romanian Position Determination System – ROMPOS into the European network.

Along with the development of cities and communes, the problem of corroborating the expansion and exploitation of land was introduced, simultaneously with that of land development. Thus, through technical regulations, a unitary assurance of the framework for the development of the General Urban Plan at the level of urban and rural localities was established, both for intra-village areas and for extra-village lands. The possession of General Urban Plans approved under the law is mandatory for all urban and rural localities in the country and is absolutely necessary in case of investments of interest or public utility major such as: modernization of road infrastructure, expansion of the urban area and water infrastructure, sewerage and natural gas, etc.

The reduction of green space massively exacerbates the problems facing a community, from urban environmental risks to the health and quality of life of the population. The green spaces within a locality are the main element in the quality of life of its inhabitants. In view of the approved regulations on climate change mitigation, a green infrastructure becomes all the more important as it is vegetation that mitigates the impact of climate change on inhabited areas. Of all the elements that make up a green space, trees in municipalities play an essential role, as they are the category of vegetation that offers the most benefits to humanity- ecological, landscape, social, cultural and economic benefits. Given the massive climate change we have witnessed in recent years, it can be seen that the earth surface in general and urban areas in particular need -more green spaces to build resilience to climate and health threats - European Climate Pact.

The world we are living in at the present time offers people digital information readily accessible with just a click away. Modern technologies are used for exploring our planet, navigation or verifying geospatial positions. Users deal with digital images, but behind them there are mathematical models that can be employed to create and combine others. These mathematical models are the key to understanding and protecting the environment and by this to assure sustainability of our human society. Humanity has a vast amount of available data that can aid in achieving proper land utilization and sustainable land-use management. For the present paperwork, there were used digital photographs for interpretation with the aid of specific models, and analyzed and drawn conclusions. The focus lies on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) from the visible and near-infrared spectrum. Through more detailed analyses, the quantity of color for each channel can be established and therefore the health status of the vegetation. Based on this information, the pollution degree of analyzed soil can be emphasized and finally land-use management strategies can be adopted to achieve sustainability on a local level.

The current context, requires the built environment, buildings and public space, to respond to the need to adapt to climatic conditions, all the more so as it represents the space in which we carry out our activity and which is directly responsible for ensuring comfort and health conditions. Therefore, in the construction of new buildings, as well as in major renovation programs, climate change will be taken into account by adopting technological and architectural solutions that ensure resilient living conditions and at the same time a reduced environmental impact. The concepts of climate sensitive building / urban planning derive from the need to plan a man-made environment adaptable to these changes by designing buildings capable of responding to the aggressiveness of the natural environment. The nZEB concept through zonal energy re-configuration projects can be a strategy for resilient urban adaptation. In this context, a multi-criteria approach is needed for the zonal renovation projects so that the energy re-configuration strategy is put in relation with the analysis of the conditions for resilience, by extending the design decisions.