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In this article I briefly present the evolution of navigation over the centuries, orienting navigators with maps and simple and more complex instruments that evolved from antiquity to the Middle Ages and up to the 20th century. After defining the word navigation, the necessity of the ancient Greeks is explained to navigate the Mediterranean, as a result their maps highlighted only 3 continents: Europe, Libya (Africa) and Asia. Later portulanes appeared and then the planiglobe, all of which were accompanied by the instruments of thet time for sea navigation, the sextant being still used today.

During last two centuries population density has increased considerably resulting in a more intensive use of the land. This phenomenon increased the importance of property which also changed the perception of people in relationship with land. This change required a system in which land ownership was clearly and indisputably established. 3D technologies are more effective than 2D ones, especially when urban and regional planning and management are included, and especially when there is underground and aboveground 3D spatial infrastructure.

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The purpose of this article is to present the results of using three geodetic instruments: the Spectra SP8 GNSS receiver, the Leica FlexLine TS06plus total station, and the Leica BLK360 terrestrial laser scanner, applied to the same project, which involves determining the volume of the highest mound in the Suta de Movile landscape reserve in the Republic of Moldova. The time required for data collection, processing, the number of people involved, and the calculation of the resulting volume are just some of the criteria analyzed to determine the most efficient geodetic instrument for such work. Each geodetic instrument offers its own set of advantages and disadvantages, and the decision on which method to use depends on the specific project requirements, processing principles, accuracy and cost.

The paper presents a workflow for managing and analyzing a national crisis through modern geospatial modeling techniques available in GIS. The transition of such a situation into reality leads to the planning of a complex operation, in which the mode of action must be coordinated and formed by a decision-making process based on truthful information and reflecting reality as best as possible. Modern techniques of geographic information systems support the decision-making act from the beginning of awareness of the situation, model possible actions and help to make the best decision. This modeling of reality can prevent disasters that can cause massive environmental damage, economic crises or direct threats to the population. The main goal of the work is to expose this modeled reality in a flexible way, accessible from anywhere, without having specialized knowledge based on a framework where all geospatial analysis runs independently in a centralized area, in cloud and the interaction is done through web GIS application.

Establishing a Marine Administration System (MAS) is crucial for countries bordering seas and oceans, particularly within the framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). This involves delineating marine zones and providing comprehensive information on property rights in territorial seas, contiguous zones, and exclusive economic zones, which is vital for safeguarding sovereign rights. In Romania, the transposition of Directive 2014/89/EU and the adoption of Government Ordinance No. 18/2016 on maritime spatial planning, along with Emergency Ordinance No. 97/2023 for the Maritime Spatial Plan, are pivotal for promoting sustainable development within the Blue Economy. This study addresses the technical aspects of spatial data preparation essential for implementing a MAS, focusing on the generation of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) for seabed topography, integrated with terrestrial topography. A significant aspect highlighted is the need to extend the quasigeoid model for Romania to include maritime areas. This extended quasigeoid facilitates the transformation of altitudes and depths derived from GNSS and bathymetric measurements, which are traditionally referenced to local surfaces specific to hydrographic measurements. By eliminating the need for direct tide measurements, the study underscores the importance of accessing recent topographic and bathymetric data based on a precise datum. Additionally, the research outlines a workflow utilized in other countries for generating DEMs using GNSS and bathymetric measurements, employing ArcMap and ArcScene from the ArcGIS suite, and illustrates the 3D visualization of marine parcels. The development of a Marine Spatial Data Infrastructure (MSDI) based on the DEM and an extended quasigeoid model for Romania in the Black Sea area will ensure that marine spatial data is accessible for state authorities. This infrastructure aims to facilitate data comparison and exchange, integrating with initiatives such as Marine Knowledge 2020 and the Inspire Directive (2007/2/EC) and Directive 2014/89/EU, thereby supporting the effective management of coastal and marine zones.

Through the implementation of the National Cadastre and Land Registry Program, the systematic registration works are financed with the object of the cadastral sectors in UATs divided into extra-village, intra-village or mixed cadastral sectors, which aim to align with European standards, stimulate investments, modernize the way of managing buildings and accessing several projects through European funds.

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The main purpose of this article is to estimate the market value of the entire property by applying various valuation methods, such as the direct comparison method, the income approach, and the cost approach. The primary objectives of the project are: providing general information about real estate properties and their classification, describing the methods for valuing land and buildings, and conducting a case study to estimate the market value of the land and building. To estimate the market value of the land, the direct comparison method was applied, which involved collecting and analyzing data on comparable sales and adjusting this data to reflect distinct characteristics between the comparable properties and the subject property. For estimating the value of the property, the income approach was used, through which data on its income, vacancy losses, and other expenses were collected. By applying the cost approach, the replacement cost of the building was estimated, and depreciation was subtracted to estimate the market value. In the case study, I aimed to estimate the land and building separately, using appropriate valuation methods and techniques suitable for the type of property use. This type of property is based on the following legal aspect: the building and the land are owned by different owners. There is an agreement between the two owners that allows the building owner to use the land for free for the duration of the building existence. The agreement also stipulates that, at any time, the building owner can decide to buy the land, and the landowner has the option to purchase the building. In this context, I estimated the special value that the building owner should pay to acquire the land, and similarly, the estimated special value that the landowner should pay to purchase the building. The results highlight the importance of a precise and well-founded valuation, demonstrating the relevance of the methodologies used.

GNSS technology has increasingly gained traction in the field of geodesy due to its numerous advantages. This paper proposes a case study where this technology was used to perform measurements on a geodetic network at the Râu?or Dam between certain points where there were obstacles to performing measurements using the classical method (due to the positioning of the points, existing vegetation, or even the dam itself). To achieve the best possible ratio between the true value of the measured quantity and the obtained value, the data acquired from the network was processed to adjust for the inevitable errors that occur during the measurement process. Using the initial coordinates, the distances and orientations between the measured points were calculated. To formulate the correction equations and establish weights, coefficients for directions and distances were calculated, along with the variation in orientation and distance as a function of variations in planar coordinates and the free term, which are necessary elements. For the normalization of the linear equation system and solving the normal system, the matrix of the normal system N and its inverse Q were calculated, followed by calculating the vector of unknown parameters. With these elements, the necessary corrections for the measurements were calculated, resulting in the most probable coordinates of the new points. The novelty of this mathematical model lies in the combination of classical and satellite measurements by introducing a transformation parameter regarding rotation into the adjustment process. To verify if the adjusted elements meet the conditions of the functional model, a control of the results is performed after the adjustment. To conclude the observation processing, calculations for evaluating precision indicators are carried out, followed by the graphical representation of the error ellipse, which indicates the confidence domain in the 2D position of a point. Finally, the results obtained after processing the network are presented, including the most probable coordinates of the new points, the precision estimates of the unknown parameters, and the elements of the obtained ellipses. The case study demonstrated how GNSS technology offers advantages in this field (such as the lack of necessity for visibility between points), but also disadvantages, such as the lower precision of GNSS measurements compared to those made using classical methods. GNSS measurements are redundant, providing, in some cases, the ability to detect errors in the adjustment of classical measurements.

A Brief Summary of the Process of Creating an Interactive Web Map GIS is an essential technology for managing and analyzing spatial data, with vast applications in many fields. A Geographic Information System is a technology for managing and analyzing spatial and geographic data. It combines hardware, software, and data to capture, store, analyze, manage, and present information related to locations on the Earth surface. Using GIS, users can visualize, understand, and interpret spatial data in various ways, revealing relationships, patterns, and trends in the form of maps, reports, and charts. The present article attempts a straightforward graphical representation within a GIS environment of a database derived from various sources. The database in question originates from official websites and consists of multiple use of .xls files. The data contained therein are considered sufficient for graphical representation, as this database maintains records from multiple data series of pharmacies in Sibiu from 2017 to 2022, including numerous metadata related to each pharmacy, the most important being the address. In addition to the graphical representation of the database, the creation of a digital and interactive map (in HTML format) is also aimed for, which will be accessible via a web browser.

In this article, I briefly present the perspectives of realizing multimodal intelligent transport in Europe. The main criteria that the European directives in the field of transport have in mind are: ecological and energy efficient transport, traffic decongestion, safety and security of the transport of people and goods, as well as a good interoperability management of the different modes of transport (road, rail, maritime and air). The advantages and positive effects are presented when implementing telematics systems and Intelligent Transport Systems, interconnected for all types of transport, supported by data hubs, based on data standards in a standardized exchange format through standardized interfaces, and some electronic channels for transmitting information.

In August 2020, the United Nations Committee of Experts on Global Geospatial Information Management (UN-GGIM) adopted the Integrated Geospatial Information Framework (IGIF), which provides the strategic guidance that enables sub-national or national-specific The IGIF aims to assist countries to move towards Digital Transformation throw e-economies, e-services, e-commerce and to provide a basis and guide for developing, integrating and strengthening geospatial information management in countries worldwide. IGIF defines 9 pathways to reach this goal, as Governance and Institutions, Policy and Legal, Financial, Data, Innovation Standards, Partnerships, Capacity and Education and Communication and Engagement. Through these means, IGIF will help to bridge the geospatial digital divide between developed and developing countries and to support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Through these means, IGIF will help to bridge the geospatial digital divide between developed and developing countries and to support the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. During 2021-2023, with the technical support of Norwegian Government, the IGIF was implemented in the Republic of Moldova. Since the endorsement of IGIF, the Norwegian Mapping Authority has taken an active role in promoting the implementation of IGIF in the Republic of Moldova. The paper describes the status of Geospatial Information Management in the Republic of Moldova, structured around the nine IGIF pathways, including Governance, Policy, Financial, Spatial Data, Innovation, Standards, Partnerships, Capacity and Education, Communication and Engagement.

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In the Republic of Moldova, public ponds and reservoirs are at the end of their exploitation period. In the context of climate change, the operation of lakes imposes requirements on the minimum flow to maintain the downstream ecosystem. Extending the exploration period, in compliance with current rules, requires hydrological and hydraulic interventions which is necessary to be done, based on multiple studies such as the study of the behavior of hydrotechnical constructions and of clogging processes. Topography, climate, vegetation, hydrology, and human actions control soil erosion which is a major problem, causing detrimental effects on agriculture and siltation of rivers and reservoirs. Thus, the given article presents the result of the study of the clogging process for one reservoir located in the Northern areas of the Republic of Moldova, in comparative analysis with the designed diagram of the storage capacity, specific to pond/lake, during the exploitation period. The topographic method based on topo-bathymetric profiles was used. The cross-sectionals profiles reveal changes in slopes in the shoreline area, in the tail of the lake and in the vicinity of the, largely, non-functional stavilles. The particular results as well as the general ones, identified by the study, highlight the major causes of the phenomenon, as well as some recommendations for accumulation.

Whenever one derives maps in other projections and at other scales compared to the base maps, the latter must be georeferenced. In the present article, we have studied multiple georeferencing methods employed through a series of professional applications such as AutoCAD Raster Design, AutoCAD Map 3D, ArcGIS Pro and QGIS, with the aim of making an educated choice with regards to their individual use cases. The residual errors obtained in the control points were analysed by applying different methods of transforming the Cartesian coordinates used in the georeferencing of a scanned map. For georeferencing, we used polynomial transformation with different order polynomials, a triangular method, adjustment transformation, spline transformation and similarity. For each method described above, the distances between the source and destination points were measured, reduced at the map scale and compared to the graphical precision of measuring a distance on a map. The present study centralizes the results obtained when using different georeferencing methods and can act as an aid for students or any party interested in georeferencing scanned images to create maps or perform different analyses based on georeferenced images.

In double map projections, the Earth’s surface – approximated as a revolution ellipsoid – is first represented on a sphere that is then subsequently represented on the plane of the map projection. In the present study, the ellipsoid is conformally represented on a sphere, which introduces linear and area distortions. Herein we have studied the representation of the sphere on the lateral surface of a cone chosen such that the tangent parallel passes through the middle of the area of interest. Additionally, in this case, linear and area distortions also occur. The total distortions produced by double map projections must include both the distortions arising from representing the ellipsoid on the sphere, as well as those appearing when representing the sphere on the plane. Said distortions depend on the position of the point on the surface of the ellipsoid or the sphere, as well as on the latitude of the parallel which is represented as undistorted. The projection plane altitude also has a influence on the produced distortions, as can be demonstrated by changing the altitude of the projection plane. In the current article, we present this scenario for several road sections in Romania that were represented in local projection plans located at the average altitude of their respective location.