La eficacia de seis fungicidas para el control de Mancha grasienta (Mycosphaerella citri Whiteside) en naranja (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) var. "Valencia", fue evaluada en parcelas con un diseño de bloques al azar y seis tratamientos: Azoxistrobin + Difenoconazol, Flutriafol, Difenoconazol, Benomil, Oxicloruro de cobre, Trifloxistrobin y un control (testigo). Los productos fueron aplicados cada quince días y seguidamente fue evaluada la incidencia, severidad y eficacia en el control de (M. citri). Además, se calculó el Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE) y el daño porcentual relativo (ABCPEr). Como resultado la incidencia se mantuvo sin variación hasta los 21 días después del tratamiento (DDT), con valores bajos entre 1,3 y 5 %, lo cual se incrementó a partir de los 28 DDT con 58-96 %. La severidad inicialmente fue baja (0,1-3 %) y se incrementó hasta 32 %. La efectividad a los 7 DDT, tuvo los mayores porcentajes con Benomil y Trifloxistrobin (87,5 %) cada uno y Difenoconazol (75 %), mientras que a los 14 DDT Difenoconazol y Azoxi-Difem llegaron a obtener (87,5 %) cada uno. Todos los fungicidas redujeron el Área Bajo la Curva del Progreso de la Enfermedad (ABCPE) respecto al testigo y en correspondencia los menores porcentajes relativos acumulados (ABCPEr), fueron obtenidos por Flutriafol, Benomil y Trifloxystrobin (8,4, 8,6 y 8,7 %), aunque sin diferencias estadísticas con los demás productos, excepto con el testigo (11,2 %).

The Ecuadorian Amazon is the poorest region of Ecuador, particularly the province of Pastaza. The production of vegetables in the region is very limited and only established in the greenhouse. The pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a horticultural product very demanded, however, there is a criterion that cannot be grown in the area. Therefore, since 2014, the Center for Research, Posgraduate and Conservation of Amazonian Biodiversity (CIPCA), belonging to Universidad Estatal Amazonica initiated a research program to evaluate the adaptation of different horticultural species plants to conditions in the region, in order to contribute to food sustainability. The study consisted of determining the behavior of the Nathalie hybrid pepper crop, planted in greenhouse and open field conditions, for which a randomized block design was used. Productions, physiological and morphological indicators of the crop were evaluated and the results obtained were made a statistical comparison of means. The results suggest that better morphophysiological indicators are obtained when it was sown in the greenhouse, with height of 136 cm and a foliar area of 0.95 m2. However, the best productive and agricultural performance indicators were obtained outside the greenhouse, with 9 fruits per plant, with an average fruit weight of 975.80 g and an average yield of 6.42 kg m-2. This indicates the convenience of establishing this crop in the Ecuadorian Amazon without sow in the greenhouse.

Azospirillum is one of the most studied free-living rhizobacteria currently of great agricultural interest because of its ability to bind biological nitrogen and produce phytohormones. The present research aimed at the biological response of Azospirillum spp. facing different types of stress. For this purpose, the micro and macro morphological characterization of Azospirillum spp. And its biological response to stress temperature, pH, salinity. The results revealed that the isolates (C2, C3 and C4) of Azospirillum spp. Grow in greater abundance at temperatures between 28-38 °C and pH between 7-8. The C2 and C3 isolates showed good growth up to 3.5 % (m / v) NaCl, whereas the C4 strain was less tolerant. These results have biotechnological applicability and are of great importance when defining and controlling the mass production conditions of Azospirillum spp. for future formulations as biofertilizer in several crops of interest in Ecuador.

Una tecnología de producción hortícola muy difundida en el mundo, consiste en la producción en condiciones de cultivo protegido, donde el pepino constituye una de las hortalizas cultivadas en condiciones de Cuba. Algunos autores refieren que esta tecnología de cultivo representa una alternativa para la producción de pepino, sin embargo, resulta necesario garantizar que los cultivares empleados garanticen niveles de producción con eficiencia económica en el proceso productivo, pues en ocasiones se establecen ciclos productivos con híbridos que expresan solamente el 50 % del rendimiento que se obtiene cuando se utilizan otros con mejor respuesta agronómica a las mismas condiciones de producción. Considerando lo anterior, se proyectó como objetivo: evaluar la respuesta productiva de seis híbridos de pepino en casas de cultivo de la empresa de Cítricos "Enrique Troncoso".

As an option for the problem of agrotoxics, agroecology has sought the control of spontaneous species through the use of parts of plants with herbicidal activity. The following work consists of a bibliographical research that aims to gather the information disseminated in several articles on the biodiversity of medicinal plants as natural herbicides. For the review of the literature, it was decided to search for articles in national and international journals during the period from 1997 to 2014. Several studies that cover medicinal plants were observed in the literature, but the evaluation of allelopathic potential is limited. The study added medicinal plants that possess potential secondary allelopathic compounds, with the possibility of being used in the production of natural herbicides. It is important to encourage this type of studies, for an ecological perspective in general, to enable the manipulation of allelopathic interactions related to agriculture.

The tobacco constitutes an important source of income to the Pinar del Río province. However, production technologies have contributed to the degradation of soils; crop alternating is one of the effective measures to mitigate this effect. The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the incidence of different variants of alternation in some chemical and physic - chemical properties of the soil. The work was developed in areas dedicated to the tobacco crop, the variants of alternation evaluated were uncultivated soil, tobacco - fallow, tobacco - corn and tobacco - polycultures. In the selected areas, 96 samples were collected at depths of 20 cm and 40 cm and 40 producers were surveyed. Descriptive statistical methods were applied to compare the means in each variant of land use. The results showed that the predominant pH was slightly acidic, the tobacco-fallow variant showed values close to neutrality. The content of organic matter did not exceed 1% in the variants of cultivated soils inferior to those not cultivated, changeable bases and cation exchange capacity were similar in the cultivated soils, and the calcium showed the highest values in tobacco-fallow. It is concluded that the different land use variants did not have a marked effect on the pH values. The content of soluble phosphorus increased in all the variants of cultivated soils. The alternation of crops, as the only measure of improvement, does not guarantee an improvement in the chemical and physic - chemical properties of the soils.

To evaluate the effect of FitoMas-E on the performance of the chickpea, in conditions of drought stress, was the objective of this investigation. An experiment was conducted in the Intensive Garden "Río de Guisa" in the municipality of Guisa during the period from November to February 2014. Four treatments were applied, distributed in a randomized block design with three repetitions, on a "Pardo mullido grisaceo" soil, comparing the application of FitoMas-E under two soil moisture regimes, with and without water stress. The yield of grain and its components were evaluated at the time of harvest maturity, to analyze the responses of these variables to the treatments applied. An analysis of variance was performed using the statistical package STASTISTICA version 8.0 for Windows and the means of the treatments were compared using the Tukey Multiple Range test. The variables that showed a greater response to the treatments imposed were the number of legumes per plant, number of seeds per plant, the mass of 100 seeds and the yield of grain, which ranged between 0.9 and 0.93 t ha-1 for the treatments 2 and 4 respectively. The results obtained in this research showed that the chickpea crop achieved the best productive indicators when the plants were under water stress conditions and received the application of FitoMas-E.

The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different doses of chemical fertilizer and worm humus, on growth and development of Capsicum annuum L. cv. Magistral. As chemical fertilizer was used the 10-20-10 formulation and as organic fertilizer the earthworm humus was used. Five treatments were applied: chemical fertilization 100 %, 2, 4 and 6 t ha-1 of humus + chemical fertilization (75 %) and 4 t ha-1 of humus only. Different indicators of growth, reproductive and crop yields were evaluated. The data were analyzed by variance of simple classification and Tukey Test was used for comparison among media of treatments. The best results were obtained with the application of chemical fertilizer 100 % in the first harvest in relation to height, number of leaves, flowers, fruits per plants and fruit weigh. The effect of humus application combined with chemical fertilizer improved the reproductive parameter in the second harvest. The yield obtained was higher with the application of chemical fertilizer in the first harvest; however in the second harvest the results achieved were similar to that the yield after the application of chemical fertilizer 75 % + humus 4 and 6 t ha-1, which showed the positive effect of humus on the parameter evaluated. The results obtained showed the potentiality of the worm humus to reduce the application of chemical fertilizer without affecting yield of C. annuum.

Cultivation of broccoli in Equador uses high doses of inorganic nitrogen fertilizers, which cause problems in the soil, the environment and the crop yield itself. In this work organic amendments were applied to Haplustolls soil by implementing the following trial treatments: castor bean meal (270 kg N ha-1, 202.5 kg N ha-1, 152 kg N ha-1), cotton seed meal (270 kg N ha-1, 202.5 kg N ha-1, 152 kg N ha-1), and control without organic fertilization. Results confirmed that applications of organic meals made from cotton seed and castor bean had a favorable effect on growth and yield of Broccoli in the canton Riobamba, Chimborazo province, Ecuador. Result gets into the hands of broccoli farmers give new alternatives of organic fertilization to restore physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil and will increase crop yields and help environmental preservation.

The diptera grouped in the family Cecidomyiidae, are considered important pests in the crop of mango (Mangifera indica L.). In the period of 2013-15, prospections were carried out in patios and plantations of several localities of Cuba (Havana, Artemisa, Mayabeque, Ciego de Ávila and Santiago de Cuba), during the stages of vegetative and floral sprouting, to evaluate the presence of insects. Thirteen samplings were made and 25 young leaves and 10 floral shoots were collected per sample, for a total of 325 young leaves and 130 floral shoots in which the number of galls, larvae, pupae and adults of an agallero insect was determined. A total of 2 423 galls were found in young leaves, which represented an average of 7.5 guts per leaf. A total of 207 larvae, 60 pupae and 40 adults were counted among diptera males and females. The morphological characters of the collected insects allowed identifying Procontarinia mangiferae (Felt), belonging to the family Cecidomyiidae, as the cause of the galls in the young leaves and floral shoots in the mango areas sampled.

Knowledge and classification of the different test sites and their evaluation for the study of the genotypes becomes obligatory, in the breeding programs, also the knowledge of the adaptability of the cultivars allows to maximize their production. The objective of the work was to determine the adaptability and phenotypic stability of new cultivars introduced in CALESA by means of the Two-dimensional Representation method Biplot, in two crops, as well as recommending those with the best agroproductive behavior under soil and climate conditions, of the Ingenio Ofelina. Twenty cultivars were planted in red Ferralitic, Brown without carbonate and Ferralitic quartzitic soils.The crop variables studied were: cane yield, pol yield and percentage of pol in cane. The environmental effect and the genotype-environment interaction were superior to that of the genotypes in the contribution to the total phenotypic variation. The cultivars in the three agrosugar characters were stable and adapted to the different environmental conditions and showed a sugar content similar or superior to the controls.