Isolation of fungal strains from local agricultural products is importance to produce enzymes and this explains the ability of these microorganisms to grow among containing macromolecular organic compounds. This work serves to isolate some fungal (Aspergillus niger, Geotrichum candidum, Saccharomycopsis fibuligera) and examine some enzymatic activities such as pectinase (Polygalactorunase, Pectin esterase, Indo-Polygalactorunase), Cellulase, Saccharase, ß-amylase and Amyloglocosidase in liquid medium containing various carbon sources (Medium M1 Molasses 4 g%ml, M2 beet sugar residue 2%ml with wheat husks powder 3g%ml and M3 citrus sub-products 3g%ml) fermented by the selected fungal strains demonstrates that their biosynthesis potential for producing some important enzymes for use in different areas of applications, where she gave a significant production capacity of some enzymes by type of fungal and medium of culture. The studied fungus gave good results from Pectinase enzymes in three medium but high amounts by Aspergillus niger and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera has given moderate amounts of Polygalacturonase enzymes in medium M1 and M3 and very little in medium M2 and without Indogalacturonase, and that all the isolated fungal didn,t produce Cellulase in medium M1 and it gave a high activities of Cellulase in the middle M2 with Aspergillus niger and Geotrichum candidum medium, and all strains gave Invertase activity in three mediums of convergent values (40-70) activity unit and Invertase activity of A.niger in the Middle M3 override (U = 160), while Aspergillus niger and Saccharomycopsis fibuligera produce high amounts of enzymes of Amylase in three mediums.

The experiment was done to investigate the germination of seeds and embryos of Olea europaea “Alkhdery” in the Germination Laboratory- Faculty of Agriculture- Tishreen University during 2016-2017. The Study consisted of multiple experiments ,each of which consisted of many treatments . Every treatment had 3 replicates , where one had 10 seeds/embryos . The planting was performed on Agar medium 0.8%. The results showed that the ideal temperature for the germination of olive seeds was 13 c°. However , the rhythm of germination decreased when the temperature went beyond or below 13c° and stopped at 5c° and 25 c°. The ideal temperature for the germination of embryos was 13c° . However , many embryos germinate early at 20 or 25 c° with sharp decrease in the germination level . As for kernels the results showed that they couldn’t germinate at 13 c° due to their hard coats which stopped the entrance of water and oxygen. Also , the germination of seeds lagged behind that of the embryos due to the Endosperm coat which covered the embryos and stopped the passage of water and oxygen .In addition to that, it contained materials that crippled the germination process

The purpose of research is to Study of the morphological and productive characteristics of some pepper hybrids (Capsicum annum L) in greenhouse. It used 5 hybrids, two hybrids are hot (FLASH, MESILLA), and three hybrids are sweet (POLARIS, NATASHA, MANGO). The research was carried out, during the cultivating season2015-2016 in Greenhouse unheated dimensions (8x50) m in Jableh region. It depended on the Randomized complete Block Design (RCBD) Full with five treatments (hybrids) and four replicates for each treatment, and 15 plants per replication The results showed different between studied hybrids in most studied indicators the power of vegetative growth, production amount, quality of the fruits, with superiority of hot hybrids in most productivity, quantity, quality characteristics, plant production, and fruit contain of dry matter, sugars and quantity of vitamin C.

This research was conducted during 2016-2017 on (42) wild trees of Prunus cerasia Blanche prevailing in the Syrian coast. Twenty-five morphological traits of leaves, fruits, stones and flowers were studied on (12) sites in Lattakia and Tartous, 27-986 m above sea level. The results showed obvious morphological differences between the studied trees according to morphological affinity tree at 33.65%. The P. cerasia trees were distributed to four groups: (A) included 17 trees with morphological variation of 27%, (B) included 9 trees with morphological variation of 20%, (C) included 6 trees with morphological variation of 24.82%, and (D) included 10 trees with morphological variation of 24.56%. The trees of each group constituted a morphologically independent type with exact morphological identity.

During the implementation of scientific research ( Contribution to the study of fishing effort yield of Artisanal fishing gears, Quantitative and Qualitative of catch composition in the marine waters of Tortus) ) during the period ( July 2012 – August 2016 ), an individual of blue-barred parrotfish Scarus ghobban Foskskål1775 was captured for the first time in the Syrian coast ,Photographied and morphological measurements were carried out and then classified using scientific taxonomic keys. Through follow-up with fishermen about the coincidence of this species previously, It was noticed that this species appeared in the catch two times before this date, where these scenes were documented in pictures. The confirmation and documentation of the presence of Scarus ghobban , indo -Pacific origin species indicates that the biodiversity of Syrian marine waters and the eastern (Levant) basin of the Mediterranean continues to change.

The vegetables constitutes one of the main components of plant production, main resources of food security in Syria. The effective of use resources can lower productivity resulting from inefficient use of resources. This research aimed to estimate the technical efficiency of farm and analyze some economic and social factors which effect on technical efficiency of vegetables farms in Lattakia governorate , we used the maximum likelihood stochastic frontier function to estimate the technical efficiency, the model was applied on random sample consist of 50 farms from 10 villages in governorate in 2016. The results shown that there is inversely associated with amount of fertilizer, pesticides, seeds and age of farmer which refers to waste of using this resources, while the associated with size of farm, manual and mechanical labor was proportional .the average of technical efficiency was 66% this result indicate that the farmers can increase their production 34% more by using the same amount of resources and reach to technical efficiency.

This study aimed to determine the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in the water of the Alrmela River and coastal waters, study the changes of the faecal bacterial indicators distribution, and study of some hydrological properties and its effect on the indicators of faecal contamination. From March 2013 to February 2014, water samples were collected from seven stations with different environmental characteristics, distributed along the Alremela River near Jabla city and up to its estuary in the Mediterranean Sea. The results of the water temperature changes showed that were related to the moderate Mediterranean climate. Salinity values ranged from 0 to 39.33‰. The pH values did not decrease below 7 during the study period, and tend to rise towards the marine stations. The values of dissolved oxygen concentrations in water ranged between (2.51-7.59) mg / l. The results also showed that the total bacteria count values ranged between (81.5 - 666.6) × 104CFU / 100ml. The Total Coliform values ranged between (104 - 651.3) × 103CFU / 100ml. Faecal Coliform values ranged between (12-476.4) × 102CFU / 100ml, the values of Faecal Streptococcus count ranged between 2.6-118.6 × 102 CFU / 100ml. The water quality of the studied stations was based on the Total Coliform bacteria count, Faecal Coliforms and Faecal Streptococcus. The majority of the studied stations were considered to be contaminated and not recommended. The source of contamination was determined by the ratio value of Faecal Coliform bacteria to Faecal Streptococcus, It was from human origin in the majority of studied stations, while from animal or mixed origin during the winter.

Fungi used for the bio-recycling of marine residues, which isolated from the residues of marine organisms accumulated on shore .Marine remains of organisms were collected during the period 2015-2017. The work included physiochemical treatments and isolation of Fungi of each (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma harzianum, Mucor circinelloides) from the shore are adapted to the accumulated residues. These Fungi are characterized by their ability to secrete an enzymatic spectrum that degrades the compounds in these residues and build their protein-rich biomass through their metabolism. Results of The study showed a clear increase in total protein Where It reached in mixed cultures (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger) %(44.14)In a solid nutrient culture from the remains of marine organisms. Suggesting that high content of protein can be produced in a small area of space, time and under available conditions and disposal of these residues and access to economically important materials.

The oyster mushroom has special importance for its rich protein, its delicious taste, which make it desirable by consumers, in addition to its short life cycle, and the possibility of growing throughout the year; since Oyster mushroom production is accomplished in simple environmental circumstances with low cost of inputs compared to other crops; in addition to its good yield; we focus on the economic importance of planting oyster mushroom by analyzing its production cost, and indexes of economic efficiency using data collected from site of research Stmarkho Farm. This research has been pursued to achieve the following purposes: 1. Studying the reality of planting mushroom in Lattakia governorate 2. Studying the economic efficiency of oyster mushroom production in Lattakia governorate, and giving some suggestions that help to push forward the process of developing this agriculture. As a result of the study, the following results were obtained. • Net profit achieved yearly reached to 7828.77 Syrian pounds from producing 1 liter of oyster mushroom • Profitability ratio in relation to invested capital amounted to 23.03%, compared to production costs 69.3% • The time period for the restoration of capital for the production of oyster mushroom was 3.06 years.

The research was carried out during 2015 and 2016 agricultural seasons Arb-ELmalk village, Banias area,Tartous Govenator to study the effect of seeds size ,peanut (Mixture , small , Medem and large) and spraying plants with three bread yeast teames (Control ,once and Twice ) on germination seeds , plants height , number branches , plant , number pods plants , number seeds/ pod and pods yield ( kg. ha-1) ,The experiment design , was set split plot in a randomized complete block With four replication ,saiz seeds consider Maine and spraying yeast sub plots ,

Alien species represent an important part of the crustaceans of Syrian fowl, which are about 128 species. The total number of migratory species in Syrian waters recorded in this work make up only 27 species. This number represents 21.5% of all marine Decapoda known in Syria and 38.8% of introduced species in the Mediterranean. Decapoda species introduced into Syria belong to 10 different families and are spread over 22 genera. The family Penaeidae and the family Portunidae are the most represented in introduced species with 7 for each. The Leucosiidae family ranks second by the number of species with 4 lessepsian and then the Pasiphaeidae and Alpheidae families represented by two species. Only one introduced species has been reported for the following families: Palinuridae, Majidae, Matutidae, Xantidae and Pilumnidae. Of the 27 species decapod found in Syria, 5 have been reported for the first time in the marine waters of this country during the last decade and two among this, registered in 2017 for the first time. These species are Melicertus hathor, Alpheus audouini, Arcania elongata, Matuta victor and Gonioinfradens paucidentatus. It is accepted that alien species may have ecological, economic or health related influences, especially after they succeed in establishing dense population, or presenting invasive characters. The invasion of exotic species on the Syrian coast by the Suez Canal plays also a big role in modifying the original specific composition of Syrian waters.

This research was carried out during the agricultural season 2014-2015 in the village of Asayba ,Banias region in Tartous province. According to the design of the complete random sectors, three replicates and the objective of the study the effect of seed rates on the productivity of barley varieties: improved white Arabic, Furat-2. In the study, four agricultural distances (1- 1.5-2 cm) were used for barley cultivars that are compatible with seed rates of 160-110-80-115 kg / h, respectively. The results of the study showed that the seed yield was 160 kg / h, which was significantly higher in yield and number of grains / spike than the rest of the seeds. In both cultivars, the yield was higher than 1000 g / 1000 tablets and the number of non-fruitful activities / m 2. The interaction was significant "between the white Arab variety and seed rate 160 kg / e, where it gave the highest productivity in the yield of biological and granular.

Two specimens of Polychelestyphlops (one ? and ?ouvig) were collected from marine water of Banyas in Syria in April and August 2017. The specimens were caught by fishermen at depth between 200 to 300 m. This species is one of Deep-sea blind lobsters and widely distributed around the world and in the Mediterranean. The specimens were identified following (Ahyon and Brown, 2002) and using the terms Polychelidae species and complete synonymy prior to 2000 is provided by Galilin2000. Polychelestyphlopsis the first species from Polychelidae of the genus Polycheles recorded from the Syrian waters

detailed in vitro multiplication system for rapid micropropagataion of the Hypericum perforatum L, has been developed by using tissue culture technique . The shoots (1- 0.5cm) were cultured on MS ( Murashige and Skoog 1962) then placed onto based medium containing a combination of growth regulators at different concentrations (BA , Kin , IBA ) . After that they were placed into MS based medium containing NAA and IBA. Results showed that the highest number of growth was 39.6 when ( 0.6 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA) were adding (MS3), also the highest of the growth was (3,81cm) in medium MS3 .The observed rooting was (7.1roots , 10,5 cm ) length and %95 in percentage of rooting) in R5 (MS+1mg/l NAA) , and acclimatization was 85%

This study aimed to investigate the Endoparasites in Sparus aurata in the Lattakia marine waters. A total of 54 individuals of Sparus aurata were collected between October 2015 and September 2016 from different localities from the coast of Lattakia between Ras Al Baseet and Iben Hani. Internal organs (stomach, intestines and body cavities) for all individuals caught fish were examined for parasitic infection. We isolated the parasite Hysterothylacium aduncum that belongs to the Nematodes from the stomach and intestines of Sparus aurata. The results showed that the highest rate of infection with this isolated parasite was in the summer, which amounted to 25% and has coincided with high temperature. During this research, the parasite was isolated for the first time from Sparus aurata, which caught in the Syrian marine waters.

The study aimed to determine the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution on the germination of the seeds of some citrus rootstocks. In this study, the seeds of rootstocks used: Citromelo, Carizo citrang, Troyer citrang, Trifoliate orange, Cleopatra mandarin, and Sour Orange. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block Design, and included four treatments, each with 5 replicates and each 20-seed repeater. The results analyzed by using SPSS and ANOVA to determine the Significant Differences between treatments and rootstocks studied. After analyzing the observed data for treatments and rootstocks, the study showed that there is no reciprocal effects between the studied rootstocks and the saline treatments, increased saline concentration according to the treatments reduces the percentage of germination at the level of the single rootstock. However, at the level of all rootstocks, there are no significant differences at the effect of the treatments in rootstocks seed germination, where the rootstocks are similar in the rate of decrease in germination depending on the salinity treatments, there is a convergence in the percentages of seed germination in the first treatment (control) and the second treatment (1000 ppm). Then we note that the percentage of germination in the third and fourth treatments (2000, 3000 ppm) is reduced, With the exception of Citromelo rootstock seeds whose percentage of germination was not affected by an increase in saline concentrations, as well as the Troyer citrang rootstock, whose seed germination was only slightly affected in the fourth treatment. As for the effect of sodium chloride solution on the continuation of seedling growth, it is noted that the highest percentage of seedling death was Cleopatra mandarin rootstock, It reached 69.31% in the fourth treatment (3000ppm), whereas the seed of Citromelo rootstock tolerance Salinity, and the percentage of death Seedling only 22% in the fourth treatment

To Study the influence of fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the fungus Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae the causal agent of tobacco black shank disease in the laboratory and the field. We found the inhibition growth percent of P. parasitica var nicotianae by T.harzianum by 58.42% , in the field the infection percent of tobacco burley plant which treated with T. harzianum was decreased to 18.8% by the spray method, and 50% by the irrigation method comparing with the control which infected by P. parasitica. var nicotianae was 53.3%, and decreased the infection severity to 59.1% and 73.3% respectively for treated plants by T. harzianum by spray and irrigation method comparing by the infection severity of control which was 50.8%. The concentration of Free Salicylic Acid in treated plant by both fungi was 104 and 106.3 ppm in the plants which treated by T. harzianum by spray and irrigation method respectively, and 62 ppm to the control which treated by P.p var nicotianae. And the Peroxidase activity reached to 1.08 and 1.16 respectively nanomol in the treated plants by T.harzianum by spray and irrigation method sequentially comparing by 0.68 nanomol in the control which treated by P.p var nicotianae. So we noticed the positive role of T.harzianum by decreased percent and severity infection of black shank disease , we refer this to its role in stimulate the Aquired Systemic Resistance by measured free salicylic acid and Peroxidase activity in treated plants.

The environmental effects of the solid waste treatment center in Tartous Governorate were evaluated in this study. The study dealt with a number of basic elements in the design by providing detailed studies on the climate, the topography of the area around the center and the environmental condition. The physical and chemical properties of groundwater, surface and soil area were studied , Emphasis was also placed on social structure through a questionnaire distributed to the population in the region, which enabled access to proposals to reduce the spread of pollutants and improve health.status. Therefore, in the light of the results and data reached, mitigation measures have been put in place which will have a positive effect on the local environment, so that the effects of the center will be within acceptable limits.

For the implementation of this study, profiles of soil formed on calcareous material were selected by the use of geological map of Lattakia 1/50000 scale and the geographical location system GPS. the profiles were prepared and described according to the methods used worldwide in soils morphological study Samples were taken from horizons of each profile and conducted some physical and chemical analysis in addition to the materials of origin. A number of weather indicators were used to estimate the degree of weathering of soil profile. there was a link between rock and limestone on one hand, and between evolution degree of soils profiles and their physical and chemical properties. The chemical analysis and weathering index of soil samples and the parent materials indicated that all soil profiles have been under the weathering agents almost in one degree, with the absence of redistribution of the outputs of the process of weathering. thus there is no significant activity of migration or formation of diagnostic soil, consequence, absence of diagnostic horizons, as a result, the profiles were in the early stages of evolution and recently formed.

To study the effect of Chitosan in stimulating the resistance of olive plants to the infection of eye peacock caused by the fungus Spilocaea oleagina. Olive plants were treated with Chitosan concentration of 300 mg / l. artificial infection was conducted using the fungs spores at different periods on Khadairy variety (susceptible). The infection was done after 2 or 4 weeks of treatment for one time by Chitosan , and two times with a 15 days interval. Copper fungicides (Oxychloro-copper) was used preventively for each treatment. Effectiveness was calculated after 165 days of infection, it was 75.4% and 81.7%, respectively for treatment with Chitosan and infection after 2 or 4 weeks compared with 85.8% and 82.7% for the copper compound. Effectiveness was higher when Chitosan was used for two times (86.9%) compared with the copper compound (88.6%). The total phenol content and the activity of the peroxidase enzyme in the treated plant were assessed after 3 to 6 months of treatment with Chitosan. The total phenol content and peroxidase enzyme activity was increased compard with the control,whereas the highest value was for two treatments with Chitosan.

This study was done to find ways that decrease the negativity of chemical pesticides which they are used for pests control . For that ,a lot of laboratory tests were done ,in Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, to estimate the efficacy of six extracts of wild plant fruits in controlling the T.urticae communitie, Because these extracts are natural products that they are dissolve biologically, and they are more safety and specialty. Results of new eggs treatment showed that the effect of extracts of Melia azedarach, E. camaldulensis, L. camara , S.aspira, S.officinalis and C. sempervirens fruits lasted between 21.31 -22.95%, and exceeded 36 and 42% for S. aspira and S. officinalis respectively. The greatest effect (100%) happened after 3 days of new larve treatment with fruit extract of M.azedarach, 5 days for S. officinalis and S. aspira , and 7 days for L. camara . S.officinalis, L.camara and S.aspera extracts are showed the total effect (100%) after 5-7 days of adult female treatment, While the efficacy of M.azedarach and E.camaldulensis extracts lasted about 90% . The less effect, although good, was achieved by C.sempervirens extract. The number of eggs placed by new females decreased about 90% with M.azedarach and S.officinalis extracts , and 83% with , L.camara extract. The placed eggs ratio with all extracts didn’t exceed 42.29% which happened with C .sempervirens extract. Significant differences between all treatment and control were found and although with the three growth phases of T.urticae which tested in this study

Mortadella was processed from second beef meat was prepared by adding soybean meal(whole fat, skimmed) at different rates of 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21%. The change in the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, chloride Sodium, ash, acidity, pH, peroxide), as well as changes in sensory properties (taste, color, texture, odor, appearance), microbial properties (general census of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, E. coli, salmonella). The results of the chemical analysis showed that the moisture of the mardadella increases with the percentage of added soy meal to become outside the standard in the proportion of soya 21%. As for the ash, the ash content is high with the percentage of added soy flour, but it remains below the 3.2% specified in the specification. For the protein, all the samples with the control within the standard (12% minimum) with the high percentage of protein by adding soy flour, and for the salt, its percentage in all samples is in accordance with the specification ( 2% maximum), as for Peroxide values showed a decrease in the proportion of soy flour. Sensory tests showed that all sensory properties improved by adding soybean meal in all mixtures, except for mixtures, where the proportion of soy meal 21%. The microbial tests showed that there were no pathogens, especially Salmonella and E. coli, and showed that the total population of air bacteria, yeasts and breakfast was within the limits of the Syrian standard. There was a decrease in the general bacterial count for the samples added to soybean meal compared with the witness , And there is a convergence of the general number of yeast and breakfast for the samples added to soy flour, which is within the natural area. The results also showed an increase in the profitability of the mortadella. This increase was achieved by increasing the added meal to 115.81 and 110.76% in the samples of mortadella with low fat and whole fat soya meal at 21%, respectively

Tomato crop is one of the most important vegetables crops as planting ,production and export , interests in developing its cultivation and production has increased throw many methods, the most important is agricultural technology using grafted seedlings. This research was based on the study of a farm of 5 greenhouses, planted with grafted seedlings, and others planted with regular seedlings , in the village of Rahbiah – Jablah , and was based on the average prices in 2010 . This research aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Analysis of the production costs of Agricultural operations for the production of tomatoes crop. 2. The economic evaluation for the production of tomato with grafted seedlings The study showed that the net annual income per dunum was 80929 SP In the case of regular seedlings , and 258815 SP if grafted seedlings were used. The gross margin of one dunum per year was 120222 SP in the case of regular seedlings and 295158 SP, if grafted seedlings were used, The study also showed that the overall economic efficiency of the tomato production using regular seedlings and grafted seedings was 1.4 and 2,68 respectively.

At this study, two species of genus Typha L. have been recorded, that they were: Typha domingensis Pers. and Typha angustifolia L. The two species we recorded for the first time in Lattakia. The morphological features were used to separate two species (measurement the spikes flowers and shapes, number of the hairs at the ovary, existence the bracteoles or absence, number of stamens and measurements, shapes of the scales and measurements). This study showed that: the pollen grains of the two species, they were very similarity, the pollen grains were rounded and they had an aperture. Also showed obvious difference in measurements the spikes male and female and difference in their shapes.

The study was conducted in the agricultural season 2016-2017 in the village of Dweir Raslan in Tartous governorate where three dates for planting (20 November - 10 December - 1 January) were used for three densities (60 - 70 - 90 plants / m 2 ) The experiment was designed in a split blok desing Where the planting dates once occupied the main pieces and the plant density occupied the dissected pieces to show the effect of planting dates and plant density on some phenotypic yields of white lupine plant and their effect on some productive crops (number of pods / plant - 100 g seed weight - seed yield kg / h) and percentage of protein in seeds. The results showed that the dates of the late dates (January 1) were superior to those of the rest of the studied dates in the bacurian form in flowering and maturity. The average number of days to reach flowering was 10.6% (46.6 days). The average number of days to reach maturity (158.3 days) The average date (November 20) in the number of pods per plant with an average of 10.5 horns / plant and the weight of the dry seeds in the unit area at an average of 2355.3 kg / e and the percentage of protein in seeds was 37.7% As for the plant density, the density exceeded 90 plants / m 2 in the primordial characteristics of flowers and maturity and surpassed plants For the density of 70 plants / m² in the weight of the seeds dry air in the unit area at an average of (2432 kg / e) superior in the productivity of seed in the unit area on the rest of the densities studied and also exceeded the density of 60 plants / m 2 in the number of pods / plant average (11.7 horn / Plant) and the weight of the 100 seeds with an average (32.11 g). As for the interaction between the dates of cultivation and plant density, there were significant differences between the averages of all studied exercises except protein.