The study was carried out at Boqa center for research and plant production of the Faculty of Agriculture at Tishreen University, in citrus orchard (Washington navel), total area of 4 dunums During the year 2016 on trees 12 years old and planted with (5*5) m spacing and grafted on citrus aurantium root stock. The experiment was designed in randomized block way, and included four treatments with three replications and two trees in each replication: control (A): Remove water sprout, diseased, dry, broken and congested branches. light pruning (B): (Remove 10-15% of branches last year + control). Medium pruning (C): (Remove 16-20% of branches last year + control). heavy pruning (D): (Remove 21-25% of branches last year + control). The study showed the following results: * The Treatment of heavy pruning was superior total sugars (8.20%), maturation factor (10.9),and Total soluble solids(11.5%). * The Treatment of heavy pruning was superior percentage of contract (20.3%), size and weight of fruit (254.2 g ,282.9 cm3) , and average weight of juice (388.2 g juice/kg fruit) . * The treatment of heavy pruning gave the lowest percentage of total acidity (1.1%), and gave the highest value to the fruit content of the vitamin C (40.1mg/100ml juice).

Giardia lamblia is one of the most common intestinal parasites in the world and in Syria. It infects human through swimming, drinking, or eating fresh vegetables irrigated with water contaminated by waste water rich in Giardia cysts. Therefore, this research aims to investigate the prevalence of Giardia lamblia cysts in Al-kabir al-shamali river in Lattakia. Three contaminated sites were selected on the river. the first one was contaminated with waste water from some inhabited areas in Al-jinderiyah, the second site was contaminated with waste water of cow farm in the same area, and the last one was contaminated with treated waste water of Al-jinderiyah -Ein al-laban waste water treatment plant. Samples were collected from the chosen sites twice a season along September 2016 to September 2017. The microscopic examination results have revealed the presence of Giardia cysts in the three locations. The highest concentration was recorded in the first site (35 cysts L-1), followed by the second site (12 cysts L-1), and the lowest concentration was recorded in the third site (9 cysts L-1). Giardia cysts concentrations varied with seasons, the highest value was detected in Winter and the lowest one in Spring.

Morphological characterization is the first stage of the identification and classification of genetic resources. In this study, the aim was to determine the similarities and differences in the morphological variations of the eggplant Type collected from different eco-geographical regions of syria. The experiment was arranged in Complete Randomized Block Design with 4 replications. 12 types of eggplant were characterized using standard morphological descriptors specified by the IBPGR. T4 recorded significantly higher number of fruits (14.235) followed by T3 (12.303) and T2 (10.423). Fruit length was maximum in T6 (12.51 cm) followed by T1 (12.23 cm). plant height was maximum in T3 (160.2cm) followed by T5 (140.5 cm).T4 took the maximum fruit yield per plant (1.998kg), while minimum value for fruit yield per plant were observed in T10 (0.920 kg).

The research aims at studying the different plant characteristics of mutant strains, selecting the best ones for adoption as new varieties or introducing them into breeding programs. The research was carried out at the Pine Research Station of the Center for Agricultural Scientific Research in Lattakia. The plant material included 21 mutant strains of sesamum in the fourth generation with the two main cultivars (Hourani and Zori). The results showed that the (9) cultivar was significantly higher in the number of branches per plant than the rest of the mutant strains and on the two (4) branches on the plant while the value of the two groups was Hourani and Zori (1, 2.75 branch / plant) respectively. As for the number of capsules on the plant, the strain (17) was significantly superior to the rest of the mutant strains and to the two witnesses (188.5 capsules), and the two researchers were Hourani and Zouri (72.5 and 80.5) capsules, respectively. The strain (17) significantly exceeded the length of the capsule on the rest of the breeds and the witness at a value of 4 cm. The value of the two witnesses was Hourani and Zouri (2.5, 2.25) respectively. As for plant height, the strain (17) significantly affected the rest of the mutant strains and the two witnesses at a value of (162.5 cm) while the height of the two witnesses Horani and Zuri (135 cm, 132.5 cm), respectively. As for the 1000-seed weight, strain (2) and its value (5.04 g) were the closest to the Hawrani strain (5.37 g), which exceeded all breeds, while the value of the witness was Zori (4.46 g). Also outperformed the strain (17) as a significant yield of pods /h on the rest of mutagens and strains on the value of two witnesses (8860 kg / h), this has reached the value of Hourani and witnesses Zori (6160, 6796.5 kg / h) respectively. The superiority of notes strain (19) morally as seeds / h yields on the rest of mutagens and strains on the value of two witnesses (2711.5 kg / h) were also strains (20-17-6-15-12) is superior to the two witnesses Hourani (2267 kg / h) and Zori (2356.5 kg / h). While the dressing was (62.5%) of the strain (14), which was significantly outperformed the rest of the mutagenic strains on witnesses Hourani and Zori who were worth (37, 34.5%) respectively. Thus, strains (19-20-17-6-15-12) that have been superior to seed yields can be adopted as new varieties or introduced into subsequent breeding programs.

The study aimed to determine the impact of the Syrian crisis on the competitiveness of Syrian oranges in foreign markets by using economic indicators to determine the competitive situation and compare with the competing countries of each market. During the two periods: the first was pre-crisis (2006-2010) and the second was within the crisis (2011-2015). The results of the analysis showed that the quantity of Syrian oranges exports comparing with production was poor, despite of high competitive advantage of prices during the two study periods, and decreased Revealed and Specialized comparative advantage of exports and decline from 4 to 2.2 for the first indicator and from 3.5 to 1.9 for the second indicator, reflecting poor investment of this resource since pre- crisis versus other countries exporting oranges. The market share in the Saudi, UAE, Kuwait and Iraq markets also declined, exception Jordan market which maintained its first rank. It declined significantly in the Iraqi market, from 58.5% to occupy the fifth and final rank. In addition to low penetration index of Syrian oranges exports to all export markets during the two study periods, exception of the Iraqi and Jordanian markets, where the penetration index increased during pre-crisis, but it was extremely low in Iraq market from the first to fifth rank in the second period. The study recommended focus on markets of Jordan, Iraq, Russia, and determining the size of domestic demand and surpluses which help to increase quantity of exports annually, thus reducing costs, maintaining price competitiveness and improving quality, and setting up promotional programs and activating the of commercial accessories thus enhance the penetration index of Syrian oranges in new markets and increase research on foreign markets, describe them in terms of consumer requirements and purchasing patterns, and increase export facilities to maximize export quantity and competitiveness of Syrian oranges.

Two specimens of Polychelestyphlops (one ? and ?ouvig) were collected from marine water of Banyas in Syria in April and August 2017. The specimens were caught by fishermen at depth between 200 to 300 m. This species is one of Deep-sea blind lobsters and widely distributed around the world and in the Mediterranean. The specimens were identified following (Ahyon and Brown, 2002) and using the terms Polychelidae species and complete synonymy prior to 2000 is provided by Galilin2000. Polychelestyphlopsis the first species from Polychelidae of the genus Polycheles recorded from the Syrian waters

detailed in vitro multiplication system for rapid micropropagataion of the Hypericum perforatum L, has been developed by using tissue culture technique . The shoots (1- 0.5cm) were cultured on MS ( Murashige and Skoog 1962) then placed onto based medium containing a combination of growth regulators at different concentrations (BA , Kin , IBA ) . After that they were placed into MS based medium containing NAA and IBA. Results showed that the highest number of growth was 39.6 when ( 0.6 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA) were adding (MS3), also the highest of the growth was (3,81cm) in medium MS3 .The observed rooting was (7.1roots , 10,5 cm ) length and %95 in percentage of rooting) in R5 (MS+1mg/l NAA) , and acclimatization was 85%

To Study the influence of fungus Trichoderma harzianum against the fungus Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae the causal agent of tobacco black shank disease in the laboratory and the field. We found the inhibition growth percent of P. parasitica var nicotianae by T.harzianum by 58.42% , in the field the infection percent of tobacco burley plant which treated with T. harzianum was decreased to 18.8% by the spray method, and 50% by the irrigation method comparing with the control which infected by P. parasitica. var nicotianae was 53.3%, and decreased the infection severity to 59.1% and 73.3% respectively for treated plants by T. harzianum by spray and irrigation method comparing by the infection severity of control which was 50.8%. The concentration of Free Salicylic Acid in treated plant by both fungi was 104 and 106.3 ppm in the plants which treated by T. harzianum by spray and irrigation method respectively, and 62 ppm to the control which treated by P.p var nicotianae. And the Peroxidase activity reached to 1.08 and 1.16 respectively nanomol in the treated plants by T.harzianum by spray and irrigation method sequentially comparing by 0.68 nanomol in the control which treated by P.p var nicotianae. So we noticed the positive role of T.harzianum by decreased percent and severity infection of black shank disease , we refer this to its role in stimulate the Aquired Systemic Resistance by measured free salicylic acid and Peroxidase activity in treated plants.

This study aimed to investigate the Endoparasites in Sparus aurata in the Lattakia marine waters. A total of 54 individuals of Sparus aurata were collected between October 2015 and September 2016 from different localities from the coast of Lattakia between Ras Al Baseet and Iben Hani. Internal organs (stomach, intestines and body cavities) for all individuals caught fish were examined for parasitic infection. We isolated the parasite Hysterothylacium aduncum that belongs to the Nematodes from the stomach and intestines of Sparus aurata. The results showed that the highest rate of infection with this isolated parasite was in the summer, which amounted to 25% and has coincided with high temperature. During this research, the parasite was isolated for the first time from Sparus aurata, which caught in the Syrian marine waters.

Fungi used for the bio-recycling of marine residues, which isolated from the residues of marine organisms accumulated on shore .Marine remains of organisms were collected during the period 2015-2017. The work included physiochemical treatments and isolation of Fungi of each (Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, Trichoderma harzianum, Mucor circinelloides) from the shore are adapted to the accumulated residues. These Fungi are characterized by their ability to secrete an enzymatic spectrum that degrades the compounds in these residues and build their protein-rich biomass through their metabolism. Results of The study showed a clear increase in total protein Where It reached in mixed cultures (Trichoderma harzianum, Aspergillus niger) %(44.14)In a solid nutrient culture from the remains of marine organisms. Suggesting that high content of protein can be produced in a small area of space, time and under available conditions and disposal of these residues and access to economically important materials.

The study aimed to determine the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl) solution on the germination of the seeds of some citrus rootstocks. In this study, the seeds of rootstocks used: Citromelo, Carizo citrang, Troyer citrang, Trifoliate orange, Cleopatra mandarin, and Sour Orange. The experiment was designed in a Randomized Complete Block Design, and included four treatments, each with 5 replicates and each 20-seed repeater. The results analyzed by using SPSS and ANOVA to determine the Significant Differences between treatments and rootstocks studied. After analyzing the observed data for treatments and rootstocks, the study showed that there is no reciprocal effects between the studied rootstocks and the saline treatments, increased saline concentration according to the treatments reduces the percentage of germination at the level of the single rootstock. However, at the level of all rootstocks, there are no significant differences at the effect of the treatments in rootstocks seed germination, where the rootstocks are similar in the rate of decrease in germination depending on the salinity treatments, there is a convergence in the percentages of seed germination in the first treatment (control) and the second treatment (1000 ppm). Then we note that the percentage of germination in the third and fourth treatments (2000, 3000 ppm) is reduced, With the exception of Citromelo rootstock seeds whose percentage of germination was not affected by an increase in saline concentrations, as well as the Troyer citrang rootstock, whose seed germination was only slightly affected in the fourth treatment. As for the effect of sodium chloride solution on the continuation of seedling growth, it is noted that the highest percentage of seedling death was Cleopatra mandarin rootstock, It reached 69.31% in the fourth treatment (3000ppm), whereas the seed of Citromelo rootstock tolerance Salinity, and the percentage of death Seedling only 22% in the fourth treatment

The environmental effects of the solid waste treatment center in Tartous Governorate were evaluated in this study. The study dealt with a number of basic elements in the design by providing detailed studies on the climate, the topography of the area around the center and the environmental condition. The physical and chemical properties of groundwater, surface and soil area were studied , Emphasis was also placed on social structure through a questionnaire distributed to the population in the region, which enabled access to proposals to reduce the spread of pollutants and improve health.status. Therefore, in the light of the results and data reached, mitigation measures have been put in place which will have a positive effect on the local environment, so that the effects of the center will be within acceptable limits.

Tomato crop is one of the most important vegetables crops as planting ,production and export , interests in developing its cultivation and production has increased throw many methods, the most important is agricultural technology using grafted seedlings. This research was based on the study of a farm of 5 greenhouses, planted with grafted seedlings, and others planted with regular seedlings , in the village of Rahbiah – Jablah , and was based on the average prices in 2010 . This research aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Analysis of the production costs of Agricultural operations for the production of tomatoes crop. 2. The economic evaluation for the production of tomato with grafted seedlings The study showed that the net annual income per dunum was 80929 SP In the case of regular seedlings , and 258815 SP if grafted seedlings were used. The gross margin of one dunum per year was 120222 SP in the case of regular seedlings and 295158 SP, if grafted seedlings were used, The study also showed that the overall economic efficiency of the tomato production using regular seedlings and grafted seedings was 1.4 and 2,68 respectively.

For the implementation of this study, profiles of soil formed on calcareous material were selected by the use of geological map of Lattakia 1/50000 scale and the geographical location system GPS. the profiles were prepared and described according to the methods used worldwide in soils morphological study Samples were taken from horizons of each profile and conducted some physical and chemical analysis in addition to the materials of origin. A number of weather indicators were used to estimate the degree of weathering of soil profile. there was a link between rock and limestone on one hand, and between evolution degree of soils profiles and their physical and chemical properties. The chemical analysis and weathering index of soil samples and the parent materials indicated that all soil profiles have been under the weathering agents almost in one degree, with the absence of redistribution of the outputs of the process of weathering. thus there is no significant activity of migration or formation of diagnostic soil, consequence, absence of diagnostic horizons, as a result, the profiles were in the early stages of evolution and recently formed.

To study the effect of Chitosan in stimulating the resistance of olive plants to the infection of eye peacock caused by the fungus Spilocaea oleagina. Olive plants were treated with Chitosan concentration of 300 mg / l. artificial infection was conducted using the fungs spores at different periods on Khadairy variety (susceptible). The infection was done after 2 or 4 weeks of treatment for one time by Chitosan , and two times with a 15 days interval. Copper fungicides (Oxychloro-copper) was used preventively for each treatment. Effectiveness was calculated after 165 days of infection, it was 75.4% and 81.7%, respectively for treatment with Chitosan and infection after 2 or 4 weeks compared with 85.8% and 82.7% for the copper compound. Effectiveness was higher when Chitosan was used for two times (86.9%) compared with the copper compound (88.6%). The total phenol content and the activity of the peroxidase enzyme in the treated plant were assessed after 3 to 6 months of treatment with Chitosan. The total phenol content and peroxidase enzyme activity was increased compard with the control,whereas the highest value was for two treatments with Chitosan.

This study was done to find ways that decrease the negativity of chemical pesticides which they are used for pests control . For that ,a lot of laboratory tests were done ,in Faculty of Agriculture, Tishreen University, to estimate the efficacy of six extracts of wild plant fruits in controlling the T.urticae communitie, Because these extracts are natural products that they are dissolve biologically, and they are more safety and specialty. Results of new eggs treatment showed that the effect of extracts of Melia azedarach, E. camaldulensis, L. camara , S.aspira, S.officinalis and C. sempervirens fruits lasted between 21.31 -22.95%, and exceeded 36 and 42% for S. aspira and S. officinalis respectively. The greatest effect (100%) happened after 3 days of new larve treatment with fruit extract of M.azedarach, 5 days for S. officinalis and S. aspira , and 7 days for L. camara . S.officinalis, L.camara and S.aspera extracts are showed the total effect (100%) after 5-7 days of adult female treatment, While the efficacy of M.azedarach and E.camaldulensis extracts lasted about 90% . The less effect, although good, was achieved by C.sempervirens extract. The number of eggs placed by new females decreased about 90% with M.azedarach and S.officinalis extracts , and 83% with , L.camara extract. The placed eggs ratio with all extracts didn’t exceed 42.29% which happened with C .sempervirens extract. Significant differences between all treatment and control were found and although with the three growth phases of T.urticae which tested in this study.

Mortadella was processed from second beef meat was prepared by adding soybean meal(whole fat, skimmed) at different rates of 11, 13, 15, 17, 19 and 21%. The change in the chemical composition (moisture, protein, fat, chloride Sodium, ash, acidity, pH, peroxide), as well as changes in sensory properties (taste, color, texture, odor, appearance), microbial properties (general census of aerobic bacteria, yeasts and molds, E. coli, salmonella). The results of the chemical analysis showed that the moisture of the mardadella increases with the percentage of added soy meal to become outside the standard in the proportion of soya 21%. As for the ash, the ash content is high with the percentage of added soy flour, but it remains below the 3.2% specified in the specification. For the protein, all the samples with the control within the standard (12% minimum) with the high percentage of protein by adding soy flour, and for the salt, its percentage in all samples is in accordance with the specification ( 2% maximum), as for Peroxide values showed a decrease in the proportion of soy flour. Sensory tests showed that all sensory properties improved by adding soybean meal in all mixtures, except for mixtures, where the proportion of soy meal 21%. The microbial tests showed that there were no pathogens, especially Salmonella and E. coli, and showed that the total population of air bacteria, yeasts and breakfast was within the limits of the Syrian standard. There was a decrease in the general bacterial count for the samples added to soybean meal compared with the witness , And there is a convergence of the general number of yeast and breakfast for the samples added to soy flour, which is within the natural area. The results also showed an increase in the profitability of the mortadella. This increase was achieved by increasing the added meal to 115.81 and 110.76% in the samples of mortadella with low fat and whole fat soya meal at 21%, respectively

Tomato crop is one of the most important vegetables crops as planting ,production and export , interests in developing its cultivation and production has increased throw many methods, the most important is agricultural technology using grafted seedlings. This research was based on the study of a farm of 5 greenhouses, planted with grafted seedlings, and others planted with regular seedlings , in the village of Rahbiah – Jablah , and was based on the average prices in 2010 . This research aims to achieve the following objectives : 1. Analysis of the production costs of Agricultural operations for the production of tomatoes crop. 2. The economic evaluation for the production of tomato with grafted seedlings The study showed that the net annual income per dunum was 80929 SP In the case of regular seedlings , and 258815 SP if grafted seedlings were used. The gross margin of one dunum per year was 120222 SP in the case of regular seedlings and 295158 SP, if grafted seedlings were used, The study also showed that the overall economic efficiency of the tomato production using regular seedlings and grafted seedings was 1.4 and 2,68 respectively.

The experiment was done to investigate the germination of seeds and embryos of Olea europaea “Alkhdery” in the Germination Laboratory- Faculty of Agriculture- Tishreen University during 2016-2017. The Study consisted of multiple experiments ,each of which consisted of many treatments . Every treatment had 3 replicates , where one had 10 seeds/embryos . The planting was performed on Agar medium 0.8%. The results showed that the ideal temperature for the germination of olive seeds was 13 c°. However , the rhythm of germination decreased when the temperature went beyond or below 13c° and stopped at 5c° and 25 c°. The ideal temperature for the germination of embryos was 13c° . However , many embryos germinate early at 20 or 25 c° with sharp decrease in the germination level . As for kernels the results showed that they couldn’t germinate at 13 c° due to their hard coats which stopped the entrance of water and oxygen. Also , the germination of seeds lagged behind that of the embryos due to the Endosperm coat which covered the embryos and stopped the passage of water and oxygen .In addition to that, it contained materials that crippled the germination process .

At this study, two species of genus Typha L. have been recorded, that they were: Typha domingensis Pers. and Typha angustifolia L. The two species we recorded for the first time in Lattakia. The morphological features were used to separate two species (measurement the spikes flowers and shapes, number of the hairs at the ovary, existence the bracteoles or absence, number of stamens and measurements, shapes of the scales and measurements). This study showed that: the pollen grains of the two species, they were very similarity, the pollen grains were rounded and they had an aperture. Also showed obvious difference in measurements the spikes male and female and difference in their shapes.

The study was conducted in the agricultural season 2016-2017 in the village of Dweir Raslan in Tartous governorate where three dates for planting (20 November - 10 December - 1 January) were used for three densities (60 - 70 - 90 plants / m 2 ) The experiment was designed in a split blok desing Where the planting dates once occupied the main pieces and the plant density occupied the dissected pieces to show the effect of planting dates and plant density on some phenotypic yields of white lupine plant and their effect on some productive crops (number of pods / plant - 100 g seed weight - seed yield kg / h) and percentage of protein in seeds. The results showed that the dates of the late dates (January 1) were superior to those of the rest of the studied dates in the bacurian form in flowering and maturity. The average number of days to reach flowering was 10.6% (46.6 days). The average number of days to reach maturity (158.3 days) The average date (November 20) in the number of pods per plant with an average of 10.5 horns / plant and the weight of the dry seeds in the unit area at an average of 2355.3 kg / e and the percentage of protein in seeds was 37.7% As for the plant density, the density exceeded 90 plants / m 2 in the primordial characteristics of flowers and maturity and surpassed plants For the density of 70 plants / m² in the weight of the seeds dry air in the unit area at an average of (2432 kg / e) superior in the productivity of seed in the unit area on the rest of the densities studied and also exceeded the density of 60 plants / m 2 in the number of pods / plant average (11.7 horn / Plant) and the weight of the 100 seeds with an average (32.11 g). As for the interaction between the dates of cultivation and plant density, there were significant differences between the averages of all studied exercises except protein.