Neonicotinoid baits are recently replacing anticholinesterase baits for adult house fly (Musca domestica L.) control. Recently, imidacloprid (IMI) and thiamethoxam (THIA) are widely used for the control of this pest. In this study both compounds were docked to elucidate their interactions with acetylcholine binding protein (AChBP). The feeding technique was used to evaluate the toxicity of tested insecticides to adult house flies. Bioassay experiments showed that the THIA was more toxic to adult house flies than IMI with LC50 values 7.27 and 21.08 ppm; respectively. The biochemical activities of acetylcholinesterase, ATPase, cytochrome P-450 and carboxylesterase were increased by insecticides treatment, while, the total protein content was reduced.

In the present study, fourteen species of tribe Aleocharnin belonging to two genera and five subgenera are recognized from Egypt. The first genus (Aleochara) includes twelve species belonging to five subgenera while the second one (Piochardia) contains only two species. Key to genera, subgenera and species accompanied with illustrations of taxonomic features and photos of available species are provided. Synonyms, diagnosis, bionomics and distribution of species are present.

Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) tomato leaf miner is a major pest of the Solanaceae family, this studs was carried out in the open field of three potato varities (Espunta, Mondial and Pliny) at Al-Bustan, Nubaria Western Delta in Egypt in two evergreen (winter and Summer) using pheromone traps as an indicator to infestation bythis pest. Also, the parasitoid Trichogramma evanscens (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was evaluated to suppressing the infestation as a biological control. Also, the relationship between the adult moth of T. absoluta and temperature o C and relative humidity RH% throw the winter and summer evergreens studied. The result indicated that the population of T. absoluta adult moth in pheromone traps increased in winter evergreen during October and November (19-22°C)and summer evergreenduring May and June (23o -26o C) in warm climates. The results revealed that Tr. evanscens gave a high significant in reducing the T. absoluta in open field and greatly exacerbates role of natural enemies.

Lufox interfered with the reproduction and development of Argas persicus when fed adult female and second nymphal instar were topically treated with a single dose (10 ul/tick) of Lufox at three different concentrations (10, 50, and 150 ppm). Generally, the effects of Lufox were dose- dependent, increased by increasing dose concentration, and temporally dependent on the physiological state of the treated tick. Lufox treatment of the adult female A. persicus at different periods of its reproductive cycle reduced fecundity and fertility of the female tick by decreasing the number and percent hatching of the deposited eggs, respectively. Lufox treatment prolonged the pre-oviposition, oviposition, and the egg incubation periods. The effects were most prominent when females were treated during vitellogenesis (3rd day after feeding). Lufox was toxic to A .persicus, induced mortality of the treated newly moulted fed second nymphal instar to reach 100% at 150 ppm. Application of Lufox prolonged the premoulting periods of the treated 2nd and the resulted 3rd nymphal instars, delayed, and reduced adult emergence. Also, Lufox treatment led to production of different deformities in legs and inability to shed exuvia of the resulted 3rd instar nymphs and an inhibition of adult emergence. The probable physiological bases of the observed effects of Lufox on adult female and nymphs were discussed.

A semi-field experiment was designed in order to assess the insecticidal activity of three new ryanodine receptor activators against the cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) during 2016 cabbage growing season. Second and forth instar larvae were offered treated cabbage leaves treated with the recommended dose of the tested compounds at 24-h, 48-h, 72-h, five days, seven days and nine days post spray. Results revealed that general pattern was observed for the formulations, where the toxicity is increased with increasing the time lapsed after treatment. Absolute mortality percentage was obtained at 72-h post exposure for all tested compounds in both 2nd and 4th instar larvae. In addition, results revealed that the detoxification enzymes activity increased compared to control. In conclusion, the ryanodine receptor activators represent a novel mode of insecticide action, have the most favorable toxicological and ecotoxicological profiles, these profile make this chemicals useful tool in IPM of S. littoralis, however, the resistance risk of cotton leafworm on these insecticides should not be overlook

Pyrethroids are the most commonly used insecticides in the vector control programs. This insecticide group is one of the common recommended groups by the World Health Organization (WHO) for mosquito control. Recently, Pyrethroid resistance had rapidly spread worldwide which had its consequences on the effectiveness of control programs and threats public health. In this study, selection of Pyrethroid resistance in field-collected population of Culex pipiens was monitored after exposed to 0.05% Lambda-cyhalothrin for multiple generations. Activities of three detoxification enzymes namely; Oxidases, Nonspecific Esterases and Glutathione-S-transferases (GST), that synchronized with the resistance development, were monitored. Enzyme activities showed proportional relationship to Pyrethroid resistance. The results presented in this study will elucidate the Pyrethroid resistance development and its relation to the metabolic mechanisms. This may explain the complexity of resistance mechanisms in vector management and help to mitigate control failure due to insecticide resistance.

Ecological notes and taxonomical revision of the species belonging to family Phytoptidae Murray were studied at four provinces (Qualiubiya, Giza, Behera, Sohag) during two years (2016-2017). The results showed that, three species (Oziella nilotica (Abou-Awad); Mackiella phoenicis Keifer; Retracus johnstoni Keifer) belonging to three genera and two tribes (Phytoptini, Murray, 1877; Mackiellini Newkirk & Keifer, 1971) were recorded and illustrated and arranged in taxonomical key. The mentioned species were varied in their occurrence rate according to different provinces and host plants.

The present study was conducted during 2014, 2105 and 2016 early summer seasons for potato ( kara, variety ) was performed under the field conditions , the experimental field was selected at a private farms at Shepa elnakaria village, Zagazig district and new Salhia, Hosinia district, Sharkia governorate. The present study aimed to study the impact of type soils (clay and sandy soil) on population density of P. operculella larvae infesting potato plants cultivated during 2014, 2015 and 2016 early summer seasons , evaluation infestation % to potato tubers and the effect of some climatic change on population density under field conditions. The statistical analysis of the total mean number of P. operculella larvae showed significant differentiation. The results show that the population density of P. operculella larvae was higher on sandy soil (518 individuals / 120 leaves) than the clay soil (332 individual / 120 leaves), These results revealed significant positive effects of maximum and minimum temperature and DP on population density of P. operculella during the first season 2014 in clay soil and sand soil . The combined effect (E.V) of these ecological factors on P. operculella showed that these factors were responsible as a group for 84 %, 15% and 35 % effects on the population density of P. operculella throughout seasons (2014, 2015 and 2016) in clay and sandy soil , also, these factors were responsible as a group for 72 %, 64% and 26 % effects on the population density.

This work was carried out in a private farm of vineyards orchard, at Zagazig district , Sharkia governorate, Egypt, during 2014, 2015 and 2016 seasons . The present study aim to study the effect of temperature , relative humidity and dew point on population dynamic of Cryptoblabes gnidiella picked by used sex pheromone traps under field condition . The results showed that average number of adults were increasing gradually from May,10 to August ,23 thenceforth decreased in period after August,23 to Dec.,6 at three seasons. Also, the results recorded 5th ,6th and 6th peaks during 2014, 2015 and 2016 seasons, respectively. Especially , 2014 season, the first peak recorded 4 adults at May,31, the second peak recorded 15.6 adults at July , 12 , the 3rd peak recorded 17.3 adults at August, 23, the 4th peak appear 13 adults at Sept.,20 and the 5th peak recorded 7.6 adults at Oct.,25 , respectively. The C. ginidiella adults collected from traps during 2015 season , recorded 6th peaks as follow , 10.3, 8.0, 10.33, 7.66, 9.66 and 12.66 during May,31 , Jun.,28, July, 19, August,23, Sept.,13 and Oct., 18 , respectively . On the other hand , the results during 2016, illustrate that there are highly significant correlation relationship between average number with DP, average number with air temperature, average number with (DP & RH) and average number with ( air temp with DP ) , but the relation is not significant between average number with RH alone , average number with ( air Temp. & RH) . The data illustrate that abiotic factors as ( RH, DP and temperature ) cause highly significant on average number of C. gnidielLa , the temperature affect on average number more than DP and RH.

The house fly, Musca domestica L. is considered as a notorious pest by medical, veterinary, and public health professionals worldwide. This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of different entomopathogenic nematode (EPNs) strains against the 3rd larval instar and pupal stage of the house fly. Two of them were native strains (Heterorhabditis indica and Steinernema carpocapsae) and the others were imported strains Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri. The results indicated that the mortality of all tested stages of M. domestica were significantly influenced by the infective juveniles (IJs) concentrations and the exposure time where the maximum mortality was recorded 72 hrs. post-treatment and the larvae were more susceptible to nematodes pathogenicity than the pupae. Also, the Heterorhabditis nematodes H. baceriophora and H. indica appeared to be more effective than the Steinernema species, and H. bacteriophora (Hb88) was the most promising strain in management of both larvae and pupae causing the lower LC50 and LC95 (320.4 and 1987IJs/ml) for larvae and (1414.6 and 2664.4 IJs/ml) for pupae, respectively.

The effect of azadirachtin on the development and mortality of the scuttle fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae) was investigated in the laboratory by using neem extract, Achook®, containing 0.15% azadirachtin. Different biological changes were recorded after treatment 1st larval instar with different concentrations of azadirachtin as larval mortality, pupation rate and adult emergence of. Azadirachtin-LC50 against the 1st instar larvae of M. scalaris was 13.79 mg/L. Exposing larvae to LC50 of azadirachtin caused many changes in the puparia such as having folded cuticle and swelling of the integument compared to control. Distortion of the anterior spiracle and papillae found on respiratory horns were also observed. The present study suggests that azadirachtin hampers the development rate of M. scalaris by reducing the insect population and causing several scanning electron microscopic changes in the puparia of the insect.