The objective of this study was to examine the correlation between the maternal antibody titers (MAT) on the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), as well as various hematological and biochemical parameters, in five groups of one-day-old chicks. Following hatching, a total of 150 chicks were acquired, with 30 chicks obtained from each line. These chicks were not vaccinated and were subsequently divided into five groups, namely T1 representing black (BK), T2 representing nicked neck (NK), T3 representing bard (BD), T4 representing brown (BN), and T5 representing white (WT). The outcomes were analyzed statistically among all groups (P < 0.05). The results showed an increase in MAT against NDV was highest in WT group (13.649), while the decrease was the lowest in BK group (7.731). BK and BN recorded superior value in GOT concentration (21.0, 19.0, respectively). Group 3 (BD) demonstrated the most significant enhancements in MAT against IBDV, with a value of 10.833. This was followed by BK, WT, BN, and NK, which recorded values of 7.429, 6.852, 5.395, and 2.781, respectively. However, the various groups showed no significant variations in blood composition, except for heterophil, which exhibited significant differences across all groups. The values of MAT that were obtained from BK, WT, and BN were considered to be the most optimal, with respective measurements of 16.0, 19.0, and 20.0. The results found in this study indicated that there was a potential for genetic lines to influence the properties of maternal antibodies against NDV, IBDV, and other hematological parameters.

Organoids are organ-like structures that replicate many of the features of a particular organ in vitro. Significant advancements in the development of three-dimensional (3D) culture systems for stem cell-derived organoids have been made in recent decades. These incredible 3D organoid constructs are a major technological advance that connects traditional 2D in vitro models and in vivo animal models. They offer a previously unheard-of chance to study the intricacies of veterinary diseases, from their etiology to prevention, treatment, or even potential organ replacement techniques. Organoids have demonstrated significant promise in both basic and clinical research as created cell-based models that replicate pertinent physiological structures and functions of interest. Here, I summarize a few applications in veterinary research: drug discovery and development studies, Biomarker research (as organoids can maintain the genomic profile of the parent tissue, drug screening can be used to provide connections between genetic mutations and drug responses, and precision medicine applications (often synonymous with genomics). and Biology of common and rare diseases (organoids have demonstrated significant utility in modeling and investigating both common and rare diseases arising from various different organs). In breeding programs, it would require a high-throughput, large-scale application of organoids and a low-cost organoid platform to allow standard-level, reproductive and accurate measurements of the in vitro performance of epithelial functions. Further, if tissues for deriving organoids could be obtained from biopsies from live animals, this would have the advantage that after in vitro phenotyping, the high merit animals are still available as breeding stock. Veterinary research places greater emphasis on infectious diseases, nutritional disorders and breeding. Given the wide variety of animal species, organoids therefore exhibit their special effectiveness because they can be customized from certain species and tissues to study veterinary-important disorders. The 3D structures can serve as effective models for disease research if they are assembled in vitro with a highly organized architecture. The widespread applications of murine and human organoid models have accelerated the development of various areas in veterinary medicine, such as developmental and stem cell biology, disease modeling and mechanism exploration, toxicology and drug screening. The present state of the art or known achievements in veterinary disease modeling, which includes metabolic disorders, malignancies, and viral and inflammatory diseases. Although they are still in their early stages, organoid technology applications in veterinary disease modeling have a bright future. Mechanistic and novel therapeutic investigations of various enteropathogenic and wasting diseases can be performed, which could ultimately lead to improving the animal production. Investigations of host-pathogen interactions in zoonotic infectious diseases can improve public health through better understanding of the pathophysiology and potential discovery of new therapeutic strategies for the diseases.

Three hundred and fifty-seven (357) unsexed broiler chicks (Arbor Acer), that were one day old, were weighed and split into seven equal experimental groups, each with three replicates (17 chicks per replicate), to examine the effects of supplementing mixture enzymes of xylanase plus glucanase as natugrain® TS (NE) to broiler diets containing different levels of rice bran (RB) on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and carcass traits, as well as economic efficiency during the fattening period (42 days). The groups were arranged as follows: the first fed a control diet (NC) without RB and non-supplemented with NE and set as a negative control group, while the second and third were fed an NC diet plus 1.0 and 2.0 g NE/kg, respectively; the fourth and fifth contained 7.5% RB plus 1.0 and 2.0 g NE/kg, respectively, while the sixth and seventh groups were fed a diet containing 15.0% RB plus 1.0 and 2.0 g NE/kg, respectively, during the starter, grower and finisher periods. The obtained results showed that all studied growth traits were significantly (P<0.05) improved by feeding the RB diet as compared with the control. Nutrient digestion and feeding value were significantly lowered by using RB in broiler diet. Relative weights of both eviscerated carcass and total edible parts were significantly (P<0.05) improved by using RB in broiler diet at 40 days of age. Both net revenue and economic efficiency were significantly higher by feeding RB diet plus NE addition at 40 days of age. From the obtained results, feeding dietary rice bran (up to 15.0%) with a mixture of enzymes of xylanase and glucanase (1.0 or 2.0 g/kg diet) could be used to improve growth performance, carcass traits and nutrient digestibility coefficients, as well as economic efficiency for broiler chicks during the fattening period.

This case report highlights the clinical presentation, postmortem findings, and diagnostic evaluation of syngamosis and severe dehydration in two white storks (Ciconia ciconia). The storks, a male and female, introduced into a zoo four months prior, succumbed to parasitic tracheitis and dehydration. Necropsy and histopathology examinations were conducted while molecular parasite identification was carried out by using species-specific primers. Parasites found were cleaned with isotonic NaCl solution, preserved in 70% ethanol, and examined under microscopes. Intestinal scrapings were used to assess parasite egg burden, and various organ tissue samples were collected and sent for histopathological examination, including the trachea, lung, heart, liver, kidney, proventriculus, ventriculus (gizzard), small and large intestines, and bursa of Fabricius. Histopathological analysis was performed through paraffin embedding and staining with hematoxylin and eosin. Necropsy revealed dehydration, cachexia, parasitic tracheitis, nephrosis, and generalized hemorrhages. Histopathological examination confirmed subacute tracheitis with goblet cell hyperplasia, pulmonary hemorrhages, and renal damage. Molecular analysis identified Syngamus trachea via amplification of the 18S rRNA gene. This case report sheds light on the clinical presentation and pathological observation in white storks diagnosed with syngamosis and severe dehydration. The identification of parasitic tracheitis underscores the importance of considering parasitic infections in avian mortality investigations. Dehydration should also be addressed as a significant factor in assessing the health of captive birds.

Despite the exploration of pharmaceutical and natural liver-protecting drugs, the number of hepatotoxicity deaths continues to rise. Milk thistle flavonoids, silymarin, have been widely investigated and demonstrated liver disease protection. Poor solubility and absorption restrict silymarin bioavailability. Effervescent formulations may boost silymarin absorption by improving gastrointestinal solubility. Our study compared the effectiveness of silymarin effervescent formulation in protecting the liver from thioacetamide (TAA)-induced oxidative damage at both low and high doses. Study findings may have an implication on chemotherapy-induced off-target harmful oxidative insult. 24 adult male rats were separated into normal control, hepatotoxic (TAA) (100 mg/kg body weight), and TAA plus silymarin (50 and 100 mg/kg b.wt) groups. Serum liver enzyme, hepatic antioxidant, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory indicators were measured. The modest dose great bioavailability was shown by its potency being identical to the doubled dose. TAA caused hepatic injury, as evidenced by elevated liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and tissue levels of MDA, TLR4, TGFß1, TNF-a, IL-6, NF-?B, and p-NF?B. TAA also decreased tissue SOD, GSH, and HO-1 levels as well as Nrf2 level and expression. Increased gene expressions of Akt, PI3K, and TLR4 were observed. Silymarin antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions reduced hepatotoxicity via upregulating Nrf2/HO-1 and downregulating PI3K/Akt and TLR4/NF?B pathways. This study shows that effervescent silymarin formulation is a powerful bioavailable treatment for liver oxidative toxicity in chemotherapy-related toxicities.

Ionophores are naturally occurring polyether antibiotics that disrupt ion balance in bacterial cells by selectively transporting metal ions across lipid membranes, primarily affecting Gram-positive bacteria in the rumen. The use of ionophores as a feed additive in sustainable beef cattle production offers a promising and innovative solution to key challenges in livestock farming, such as enhancing feed efficiency, lowering methane emissions, and promoting animal health. However, their use is surrounded by several misconceptions, which can lead to confusion among consumers, policymakers, and even within the agricultural industry. This review aims to assess the advantages, disadvantages, and safety aspects of ionophore use in beef cattle production. Published literature related to ionophores in cattle diets and their effects was collected from PubMed, ScientificGate, Google Scholar, ResearchGate and Academia. Ionophores have been reported to reduce rumen disorders like bloat and acidosis. Ionophores reduce methane emissions by altering ruminal fermentation to favor propionate production over acetate and butyrate. Ionophores may exert varying effects depending on the animal, diet, and type and dose of ionophore administered. Studies suggest limited cross-resistance to medically important antibiotics. As ionophores are metabolized and excreted rapidly, it is expected to have minimal adverse effects on human health. Overall, ionophores are promising feed additives that may play a significant role in sustainable beef cattle production, offering producers the opportunity to improve profitability while reducing environmental risks.

Despite receiving great attention to the poultry industry in Iraq, it is still affected by various problems that have led to great economic losses. Including Staphylococcus aureus, which causes invasive diseases such as arthritis and septicemia, as well as food poisoning in humans. This study aimed to assess the levels of biosecurity measures in poultry farms by evaluating the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus contamination. in broiler farms located in different regions of Duhok, Nineveh and Erbil governorates, Iraq. A total of two hundred and thirty-four samples were collected fromTwenty-six poultry farms. The samples included swabs from chickens (skin swab), workers hands, ventilators, feeders, drinking water, chicken feed, bedding, soil and grass (26 samples each); furthermore, the biosecurity levels in the investigated broiler farms were assessed via response to a descriptive questionnaire during the period from September 2024 to December 2024. The samples were subjected to biochemical and molecular tests, and the questionnaire data were statistically analyzed. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 43.16% (101 out of 234) of the samples. The highest isolation rate was from workers hands, chicken (53.85%), while the lowest was from feeder and water (34.61%). According to this study, there were notable differences in the investigated farms biosecurity levels with an inverse relation to the occurrence of S. aureus. The lack of supporting evidence for the effectiveness of biosecurity measures to reduce the introduction and transmission of S. aureus in poultry farms in northern Iraq is a matter of concern and requires further studies on the sources of contamination and the mechanism of its spread and conducting sensitivity tests at regular intervals to determine the development of resistance to the antibiotics used.

Abattoirs and slaughter sites are integral to the food production cycle; hence, their environmental factors and hygiene status must be optimal to produce wholesome meat for human consumption. These facilities face numerous challenges, including poor waste disposal, inadequate hygiene and sanitary facilities, and the spread of infections. This study assessed the environmental conditions of abattoir and slaughter sites and the risk of zoonotic diseases in the Tamale Metropolis of Ghana. A cross-sectional descriptive research study was utilized to carry out this study. A total of 245 abattoir and slaughter site workers in the Tamale Metropolis were included in this study. Descriptive statistics and chi-square tests were used to compare the variables in this study, and statistical significance was computed at a p-value <0.05. The study found that dumping animal waste on the environment was the most practiced method of waste disposal at both the abattoir and slaughter sites. About 86.44% of respondents at the abattoir indicated adequate hygiene and sanitary facilities available compared to 26.47% at the slaughter sites (p-value <0.001). Toilet facilities were likelier to be present at the abattoir than at the slaughter sites (p-value < 0.001). The abattoir was more likely to have availability of portable water than the slaughter site (p-value < 0.001). Each worker had had at least an episode of zoonotic disease-related symptoms during their operations. Coughing (p-value=0.002) and vomiting (p-value=0.019) were more common among the abattoir workers than those at the slaughter sites. The study revealed generally poor animal waste disposal at both the abattoir and the slaughter sites. It also found that the slaughter sites had inadequate hygiene and sanitary facilities. There was a marginally higher occurrence of perceived zoonotic disease-related symptoms at the abattoir, particularly cough and vomiting, than at the slaughter site. This is attributed to the enclosed nature of the abattoir compared to the slaughter sites, which are open to the environment.

This study investigated the impact of Bacillus subtilis supplementation on lymphoid organ weights and antibody production in response to the Newcastle Disease Vaccine (NDV) in Ross 308 chicks. A total of 120 one-day-old chicks were divided into four groups with three replicates of 10 birds each, receiving different concentrations of Bacillus subtilis (Bs): Control (Bs-0), 0.05% (Bs-0.05), 0.10% (Bs-0.1), and 0.15% (Bs-0.15) for six weeks. Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis and Gumboro disease vaccines were administered in drinking water on days 3, 11 and 15 of age, respectively. Blood and serum samples were harvested on day 21 to assess antibody production against NDV and lymphoid organ weights on day 42. On day 21, the antibody titers against the NDV vaccine were significantly higher (P=0.05) in all chick groups supplemented with Bacillus subtilis compared to the control; the highest titer was observed in the Bs-0.15 group. By day 42, the final body weight (FBW) was significantly (P=0.01) higher in the supplemented group Bs-0.15 than in others. The supplemented group, Bs-0.05, showed a numerically higher FBW than Bs-0.1 and the control group. The absolute and relative weights of lymphoid organs (spleen, thymus and bursa of Fabricius) were significantly higher (P=0.01) in the supplemented groups than in the control. The highest organ weights were recorded in chicks receiving the highest concentration of Bacillus subtilis (Bs-0.15). These findings demonstrate that dietary supplementation with Bacillus subtilis at 0.15% enhances BW and the immune response and organ development associated with immunity in chicks. This supplementation level improves immune system health, bolsters disease resistance, and inspires and motivates further exploration of its potential utility in poultry nutrition strategies.

Subclinical mastitis is a costly disease for dairy cattle worldwide due to economic losses from reduced milk yield, veterinary costs, and premature culling; thus, regular screening is of paramount importance for early detection, prompt treatment, and effective control measures. This study was conducted to assess the possible risk factors and compare the efficiency of three indirect mastitis diagnostic tests for their ability to classify correctly under health status in individual cows. Seven hundred and forty-two milk samples from 186 lactating cows kept in six farms were screened for subclinical mastitis using Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), California Mastitis Test (CMT), and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The research revealed moderate overall prevalence (21.5%) of farm-level subclinical mastitis with high (65.2%) prevalence in farm B and low (10.7%) in farm F. Specific test-based results were 36.56%, 36.56% and 21.51% for SLT, CMT and SCC, respectively. There was a statistical difference (p=0.0001) between SCC and SLS and between SCC and CMT, but no significant differences (p=0.57) were observed between SLS and CMT. Quarter subclinical mastitis prevalence for SLS, CMT, and SCC was 16.85% (95% CI: 14.3-19.7), 15.77% (95% CI: 13.1-18.3), and 8.45% (95% CI: 6.4-10.5), respectively. Both SLS and CMT demonstrated strong sensitivity (100% and 90.48%) and specificity (90.72% and 91.16%) compared to the SCC test. Positive predictive values for SLS and CMT were 50% and 48.72%, respectively, whereas negative predictive values for SLS and CMT were 100% and 99.04%. Cohen’s Kappa of SLS was 0.62, while CMT showed 0.58. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for SLS and CMT was 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of SLS and CMT were 91.51 and 91.11, respectively. Based on the diagnostic efficiency of SLS in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and kappa index, it is suggested that SLS can be used as an alternative to CMT for animal-side subclinical mastitis diagnostic tests.

Subclinical mastitis is a costly disease for dairy cattle worldwide due to economic losses from reduced milk yield, veterinary costs, and premature culling; thus, regular screening is of paramount importance for early detection, prompt treatment, and effective control measures. This study was conducted to assess the possible risk factors and compare the efficiency of three indirect mastitis diagnostic tests for their ability to classify correctly under health status in individual cows. Seven hundred and forty-two milk samples from 186 lactating cows kept in six farms were screened for subclinical mastitis using Sodium Lauryl Sulfate (SLS), California Mastitis Test (CMT), and Somatic Cell Count (SCC). The research revealed moderate overall prevalence (21.5%) of farm-level subclinical mastitis with high (65.2%) prevalence in farm B and low (10.7%) in farm F. Specific test-based results were 36.56%, 36.56% and 21.51% for SLT, CMT and SCC, respectively. There was a statistical difference (p=0.0001) between SCC and SLS and between SCC and CMT, but no significant differences (p=0.57) were observed between SLS and CMT. Quarter subclinical mastitis prevalence for SLS, CMT, and SCC was 16.85% (95% CI: 14.3-19.7), 15.77% (95% CI: 13.1-18.3), and 8.45% (95% CI: 6.4-10.5), respectively. Both SLS and CMT demonstrated strong sensitivity (100% and 90.48%) and specificity (90.72% and 91.16%) compared to the SCC test. Positive predictive values for SLS and CMT were 50% and 48.72%, respectively, whereas negative predictive values for SLS and CMT were 100% and 99.04%. Cohen’s Kappa of SLS was 0.62, while CMT showed 0.58. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for SLS and CMT was 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The diagnostic accuracy of SLS and CMT were 91.51 and 91.11, respectively. Based on the diagnostic efficiency of SLS in terms of sensitivity, specificity, predictive values, and kappa index, it is suggested that SLS can be used as an alternative to CMT for animal-side subclinical mastitis diagnostic tests.

Microbial resistance (AMR) presents a serious hazard to the poultry sector, particularly concerning bacterial infections, as well as Food-borne microorganisms represent significant pathogens that impact food safety and contribute to human illness globally, primarily through the ingestion of food contaminated with these pathogens or their toxins, particularly in poultry products. Environmental contamination with various Salmonella serotypes is common in commercial laying hen farms and is a major concern for the global poultry industry. Understanding the interrelationships between these agents at the molecular level could help elucidate cross-resistance or co-resistance mechanisms, aiding in the design of effective intervention strategies. A total of 20 isolates of S.T. were obtained from poultry layer flocks. Approximately 80% of these isolates exhibited multidrug resistance (MDR). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth microdilution methods. We investigated the synergistic effects of various nanoparticles, including silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), chitosan nanoparticles (CH-NPs), and zeolite nanoparticles (ZE-NPs), on 15 antibiotic-resistant strains of S.T. The antibacterial properties of these nanoparticles, both individually and in combination with selected antibiotics and biocides, were assessed against the tested S.T. isolates. The findings indicated a significant enhancement in antibiotic efficacy when combined with all tested nanoparticles, with the exception of nalidixic acid, where synergy was observed only with ZnO-NPs. The incorporation of nanoparticles with antimicrobial agents may provide a strategy to combat antibiotic resistance and improve their effectiveness. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the antibacterial activity of nanoparticles combined with biocides against S. T compared to the use of antibiotics and biocides alone against S.T., attributed to a notable reduction in MIC50. It can be concluded that the application of nanoparticles as efflux pump inhibitors not only aids in restoring the bactericidal effects of existing antibiotics but also diminishes the capacity of microorganisms to develop biofilms.

Salmonella is a pathogen implicated in foodborne illnesses. Antibiotic resistance in Salmonella has emerged and is increasingly prevalent, posing a significant global problem. The current study aimed to study the antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation capacity of Salmonella spp. isolated from broiler chicken farms in Biskra, Algeria. Two hundred and seventy samples were collected from various sources within broiler chicken farms (fecal matter, cloacal swabs, surface swabs, reservoir water, and water from final dispenser lines). Conventional methods were used to isolate and identify Salmonella species and confirmed using API 20E test strips, and the disk diffusion method was used to perform a sensitivity test, in addition to the crystal violet microtiter plate method to assay the biofilm formation capacity of the isolates. 45 strains isolated with a prevalence of 16.66%. The result of the sensitivity test showed resistance against ampicillin, Ciprofloxacin and tetracycline at 97.78%, 95,56% and 91.11%, respectively. Meanwhile, the third-generation cephalosporins and cefadroxil showed moderate sensitivity. The results also showed a difference in the ability of the isolates to produce biofilms; most of them were weak, medium and non-productive biofilms at a rate of 55.56%, 37.78% and 6.67%, respectively. A negative correlation of a statistically significant relationship between antibiotic resistance and the capacity for biofilm formation in strains of Salmonella was observed. This study revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance of Salmonella strains isolated from broiler chicken farms, indicating the necessity for effective measures to ensure food safety in the poultry industry in Algeria.

Critical-sized bone defects (CSBDs) are a significant issue in reconstructive surgery, demanding the development of improved biomaterials to promote bone regeneration. Composite materials have emerged as attractive alternatives because of their ability to approximate native bone hierarchical structure while also providing specific mechanical and biological qualities. IN this narrative review, a complete discussion of material selection for composite construction including bio ceramics, polymers, and bioactive agents were summarized. this review determines the most recent fabrication techniques used in composite synthesis, such as solvent casting, electrospinning, freeze-drying, and 3D printing, focusing on their effects on structural integrity and bioactivity. Details of the most used composites were also summarized. Additionally, different bone healing assessment approaches were explored to determine the efficacy of these composites in promoting bone regeneration. Over all the composites containing biomaterials like natural bone, such as hydroxyapatite and collagen, are the most widely used composites, due to their excellent osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, and mechanical properties.Fabrication methods are tailored to the desired composite properties, electrospinning is the choice for the precise fabrication of nanofibrous composites with high surface area. While Sol-gel processing was used if high-purity, bioactive ceramic-polymer composites are required. Additionally freeze-drying method was used if a highly porous composite structure was required for rapid vascularization. Micro-CT is the most reliable technique for non-destructively analyzing the structure, degradation, and osseointegration of composites using high-resolution imaging. In conclusion Composites are expected to provide an effective long-term solution for CSBD and offer insight that may inform future human bone regeneration strategies and veterinary regenerative therapies.

Newcastle Disease (ND) poses a significant threat to poultry health and economic stability in Nigeria, with outbreaks affecting both smallholder and commercial farms. Despite vaccination efforts, the persistence of ND outbreaks is attributed to the genetic diversity of circulating Newcastle disease virus strains, which often differ from vaccine strains. This study investigated the occurrence and molecular characteristics of ND virus in chicken flocks within Ibadan between June and September 2024. A cross-sectional study was conducted by collecting samples from chickens that were tentatively diagnosed as ND at Poultry Diagnostic Centers in Ibadan. The presence of ND virus was confirmed through haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests, followed by molecular analysis using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) targeting the F-gene. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis assessed the relationship between detected strains and available vaccine strains. Out of 297 poultry cases submitted for diagnostic evaluation, 26 were suspected to be ND based on clinical signs and pathological findings, yielding an occurrence rate of 8.8%. Following haemagglutination and haemagglutination inhibition tests using ND-specific antiserum, 12 samples (4.04%) tested positive for ND virus. At the same time, PCR analysis confirmed the presence of the ND virus in 11 out of the 12 cases, with strains showing high genetic similarity to local field strains but notable variations from existing vaccine strains. The analysis indicated that the strains belonged to the avian paramyxovirus 1 lineage, with a sequence identity of 99.63% among them. The study highlights the need for ongoing molecular surveillance of ND virus in Nigeria to guide vaccination strategies considering the genetic diversity of circulating strains.

For the purpose of evaluating the harmful effect of di-methyl mercury, the well-known pollutant of the aquatic ecosystem, on liver and kidney of mammals with its both short- and long-term toxicity models, the goal was achieved by using twenty-four mature albino male rats, aged between 10 and 12 weeks, which were divided into 3 groups (8 rats for each). These included a control group, group 1 for chronic toxic effects (treated with a 2.5 mg/kg daily dose of di-methyl mercury for 30 days), and group 2 for acute toxic effects (treated with a 5 mg/kg daily dose of di-methyl mercury for 15 days). Four animals of each group were euthanized, and the others were kept to be sacrificed after 30 days as a recovery period. The sections were prepared from liver and kidneys, stained and examined to record and to grade the intensity of histopathological changes. Liver sections elucidated mild to moderate pathological changes in both treated groups, including vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, foci of coagulative necrosis, and inflammatory cell deposition mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages in peri-portal and Peri-central and peri-sinusoidal areas. Also, the vascular reaction, as hyperemic portal arteries, congested sinusoids and central veins, was present with Kupffer cell proliferation. Cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis were observed in 2.5 and 5 mg methyl mercury-treated groups as a solitary case at the end of exposure or after the recovery period. The examination of the kidney sections explored adverse changes manifested by vascular congestion, cloudy swelling of the renal tubular epithelium, protein cast in the renal tubules, interstitial nephritis and multifocal hemorrhage at the cortex and medulla; these changes were apparent at both acute and chronic models of toxicity. It was clear that the recovery period was not enough to exclude or reverse the toxic effects of methyl mercury because the same changes were present at the end of the recovery period.

For the purpose of evaluating the harmful effect of di-methyl mercury, the well-known pollutant of the aquatic ecosystem, on liver and kidney of mammals with its both short- and long-term toxicity models, the goal was achieved by using twenty-four mature albino male rats, aged between 10 and 12 weeks, which were divided into 3 groups (8 rats for each). These included a control group, group 1 for chronic toxic effects (treated with a 2.5 mg/kg daily dose of di-methyl mercury for 30 days), and group 2 for acute toxic effects (treated with a 5 mg/kg daily dose of di-methyl mercury for 15 days). Four animals of each group were euthanized, and the others were kept to be sacrificed after 30 days as a recovery period. The sections were prepared from liver and kidneys, stained and examined to record and to grade the intensity of histopathological changes. Liver sections elucidated mild to moderate pathological changes in both treated groups, including vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, foci of coagulative necrosis, and inflammatory cell deposition mainly composed of lymphocytes, plasma cells and macrophages in peri-portal and Peri-central and peri-sinusoidal areas. Also, the vascular reaction, as hyperemic portal arteries, congested sinusoids and central veins, was present with Kupffer cell proliferation. Cholangitis or cholangiohepatitis were observed in 2.5 and 5 mg methyl mercury-treated groups as a solitary case at the end of exposure or after the recovery period. The examination of the kidney sections explored adverse changes manifested by vascular congestion, cloudy swelling of the renal tubular epithelium, protein cast in the renal tubules, interstitial nephritis and multifocal hemorrhage at the cortex and medulla; these changes were apparent at both acute and chronic models of toxicity. It was clear that the recovery period was not enough to exclude or reverse the toxic effects of methyl mercury because the same changes were present at the end of the recovery period.