Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is one of the most important viral diseases in Egypt and the main way for its control is sufficient vaccination. A vaccine that could improve early and long-lasting immunity by selecting the best adjuvants is the main target for veterinarians. In this study, different formulae from polyvalent inactivated FMD vaccine were prepared using different vegetable oils (Peanut oil, Olive oil, and Sunflower oil) supplemented with Ginseng saponin and compared with locally used Montanide ISA206 as alternative adjuvants. Evaluation of such formulae was carried out through the international quality control protocol for vaccine evaluation, vaccination of calves groups to follow up their cell-mediated immunity using lymphocytic proliferation assay and level determination of interleukine-6, interleukin12 by the fourth week post-vaccination. Humeral immune response was evaluated by recording serum neutralizing antibodies. Protective values by the 6th week. All the prepared vaccine formulae were found to be potent for vaccinated calves, except the Olive oil vaccine showed week performance. Our data suggest that Peanut oil and Sunflower oil supplemented with Ginseng saponin could be used as adjuvants in polyvalent FMD vaccine with comparable results to conventionally used mineral oil Montanide ISA206.

Yersinia enterocolitica is considered one of the most prevalent pathogens transmitted through milk and milk products. Therefore, we aimed to detect the prevalence of these bacteria in cheese and ice cream and study the influence of refrigeration and freezing on its growth patterns. A total of 80 samples of cheese and ice cream were collected from Assiut city, Egypt (40 samples each). The collected samples were examined for the isolation of Y. enterocolitica by the classical culture method and improved by the PCR technique. The incidence of Y. enterocolitica was 17.5 and 25.0 % in the examined cheese and ice cream samples by culture method, respectively, its prevalence in the tested cheese and ice cream samples basing on PCR were 7.5 and 15% since 42.8 and 60.0% of the isolated Y. enterocolotica were confirmed positive. Bio- typing and serotyping of the isolated strains revealed that 8 out of the confirmed strains were pathogenic ; Y. enterocolitica serotype O: 3 was the most prevalent strain, and all of the pathogenic strains carried the virulent ail gene. Nearly similar growth patterns of Y. enterocolitica were recorded during storage of cheese at 4 ± 2?C and 30 ± 2ºC and, a significant difference was observed in the 3rd week, the organism found to be survived for 18 weeks with a mean value of 7.4 ± 0.5 and 6.9 ± 0.16 log cfu/ g for cheese stored at 4 ± 2?C and 30 ± 2?C respectively. In the case of ice cream, there was a significant difference between the behavior of Y. enterocolitica during freezing storage at -6 ± 2?C and -18± 2ºC in the 2nd week, the mean value for the organism count on the 16th week was 5.3 ± 0.26 and 5.6 ± 0.39 log cfu/ g, respectively.

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is a small Gram-positive bacillus containing mycolic acid in the structure of the cell wall. The bacterium is responsible for Caseous Lymphadenitis (CLA) in small ruminants (sheep and goats). The bacteria are also responsible for Ulcerative Lymphangitis in equines. The disease causes great economic loss in the animal industry. This work aimed to check the ability of Quadruplex PCR (Q-PCR) for genotyping and identification of Egyptian isolates of C. pseudotuberculosis and sequence analysis of phospholipase D (PLD) gene of local isolates. Four of C. pseudotuberculosis local isolates previously biochemically identified were tested for narG gene (nitrate reductase gene). Both nitrate negative biovar (ovis) and nitrate positive biovar (equi) showed a positive result for 16S rRNA, rpoB and PLD genes of C. pseudotuberculosis species. The sequence analysis of our local isolates PLD gene revealed minor changes in PLD proteins between ovine and equine strains compared with other published PLD sequences in GenBank. It was concluded that the Q-PCR method is able to differentiate between C. pseudotuberculosis equi and ovis biovars. Also, the sequence of PLD gene of local isolates representing the two biovars revealed some variation, which leads to an accurate diagnosis of C. pseudotuberculosis biovars and generates a mapping of immerged local isolates. Further, the PCR and sequence of these isolates provide rapid and accurate genotyping, especially with hyperimmune serum unavailability.

This work was designed to provide high protective, long-lasting immunity against FMD by enhancing the immunogenicity of the trivalent FMD vaccine using carbomer as adjuvant using G. pigs as an alternative cheapest animal model for quality control testing of the prepared FMD vaccines formulae. Guinea pigs were chosen as experimental models to develop concepts and techniques to study the PD50 of FMD vaccines because of the similarities of clinical symptoms in these animals to those of swine and cattle to saving cost, three different formulae of inactivated trivalent FMD vaccine including serotypes O Pan Asia2, A Iran O5 and SAT2/EGY/2012 were prepared as formula 1- (50% carbomer to 50% antigen); formula 2 (50% Montanide ISA 206 to 50%antigen) and formula 3- (25% Montanide ISA 206 and 25% carbomer with 50 % antigen). All of such formulae were found to be free from foreign contaminants, safe and potent, showing no postvaccinal reactions and high protective levels of specific FMD antibodies in Guinea pigs. Each vaccine formula immunogenicity was determined by estimation of 50% Guinea pig protective dose (GPPD50) and monitoring of the humeral antibody response of vaccinated G. Pig groups. It was found that Montanide oils 206 with carbomer is the best vaccine formula, followed by Montanide oils 206 and finally carbomer which give early short-lasting immunity.

The present study was designed to investigate pumpkin seed oil effect on body weight, digestive enzymes activity, and the metabolic and antioxidant parameters of growing rabbits. This study was performed using two groups of 8-weeks old New Zealand White rabbits (NZW) (n=10/ each group). The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The animals were divided randomly to either the control group and fed on a basal diet (C) or the experimental with a basal diet supplemented with 5 g pumpkin seed oil/kg diet (P). Results revealed a significant increase in body weight, blood glucos levels, total lipids and total protein, and serum amylase activities, lipase, and protease. Significant improvements in the antioxidative parameters of rabbits were also observed. In conclusion, the benefits shown in this study support further research into the use of dietary supplementation with pumpkin oil for increasing productivity in growing rabbits.

In Egypt, few measures were introduced to improve the reproductive performance rin buffaloes and up to quite recently little efforts were made to improve their genetic potential. Although anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) is the most reliable endocrine marker in assessing the potential for fertility over the ages, there is no age-specific reference range for peripheral AMH levels in buffaloes. The present field study aimed to establish age-specific serum AMH concentrations in buffaloes and their relation to reproductive and productive longevity. The conceivable relationships between Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) concentrations with reproductive longevity and improve the buffalo’s productivity were investigated by examining pregnancy rates and early pregnancy loss in three different age groups of buffaloes. Group 1 (heifer 18-24 months, n =15), Group 2 (buffaloes 3-6 years, n = 15), and Group 3 (old buffaloes 6-10 years, n = 15) were synchronized and time fixed inseminated. A single blood sample per animal was taken during oestrus just before artificial insemination (AI), (Day 0) for the AMH analysis. The result revealed that highest serum AMH concentrations were in the heifer group (154.1 7 ± 12.62) pg/ml, P < 0.05) Moreover, AMH concentrations and conception rates decreased with age. The AMH concentrations were higher in the pregnant animals at day 30 than in the non-pregnant and pregnancy loss animals between day 30 and day 60 after AI in each group. To the best of our knowledge this study provides first-hand information on age-specific serum AMH levels in Egyptian buffaloes. In conclusion, the AMH concentration analysis could be consider a remarkable biomarker for reproductive and productive longevity in buffaloes.

Staphylococcus aureus represents a serious health hazard on both animals and humans. The main goal of the present work was to compare between S. aureus isolated from animal and human origin. This was achieved through studying the virulence, phenotypic characterization, genotypic testing of mecA gene, analysis the antibiotic resistance profile of the recovered S. aureus isolates. A total number of 165 samples were collected from clinical mastitic cows and sheep, pus from abscesses collected from septic wounds of infected animals, respectively. Moreover, blood, pus swabs from abscesses and septic wounds, and sputum samples were collected from diseased humans from Assiut Governorate, Egypt. The results revealed that incidence of S. aureus isolates recovered from the examined animal samples were 8.33%, 100% and 20%, per, while from human cases (blood, pus and sputum) were 16.67%, 53.49% and 75%, independently. Using Staphaurex kits, the prevalence of coagulase positive S. aureus from animal samples reached 8.33%, 100% and 20%, but from the diseased human cases were 16.67%, 53.49% and 75%, respectively. Antimicrobial Sensitivity Testing of the animal isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (15.79%), tetracycline (10.53%), clindamycin and erythromycin (10.53%), while the isolates were sensitive to gentamicin (100%), trimethoprim + sulfamethoxazole and vancomycin (94.74% for each). However, S. aureus human isolates were resistant to cefoxitin (75%) and tetracycline (78.57%) and sensitive to vancomycin (100%), ciprofloxacin (89.29%) and trimethoprim+ sulfamethoxazole (82.14%). Out of 47 identified S. aureus strains, 3 from animal isolates (15.79%) and 21 from human isolates (75%) proved to be methicillin-resistant (MRSA). Furthermore, one animal isolate (5.26%) and 12 human isolates (42.86%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). S. aureus isolates from animal and humans were subjected to genotypic characterization of mecA gene using PCR. All the animal and human isolates were positive for mecA gene with a percentage of 100%. The results of this study provide that from both animals and human samples; the isolation rate of S. aureus was greater than that of MRSA followed by MDR.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ivermectin (IVM) on the reproductive hormones and hemato-biochemical parameters of twenty apparently healthy ewes weighing 30-40 kg and 2-3 years old. Ewes were randomly divided into two groups (ten for each). The first group was left without treatment (control group), and the second was treated with the recommended therapeutic dose of IVM (0.2 mg/kg, S/C) one day after parturition (treated group). The study continued for three months. Blood samples were collected from the two groups at the 1st, 30th, 60th, and 90th days after IVM treatment. The current study revealed that IVM injection delayed estrous for up to 3 months (absence of estrous signs and no ovarian structures were observed by sonar examination). There was a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs) count, and packed cell volume (PCV), with a significant increase in total leukocytic count (TLC) at 30th and 60th days post-treatment (p.t.). In addition to a significant decreased at (P<0.05) in the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH) and concentrations of total antioxidants (TAC), copper (Cu), phosphorus (P), estradiol, triiodothyronine(T3), and tetraiodothyronine (T4) for up to 3 months. In contrast, a significant increase in concentrations of calcium (Ca), progesterone and cortisol, and activity of malondialdehyde (MDA), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzymes were recorded at 30th and 60th days p.t. It has been concluded that IVM delayed estrous in ewes for three months via disturbing the female reproductive hormones and the hemato-biochemical parameters. Therefore, it is recommended that IVM not be injected at least three months before the reproductive season.

The world is threatened by the lethal effects of Coronaviruses (CoVs) that associated with major respiratory disorders. The CoVs are large, enveloped, positive-stranded RNA and therefore, it is considered a complicated virus structure. The spike (S) is the major protein that exists in CoV’s structure regulates the viral access to the host using angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor for both severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and/or SARS-CoV initiates the animal/human disease and elevated immune responses. The receptor binding domain (RBD) in the S-proteins is essential for the CoVs-gene sequences; however the literature discussed CoV S-protein in relation to receptor-binding is little. Therefore, finding a natural antiviral to limit the spreading of CoVs is important. Herein, Immunoglobulin (Ig) Y is considered a kind of passive immunizations, represents 60% of the egg-yolk and can preventing many infectious diseases due to the particularities of IgY-molecule shape functional bioactivity to combat the pathogens. Comparing IgY to other Ig(s) antibodies, it makes the minimal animal stress, produces the lowest responses to mammalian factors. Besides, IgY is the most cost-effective extraction using the precipitation which is efficient protocol produce about (95% purity) of antibodies. We reported that IgY has a killing power to bacterial infections in broilers which beneficial to produce hygienic meat. Also, IgY-technology has a global application for treatment of viral infections and cancers. Interestingly, the anti-SARS CoV-2 single-chain fragments variable (scFv) IgY-antibodies can separate the virus from the host cell ACE2-and RBD-receptors. The expressed scFv-antibody can be assigned to be a specific-antigen binding for the potential neutralization which make a better understanding of the host-cycle range of SARS-CoV2 to adapt the ACE2 for the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, we concluded in this review that the IgY is promising to be a therapeutic target of a novel Coronaviruses disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic.

Mycotoxins are poisonous biomolecules produced as secondary metabolites by some fungal species, as they grow on various substrates under suitable growth conditions. Approximately, 83% of these deaths occur in East Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. It has been estimated that more than five billion people in developing countries are at risk of chronic exposure to aflatoxins, through contaminated foods/feeds Several studies revealed that A. flavus and A. parasiticus are of significant concern in poultry contamination, being the most common producers of aflatoxins. In the current study, a total of 120 samples of poultry feeds were collected from different localities of Beni-Suef Governorate. The samples were examined for the existence of Aspergillus species. Moreover, the capacity to produce aflatoxins by the Aspergillus flavus was determined. The results revealed that the most predominant Aspergillus isolates was A. flavus (n= 75; 62.5%) followed by A. niger (n= 31; 25.9%) and A. fumigatus (n= 19; 15.8%). Out of 75 A. flavus isolates, 43 strains (57.3%) produced aflatoxins. These results concluded the potential exists for the production of mycotoxins by the Aspergillus flavus. The present study was designed to investigate the existence of Aspergillus species in poultry feed as well as determining the capacity of Aspergillus flavus isolates to produce aflatoxins.

In the equestrian business, nutritional supplements are frequently utilized to enhance a horses reproductive performance. This study evaluated the effects of omega-3, either alone or combined with L-carnitine on semen quality, oxidative stress and the hormonal profile of the Arabian stallions. Twenty apparently normal Straight Egyptian Arabian stallions were enrolled in this study. These animals were divided randomly into four groups (five stallions each) and were fed diets that differed only in their additives. Group 1 served as a control group and was given a basal diet; group 2 (L-carnitine group) was given the control diet supplemented with 0.1% of L-carnitine HCl; group 3 (omega-3 fortified group) was given the control diet reformulated with linseed meal and linseed oil as the main source of omega-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)); and group 4 (omega-3 and L-carnitine HCl group) was given the reformulated diet with 0.1% of L-carnitine HCl and linseed cake meal and linseed oil. Evaluation of semen quality and assessment of antioxidant as well as hormonal status were conducted at days 0, 35 and 70 after dietary supplementation. The indices related to semen quality included sperm abnormalities, motility, and concentration. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GSH) levels were also measured. The measured hormones included triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), free thyroxine (FT4), testosterone, and cortisol. All data were statistically analyzed. The results showed statistically significant differences between the studied groups regarding sperm motility and concentration, with the highest values in group 4 (P<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups regarding sperm abnormalities, antioxidant status and hormonal profiles. (P>0.05). In conclusion, omega-3 combined with L-carnitine enhanced sperm motility and concentration in the Arabian stallions. However, this combination had no effects on the oxidative stress biomarkers and hormonal profile.

This study aimed to explore the effects of feeding strategy and the reproductive health of female dromedaries’ performance under hot climate. The study utilized 40 adult (6-18 yrs.) female camels. Based on the main two factors, the females were categorized into four groups: G1 (n=6) females grazing on rangeland plants and reproductively normal, G2 (n=4) females grazing on rangeland plants and reproductively abnormal, G3 (n=16) females reared in yards and mainly fed on concentrates and reproductively normal, and G4 (n=14) females reared in yards and fed on concentrates and reproductively abnormal. Blood samples were collected and plasma was separated for metabolic attribute (glucose, total protein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and hormone (insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), progesterone, and estradiol) determinations. Results revealed that provision of concentrates increased (P<0.05) insulin in both normally and abnormally reproductive females. IGF1 increased (P<0.05) in abnormal reproductive females fed on concentrates by 36.6% above that found in females grazing on natural pasture. Contrariwise, LH didn’t alter due to feeding strategy; however, it increased (P<0.05) due to reproductive disorders. FSH and estradiol didn’t differ among groups. Unlikely, regardless of feed strategy, progesterone increased (P<0.05) in normally and abnormally reproductive females. The effect of feeding concentration on serum glucose and lipid profiles revealed higher (P<0.05) levels in normally and abnormally reproductive females. Feeding concentrates revealed higher (P<0.05) activity of ALT than those grazed on pasture. On the contrary, neither feeding strategy nor reproductive status altered AST activity. In conclusion, feeding strategy and reproductive health have a great impact on the production and reproductive life of female camels. Rearing camels on rangeland pasture could be a healthy approach; however, it necessitates the supplementation of diets with grains or concentrate pellets.

Subclinical ketosis (SCK) is a metabolic disorder affecting dairy cows during early lactation, significantly impacting health and productivity. Data on its prevalence in Northern Algeria remain scarce. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of SCK in dairy cows, investigate alterations in milk composition, and develop a predictive model adapted to local farming conditions. A cross-sectional survey was conducted involving 164 cows from 15 herds. Milk ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) levels were measured using test strips (PortaBHB®), with a threshold of =100 µmol/L defining SCK. Milk components (fat, protein, lactose, and solids-not-fat [SNF]) were analyzed via Lactoscan. Physiological and nutritional parameters—including body condition score (BCS), lactation rank, and forage-to-concentrate ratio (F/C ratio)—were recorded and statistically analyzed. The results showed that SCK was very common, with 61.6% of cases occurring between 22 and 80 days in milk. Logistic regression identified low BCS (=3.0) and moderate F/C ratio (1.5–2.5) as significant risk factors, with odds ratios of 6.65 (p=0.001) and 3.40 (p=0.010). Ketotic cows had significantly reduced milk protein (3.11% vs. 3.20%, p=0.036), lactose (4.22% vs. 4.38%, p=0.017), and SNF (8.04% vs. 8.26%, p=0.026), indicative of metabolic disruption. A Random Forest model combining physiological and milk data predicted SCK with good accuracy (68%) and discrimination (AUC=0.77). These findings highlight a high SCK prevalence and metabolic milk alterations in Algerian dairy herds, supporting the model’s potential as a tool for early detection and improved herd management.

Toxoplasmosis, caused by Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii), is a significant infection, with occupational groups such as butchers at higher risk due to frequent exposure to raw meat. However, limited data exist on awareness and knowledge levels among Egyptian butchers. This study aimed to assess the awareness and knowledge of T. gondii infection among butchers in Mansoura, Egypt. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and September 2025 among 200 butchers recruited from various butcher shops and meat markets. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a pretested Arabic questionnaire that included sociodemographic characteristics, general knowledge of toxoplasmosis, and awareness of occupational risk factors. The participants mean age was 38.4±9.7 years, and only 48.0% of them had primary education only. Only 39% knew that they had ever heard of T. gondii, and only 15.5% correctly identified it as a parasitic infection. Few identified the transmission, with only 31% being able to identify raw meat handling as the cause. Among occupational hazards, only 34% could identify meat handling as a hazard, and 40.5% were aware of personal protective equipment and its role in prevention. Overall, 57.5% of the respondents had poor knowledge, 33.5% had moderate knowledge, and only 9% had good knowledge. Educational level was significantly associated with higher knowledge scores (p < .001). The findings indicate that butchers in Mansoura have limited awareness of T. gondii infection and related occupational risks. Targeted public health education and occupational safety programs are urgently needed to reduce infection risk and improve worker health outcomes.

Bovine fascioliasis is considered to be an economically important parasitic disease of cattle in Bangladesh. This study investigated its occurrence, related risk factors, and the efficiency of frequently used anthelmintic medications. The study was conducted from 11th July, 2024 to 15th January, 2025 in and around Dighalia Upazila, Khulna in Bangladesh. A total of 379 fecal samples were collected from the indigenous (Bos indicus) and crossbred cattle and tested by using the standard direct smear method at the Upazila Veterinary Hospital laboratory in Dighalia, Khulna. The overall prevalence was found to be 59.9% from 227 positive samples. Feeding practice, body condition, season, deworming history and types of anthelmintic drugs were found to have a significant association with fascioliasis (P<0.001). In contrast, when considering the relationship with sex, age and genotypes, it was observed that there was no significant association (P>0.05). Animals of poor body condition had a prevalence rate of 81.82%, followed by moderate (55.00%) and good (45.76%) body conditions. The study also showed that deworming significantly reduced the infection rates (40.00%) compared to non-dewormed cattle (72.93%). Furthermore, pasture-fed cattle had a higher prevalence rate (70.0%) compared to stall-fed (48.60%). Higher prevalence was observed in monsoon (76.00%), followed by late monsoon (62.12%) and winter seasons (40.98%). Drug efficacy varied. Triclabendazole was most effective (96.00%), followed by Nitroxynil (87.72%), Albendazole (66.67%), Fenbendazole (62.50%), and Levamisole (57.14%). This study highlights the vital necessity for effective management practices, including systematic deworming, enhanced feeding strategies, and the selective use of anthelmintic drugs to decrease veterinary expenses and control bovine fascioliasis in Bangladesh.

Skin loss represents a significant clinical and socioeconomic burden. To assess how effectively nano-hydroxyapatite particles promote wound healing. Twenty healthy male albino rats were used. A circular, 1 cm in diameter, full-thickness skin incision was created in their dorsal midline and not sutured. The rats were randomly divided into two groups: Control: Animals were subjected to a skin wound without treatment. Treated: animals received a skin wound, followed by topical application of 10% nano-hydroxyapatite ointment over the wound site twice daily along the study period. The skin tissue will be rapidly dissected out for histopathology. Immunohistochemical reactions were produced using specific antibodies to evaluate the expression of Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) in paraffin-embedded skin samples for target marker quantification. Topical hydroxyapatite (10%) ointment successfully lowers inflammation in rat skin wounds. At Day 7, it dramatically reduced the degree of inflammation in comparison to untreated wounds. By Day 14, the treated wounds inflammation has greatly decreased compared to Day 7, which is even earlier than the control group. After applying ointment, active granulation tissue remodeling and complete re-epithelialization were observed in treated wounds. The hydroxyapatite ointment significantly enhances PDGF expression early in the healing process. While it remains high in controls at day 14, it decreases to moderate levels in the hydroxyapatite-treated group by this later time point. It can be concluded that 10% nano-hydroxyapatite ointment has a significant effect on skin wound healing.

The productivity, health, and meat quality of broiler chickens are all directly impacted by their welfare. This study aimed to assess the welfare of these animals. It was conducted on several farms in the MSila region of Algeria. The methodology adopted is that of the Welfare Quality® protocol (2009): a questionnaire, observations, and handling of the animals were carried out in 19 farms in the high-potential poultry farming area of the wilaya of MSila, comprising 71 standard buildings used for broiler chicken farming. The indicators studied relate to good housing (cleanliness of plumage, litter quality, dust test, thermal comfort, and density), good health (plantar pad dermatitis, hock burns), and human-animal interaction (touch test). The results revealed that 63% of the buildings were traditional, with 78.9% of farmers using the Cobb 500 strain. The quality of the litter in the buildings was acceptable (nearly 60% of cases received a score of 1), meaning that it was dry and difficult to move. The average feather cleanliness index was 99.51%. Low stocking density (13.94 ± 8.75 birds per square meter) and low dust levels were observed in all buildings. Grade 1 or 2 skin lesions were observed on the footpads of all subjects in 20% of the buildings, with no grade 3 or 4 lesions observed. Burns on the hocks were either absent (score 0) or minimal (score 1 or 2) in 76% of the buildings. Overall, it can therefore be concluded that the welfare of broiler chickens on the farms visited was satisfactory.

A five-year-old Boerboel bitch was presented to the Veterinary Clinic of the K-9 Wing at the Nigerian Air Force Base Bauchi with complaints of discomfort while urinating and blood-tinged urine noticed three days prior to presentation. Upon clinical (physical) examination, vital parameters were 37.30°C, 92 beats/minute, and 19 cycles/minute for temperature, pulse, and respiratory rates, respectively. Other findings were rough haircoat, stranguria, dullness, dysuria, haematuria and slight loss of condition. A plain abdomino-pelvic survey radiograph revealed a round/oval and radio-opaque intracystic mass; hematology findings were 52% packed cell volume (PCV) and Hb concentration of 16.5 g/dL; urinalysis presented results of 5.0 pH, proteinuria, glucosuria, and the presence of bilirubin, ascorbic acid and nitrite. Also, gram-positive cocci (in chains) were isolated from the urine after 24 hours of incubation at 37°C, which were highly sensitive to erythromycin, gentamicin, Septrin, and pefloxacin and moderately sensitive to ciprofloxacin and Rocephine based on the sensitivity/susceptibility test results. From these findings, the condition was adjudged and diagnosed to be cystolithiasis. Medical intervention was deployed using Mist-potassium citrate (alkalinizing agent), gentamicin and dietary adjustments for about 3-4 weeks without any significant progress. A surgical approach was then recommended as the final and most reliable option to relieve the patient’s suffering. With the owner consenting to the clinician’s decision and recommendation, the dog was treated to full recovery after a successful cystolithotomy procedure. A large, dirty-white, round, hard cystolith measuring 4.5 cm in diameter was extracted. Post-operative management using antibiotics, analgesics and wound dressing resulted in marked improvement in the patient’s well-being, evidenced by cessation of all the presenting clinical signs.

Hydrogel is used to repair defective sites; it possesses powerful anti-inflammatory, regenerative and antimicrobial properties. This study was submitted to check the effectiveness of local applications of derived hydrogel derived from the bovine Achilles tendon on regeneration of a defective bladder. Twelve dogs were chosen randomly into two equal groups. First, a control, a five cm full-thickness incision was performed at the dorsal surface of the bladder, closed by two layers of continuous inverting technique. Clinical, gross and laparoscopic investigations were evaluated around 15 days post treatment (PT); the histopathological and immunohistochemistry changes were evaluated around 7,15,30 days (PT). The results exhibited that all the experimental animals were active and healthy, there were no severe consequences, and there was normal voiding of urine and water consumption. At two weeks, the macroscopic picture demonstrated severe adhesion between the site of operation and viscera in the control group, whereas there was no adhesion in the hydrogel group. Laparoscopically, in the control group, there was severe adhesion between the bladder and viscera, whereas there was no adhesion in the treatment group and no intraoperative fluid or urine leakage at two weeks. Histopathological changes for four weeks in the hydrogel group demonstrated the presence of mature fibrous connective tissue with mature capillaries and remnants of the Vicryl suture material. Expression of collagen III in the control indicated a score of 1 expression at 7 days as compared to the hydrogel group, which had a score of 3 expression. Vascular endothelium growth factor (VEGF) expression in the control group at 7 days demonstrated a score of 1 as compared to the hydrogel group, which demonstrated a positive score of 3 expression. We concluded that a hydrogel extracted from the bovine tendon is a promising bioactive agent that contributed to the regenerative process of the defective bladder defect in the dog without adverse immune reaction.

Mastitis caused by Escherichia coli remains a significant health and productivity problem in the Indonesian dairy goat sector, and increasing concerns regarding antimicrobial resistance (AMR) have prompted the search for non-antibiotic alternatives to conventional treatments. This study conducted a preliminary evaluation of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY), a natural antibody derived from chicken egg yolks, as a potential supportive agent against E. coli-associated mastitis. Chickens were immunized with heat-inactivated E. coli ATCC 25922 to generate specific IgY, which was subsequently purified using the caprylic acid method. IgY concentration and purity were determined spectrophotometrically, providing a reliable measurement of the antibody yield. Antibacterial activity was assessed using two in vitro approaches: a Growth Inhibition Assay on solid media and a Total Plate Count (TPC) test in liquid culture. The highest IgY concentration obtained was 80.54 mg/mL on Day 40. At a 4 mL dose, IgY produced an inhibition zone of 9.67 mm, whereas the amoxicillin control produced 18.67 mm. Although the inhibition remained below standard interpretive thresholds, indicating limited activity in the diffusion-based assay, the TPC test revealed a partial reduction in bacterial load at the same dose, suggesting that higher IgY concentrations may be required to achieve consistent functional effects in broth cultures. Overall, these findings confirm that IgY possesses measurable in vitro antibacterial activity against E. coli and demonstrate its potential as a safe, sustainable, and residue-free complementary approach for mastitis management. Further research involving clinical mastitis isolates, antimicrobial-resistant strains, and standardized MIC determination is warranted to establish its broader therapeutic applicability and guide future in vivo studies.

Canine leishmaniasis (Can) is an important zoonotic vector-borne disease caused mainly by Leishmania infantum (L. infantum) and transmitted by phlebotomine sandflies. The disease remains a major veterinary and public health concern worldwide, particularly in tropical, subtropical, and Mediterranean regions. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of CanL by integrating historical perspectives with current knowledge on its etiology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and control strategies. Evidence from historical and paleopathological records indicates that leishmaniasis has affected humans and animals since ancient civilizations, while contemporary data demonstrate its continued spread and re-emergence, driven by factors such as climate change, urbanization, and increased movement of animals. Clinically, CanL presents a wide spectrum ranging from asymptomatic infection to severe systemic disease, complicating diagnosis and management. Advances in parasitological, serological, and molecular diagnostic methods have improved detection; however, limitations in sensitivity, specificity, and interpretation remain. Current treatment plans can help with clinical signs and lower the number of parasites, but they rarely lead to a complete cure, and relapse is still a common problem. Prevention and control rely on integrated approaches, including vector control, vaccination, early diagnosis, and proper case management. In Iraq and other endemic regions, the high prevalence of infection in dogs highlights their central role as reservoirs and emphasizes the need for One Health–based strategies. Overall, this review underscores the importance of multidisciplinary and coordinated efforts to reduce the veterinary and public health impact of CanL.

Infectious bursal disease has a significant impact on the worldwide poultry industry. In addition to the high mortality it causes, it induces immunosuppression in infected chicks. This study explored the potential of dietary Hibiscus sabdariffa (H. sabdariffa) supplementation as an immunostimulant substance to enhance the response of broiler chickens to the Gumboro vaccination and its assessment of growth performance. In our experimental study, forty-eight one-day-old Rose-380 chicks were allocated in four groups, 12 chicks per group: a negative control group kept without any treatment, a positive control group that received only the vaccine, and two supplemented groups with 0.1% and 0.2% H. sabdariffa. Birds were vaccinated once orally at 13 days old against Gumboro disease, and blood samples were collected and antibody titers were measured over four weeks post-vaccination. The body weight of chickens was measured at one day and 21 and 45 days old. The histopathological results indicated that H. sabdariffa supplementation at the dose of 0.1% provided partial tissue protection (liver, bursa of Fabricius, and the intestine), while at the dose of 0.2% it protected the tissues from vaccine-induced damages. The ELISA findings observed that the supplemented group (0.2%) of H. sabdariffa reached a higher antibody titer level in comparison to the other supplemented group (0.1%) and positive control group; however, this increase was not statistically significant at p=0.05. The similar pattern was illustrated in body weight gain, in which the supplemented group (0.2%) was superior to other groups with a significant feed conversion ratio at p=0.05 level. These findings focus on the effective role of H. sabdariffa as an immunostimulant agent, protective efficacy from vaccine-induced tissue damage and also enhanced growth performance in broilers making H. sabdariffa an important phytochemical additive to the poultry diet.

This work aims to create three-dimensional (3D) models representing the anatomical configuration of the domestic cat head by using the prepared slides of the cross-sections at sequential levels and correlated images of a computed tomography (CT) scan. In the current study, we used ten mature domestic cats of both sexes with an average age varying between two and seven years and body weight ranging between 3.5 and 4.5 kg. Five of these cadavers were sectioned by a regular band saw at equal intervals of 1 cm and examined in a frozen formalized state, while the remaining five cats were used for CT and 3D reconstruction after scanning the heads from the level of the nostril’s tip rostrally to the atlantooccipital articulation caudally with a high-resolution diagnostic helical CT scanner. The images of the seven sections were selected, labelled, and thoroughly described, providing adequate anatomical information. These sections were matched as closely as possible with the visible structures of the corresponding CT images and 3D models. The limitations of CT scans were decreased capabilities of detecting small structures, such as the nasal conchae and the brain vasculature. The prepared cross sections, CT scans, and 3D models could provide a useful platform for teaching and clinical interpretation of the pathological conditions affecting the head region.