This study aimed to investigate the complementary association between Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) and Neospora caninum (NC) in the induction of abortion in cattle. The study was carried out on 116 serum samples collected from 116 aborted cows in different Egyptian localities. All blood samples were immediately transported to the diagnostic laboratory. Serum was harvested after centrifugation at 1500×g for 10 min. All sera were divided equally into two microtubes and stored at -20 °C until laboratory testing. Double antibody sandwich immunoenzymatic assay (DS.ELISA) is used for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) p80/p125 antigen detection and Anti-Neospora caninum (NC) antibodies were detected using an indirect ELISA. Our results cleared that the incidences of BVDV and NC among examined cow serum samples were 66 (56.9 %), where the incidences of BVDV and NC were 31 (26.72 %) and 35 (30.17 %), respectively. There were 18 (27.3 %) samples that showed mixed infection BVDV and NC incidences among examined cattle serum samples. The study concluded that the prevalence of BVDV and NC are high and widely spread in cattle farms in Egypt. There is a pronounced association between BVDV and NC and concurrent infection in cattle farms in Egypt. So we should coordinate surveillance and control programs on abortifacient pathogens (BVDV and NC) should be developed and implemented, which would reduce the losses associated with these diseases in cattle farms.

This study aims to evaluate the healing effect of topical Apigenin cream 2% in the skin of rabbits. Twenty Four healthy Newzealand adult male rabbits approximately at the same age were involved in this study. All animals were anesthetized using a mixture of 40 mg/kg ketamine injection and xylazine 4 mg/kg intramuscularly. The skin of the dorsum area of each rabbit was shaved; then, three incisions (1cm in length) were made. Wounds were left without suturing to heal by secondary intention healing, and each animal had three wounds (wounds divided into three groups according to the type of treatment): one treated with Apigenin cream twice a day, the other with cold cream twice a day, and the third wound was left untreated. The application of cream was repeated daily; the wound size and the ratio of wound contraction were assessed at the first, fourth, and seventh days of study. The results revealed that the group treated with apigenin showed significantly better wound healing capacity in the skin of rabbits; wound size and wound contraction ratio was superior in the Apigenin group compared to control positive and negative groups. It can be concluded that apigenin cream has beneficial value for improving the wound healing potential of skin in rabbits.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic melatonin on wound healing after tooth extraction. This study was conducted on twenty healthy adult male New Zealand albino rabbits. Tooth extraction was done on all rabbits, and then animals were divided into two major groups. Control group (n=10): received no treatment. Melatonin treated group (n=10): received melatonin orally (1mg\kg) dissolved in distilled water; gave it to the rabbits once daily for a determined period. On days seventh and fourteenth, all animals in each group were sacrificed. The wound area site undergoes histological examination to compare the healing among the control group and melatonin treated0group. The present study demonstrated that melatonin treated group found to accelerate wound healing manifested by a score of angiogenesis (1.6 ± 0.54), granulation tissue (2 ± 0.70) and reepithelization (1.2 ± 0.44) while a decrease in inflammatory cells (0 ± 0.00) in comparison to control group at 7th and (2 ± 0.70),( 2.2 ± 0.44),(2.6 ± 0.54) respectively and decrease in inflammation(0 ± 0.00) at the 14th day. In this study, we found that systemic melatonin accelerates socket wound healing after tooth extraction.

Our study aimed to investigate the systemic and topical effect of xylitol on the bone Alkaline Phosphatase and the bone mineral density in rabbits at the healing site in femur bone postoperatively. Twenty-four healthy white male, New Zealand rabbits, will be taken from the same species; the same age, Weight, and circumstance were chosen in this study. The Weight ranges from (1.3- 1.8) Kg and aged (6-8) months were used in this study ). All animals were submitted to operation in the femur bone region. The groove of 2mm diameter was drilled in the femur bone by using the heavy-duty dental engine. After the operation, the rabbits were randomly divided into three groups (8 rabbits/group); each group was subdivided into 2 experimental periods (14,28 days) four rabbits for each period as follows: Control group, n=8 (the hole was not filled by anything), locally treated group n=8 (xylitol powder was applied and condensed well in the hole) and systemically treated group n=8 (the hole was not filled by anything but the rabbits received orally of 1mg/kg of xylitol. Bone alkaline phosphates and radiological analysis were measured after 14 and 28 days, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between all groups (control and treated). Biochemical analysis for bone alkaline phosphatase showed a significant increase in bone Alkaline Phosphatase in the systemically treated group compared with the control one. The estimated bone healing by measuring the diameter of bone defect showed a highly significant difference in diameter in the bone defect at day 14 between the control group (36.0±0.05) in comparison with the treated local group and systemic treated group (39± 0.78) and (25± 0.90) respectively. Also, we found a significant difference between the local treated group (39± 0.78) and systemic treated group (25± 0.90) in diameter. Still, on day 28, there was no significant difference between the control group (28.0±0.55) and the local treated group in diameter in the bone defects. There were significant differences between the control and the local treated groups compared with the systemic treated group (24.0 ± 0.23) at p =0.05. This study concluded that xylitol was accelerating bone healing when used topically and systemically, and this was indicated by increasing the bone alkaline phosphates and bone mineral density in densitometric analysis.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of melatonin on primary wound healing of the oral mucosa in rats. Thirty healthy male albino rats were used in this study, almost at the same weight, age, and circumstance. All animals were submitted to operation in the buccal mucosal region. Each animal was given a mixture of xylazine and Ketamine hydrochloride Intraperitoneal (I.P.). After about 5 minutes, anesthetic integrity was checked by testing rats reflexes. After complete anesthesia, each animal was laid down on the dorsal recumbency, via intraoral approach, a full-thickness soft tissue incision 0.5cm length in the right buccal mucosa. The incision was closed by a single simple interrupted stitch using a 5/0 silk suture to heal by primary intention. The animals were randomly divided into two main groups: control group (n=15) and melatonin (n=15)group, which receives melatonin (10 mg/kg/daily) solution orally, then each main group were subdivided into three subgroups (each group 5 rats ) according to the time of sacrifice 3rd,7th and 9th days after surgery respectively. Biopsies were taken from the site of operation and examined by three histopathologists. The statistical analysis showed significant differences in the inflammatory response between the melatonin-treated and control group at all periods of healing. There were significant differences in granulation tissue formation between the melatonin-treated and control groups at the 7th and 9th day healing times. Also, a significant difference existed in reepithelialization between the melatonin-treated and control groups at the 9th day periods of healing. This study concluded that the melatonin appeared good healing accelerator of oral soft tissue healing in rats .

This study aims to evaluate the effect of the topical application of hyaluronic acid cream 0.2% in the skin wound healing in rabbits. Thirty two healthy New Zealand adult male rabbits approximately at the same age and weight were involved in this study; all animals were anaesthetized using a 40 mg/kg ketamine and xylazine 4 mg/kg injection intramuscularly. The skin of the dorsum area of each rabbit was aseptically prepared and then two incisions (1cm in length) were made on the skin. Wounds were left without suturing to heal by secondary intention healing. Each animal had two wounds (wounds divided into two groups according to the type of treatment): one treated with hyaluronic acid cream twice a day, the second wound was left untreated. The application of the cream was repeated daily. Rabbits were divided into 4 groups according to sacrifice days; every eight rabbits were sacrificed in days 1st, 3rd, 7th, and 14th days, biopsies were taken and sent for histological assessment. Group treated with hyaluronic acid showed significant improvement in wound healing capacity in the skin of rabbits; granulation tissue formation and re-epithelialization were significantly improved in the hyaluronic acid group compared with the control group in the 3rd and 7th days. Also, Re-epithelialization in the hyaluronic acid group was better on the 14th day of this study compared with the control group. Hyaluronic acid cream increases the rate of wound healing in the skin of rabbits.

The present work evaluated the mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) as a promising adjuvant in preparation of inactivated avian influenza H9N2 vaccine in chicken. Two inactivated vaccine formulae were prepared by using Montanide™ ISA 71 VG and MSNs as adjuvants. Both vaccine formulae were found to be sterile and safe from local or systemic post-vaccinal reactions. Regarding the vaccine potency, it was found that antibody titer against H9N2 strain was detected in chickens of the group (2) that received the inactivated H9N2 vaccine with MSNs adjuvant and the highest antibody titer (9.6 log2) was detected early at both 2nd and 3rd-week post-vaccination using haemagglutination inhibition test. On the other hand, the antibody titer against the H9N2 virus in chickens of group (1) vaccinated with the inactivated H9N2 vaccine adjuvanted with Montanide ISA 71 was (5.3 log2 and 8.6 log2) at 2nd and 3rd-week post-vaccination respectively and reached its maximum value at 4th-week post-vaccination (9.0 log2). The results of viral shedding in group (1) vaccinated by Montanide ISA 71 H9N2 vaccine showed only virus shedding of 9.3 × 102 EID50 and Ct value of 35.53 2nd day post-challenge (DPC) using Real-time RT-PCR. While in group (2) received MSNs and H9N2 vaccine detected no virus shedding at 2nd DPC, later viral shedding was detected at a rate of 2.4×102 (Ct value of 24,24) and 4.2×102 (Ct value of 26.77) at 4th and 6th DPC respectively in comparison with the control unvaccinated group (3) that had the highest virus shedding value ranged from 3.5×107 (Ct value of 20.34) at 2nd DPC to 3.08×106 (Ct value of 23.92) at 6th DPC. The present work proved the efficacy of silica nanoparticles as a possible adjuvant for inactivated Avian Influenza H9N2 vaccine.

Evaluation of the humoral immune response against Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) in vaccinated and infected cattle is a very important issue for controlling it in Egypt. This study was conducted to evaluate and compare newly commercial ELISA kit and traditional virus neutralization test (VNT) using sheep pox virus (SPV) and Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) for monitoring the humeral response against LSDV. Sensitivity and specificity of VNT were higher in case of using LSDV (96% and 100%, respectively) than in case of using SPV (89.3% and 98.6%, respectively) while they were 98.6% and 97.3%, respectively in case using of commercial ELISA Kit, which detected the highest number of positive samples (n =76) and (70 %) followed by VNT using LSDV (n =72) and (67.5 %) and finally VNT using SPV (n =68) and (67.5 %) for tested 150 control and 200 field samples respectively. The agreement between VNT using SPV and ELISA was achieved in (67) and (123) positive, (73) and (58) negative control and field samples, respectively, with overall proportion agreement (Po) as 0.93 and 0.90 with Kappa index of 0.86, and 0.78 for control and field samples respectively, while in case of using LSDV the agreement between VNT and ELISA was achieved in (72) and (134) positive, (74) and (59) negative control and field samples with overall proportion agreement of 0.97 and 0.96 with a Kappa index of 0.94 and 0.90 for control and field-tested samples respectively. Using hyperimmune sera prepared against LSD, the highest dilution gave positive results in the commercial ELISA kit and VNT using LSDV was 1/128 while it was 1/64 using SPV. This study illustrated that the VNT using LSDV is the most specific serological test for detecting LSD antibodies rather than ELISA commercial kit and VNT using SPV. Still, the test is not as sensitive enough as the commercial ELISA kit which was the most sensitive test for detection of LSD antibodies in vaccinated and infected cattle.

In this study, the duration of immunity as well as maternally derived antibodies (MDA) induced by the innovated tissue culture pigeon pox vaccine (TC-PPV) were evaluated for the first time. It was found that the postvaccinal reaction was more prominent in pigeons vaccinated with egg-adapted PPV (EG-PPV) (100%) than in pigeons vaccinated with TC-PPV (88%). The duration of induced immunity was higher using EG-PPV (1 year with a peak of neutralizing antibodies index 3.25 while it was 2.75 using TC-PPV) after 1 month of vaccination. MDA in squabs of vaccinated dams with TC-PPV maintained the protective level of antibodies up to 3weeks post-hatching (WPH) with 100% protection against a challenge. In contrast, in squabs of vaccinates with EG-PPV, it remained up to 4 WPH with 90 % protection. Such antibody levels hinder the immune response to vaccination with TC-PPV resulting in vaccination failure with 40% protection for squabs of TC-PPV vaccinated dams at 3rd WPH and 60% protection for squabs of EG-PPV vaccinated dams at 4th WPH reflecting the successive vaccination at the 4th WPH and 5th WPH, respectively for hatched squabs with 80% protection in both groups while in squabs of unvaccinated dams; the vaccination with TC-PPV appears to be protective from 2nd WPH with 100% protection. In addition, this study recommends revaccination of pigeons with TC-PPV after 10 months and vaccination of their squabs not before 4 WPH to avoid vaccination failure by MDA.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of topical and systemic xylitol on osteoblast and osteoclast in the femoral bone of rabbits. Twenty-four healthy white male New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. The groove of 2mm diameter will be made on proximal to the femur bone was drilled by the heavy-duty dental engine. The rabbits were divided into three groups based on how the xylitol substance was applied; each group was then subdivided into two experimental periods (14,28 days), with four rabbits in each subgroup. Control groups received no xylitol therapy; locally treated groups received xylitol powder that was well condensed in the hole. Systemically treated groups received 1mg/kg of xylitol orally. After 14 days and 28 days, a histological investigation was performed to identify the number of osteoblasts and osteoclasts at the defect bone. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between all groups (control and treated). Histological analysis for osteoblast and osteoclast showed a significant increase in osteoblast and osteoclast in the treated groups compared to the control group. The systemically treated group shows better results than the local treated and control group. This study concluded that xylitol improved bone healing when used topically and systemically, evidenced by an increase in the number of osteoblast and osteoclast at the site of the femoral bone defect.