The current study aimed to evaluate six types of commercial disinfectants available in the local markets and the most commonly used at the farm level within poultry flocks in Egypt in terms of their ability to stop common microbial species (total aerobes, yeast, and mold) and their resistance through different methods of application (Low rate Spray, High rate Spray, Cold Fogging). It is utmost significant to remember that for the field trials ,all surface wastes and loose animate matter had been removed before disinfectant application. Method and rate of application are very important to obtain efficient disinfection process as well as complete destroying of pathogens or even minimizing the level to ensure the prevention of the infection. A study was carried out at faculty of veterinary medicine Cairo University, the disinfectants Formalin, QACs, Phenol, Virkon-S, Halamid, and Micro-Sept M were chosen. The results showed that: A) At low application rates, disinfectant treatments had no noticeable effect on total aerobic bacterial populations excluding Formalin and Virkon-S, where the decrease in log 10 was 2 and 1.7, respectively compared with the control group ). B) High application rates of selected disinfectants impacted and affect significantly the examined microorganisms. C) Cold fogging resulted in the greatest effect among other two above mentioned experiments on aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold populations. Concerning, mold: Fogging resulted in a significant effect of selected disinfectants.

Since thousands of years, herbal products were used for medical purposes in old cultures. The present trend to re-discover the medical potential of herbs started to grow with the general awareness of the medical hazards of several chemical pharmaceutical preparations. Similarly, for several decades, antibiotics, Coccidiostat and other chemical feed additives were massively used in animal husbandry. However, due to their negative impact on consumer health, they were banned in many countries. The present work discusses some natural alternative available for use in human and veterinary medical fields. The number of commercially available herbal products increases rapidly in the markets worldwide and are expected to overtake the number of pharmaceuticals of chemical origin in food sector in the future.

Canine distemper virus (CDV) affects both domestic dogs and wild animals, resulting in high rates of morbidity and mortality. The viral genome encodes six different proteins. Hemagglutinin (H) is the most variable one, being the basis for molecular phylogenetic analysis, and may lead to antibody recognition mismatch and vaccine failure. The study aimed to analyze the H gene of the CDV in field samples from naturally infected dogs in Brazil.24 urine samples and eye discharge swabs were collected from naturally infected dogs in endemic areas of Brazil. Viral ribonucleic acid (RNA) of collected samples was extracted, converted to cDNA and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). PCR amplicons of H gene were purified and sequenced for phylogenetic analysis. The protein sequences of the samples were subjected to a Genbank search and aligned with the amino acids sequence of the CDV vaccine strain, "Onderstepoort", to explore their similarity profiles. Sequencing of the fragments that represent the entire H gene sequence demonstrated five distinct isolates, two of them sequenced in full-length. The phylogenetic analysis of the isolates showed that they belong to the cluster of Europe/South America1, differing substantially from the currently used vaccine strains. Deduced amino acid sequence analyzed, showed that the specific substitutions at the SLAM receptor site of the H gene, previously linked to the emergence of diseases in new hosts, and were not detected in these sequences. However, the R580Q substitution detected in the isolated strain H_CDV_A5_PE (GenBank: MK423863) is considered imminently deleterious to the efficiency of fusion and expression of the surface of the binding protein. These findings demonstrate that the genetic variability identified in field strains of the distemper virus in endemic areas in Brazil shows genetic alterations that may lead to antibody mismatch.

Brucellosis is a highly contagious zoonotic disease with significant economic consequences. In the last 50 years, no brucellosis outbreak has been documented in Sierra Leone. In March 2021, Koinadugu District reported suspected cases of brucellosis in cattle. The study was aimed to confirm the diagnosis of disease, determine the magnitude of the outbreak, identify the sources of infection, and institute control measures. Brucellosis suspected case was any animal in the Koinadugu District with abortions, retention of placenta, stillbirth, the birth of weak offspring, or swelling of testicles, from February 21 to March 21, 2021. A confirmed case was any suspected case and laboratory positive for brucellosis. We interviewed livestock officials and animal owners, and reviewed clinical records to collect animals’ clinical characteristics, travel history, and immunization status. Blood samples from animals with suspected brucellosis were collected for laboratory confirmation by Rose Bengal Test (RBT). We conducted active case searches at veterinary clinics and in the affected communities to identify additional cases and assessed the animal flock environmental condition. Four Hundred (400) animals with suspected brucellosis had been reported, of which 150 were confirmed positive by RBT. All confirmed cases were female, where 135 (90%) between 1 and 2 years, and 15 (10%) were Heifers (12-14 months). Of the 150 confirmed cases, 100 (66%) were pregnant, among them, 25 (25%) were aborted. Almost half of the cases presented with vaginal discharge, retained placenta, and uterine infection. Three out of 50 cattle imported from Guinea died before being tested for brucellosis and no animals were vaccinated against brucellosis. No additional animal or human cases were reported. We observed that fetuses, aborted materials, and sick animal carcasses were left in open places for days before being disposed. Brucellosis outbreak was confirmed in Koinadugu District. Lack of vaccination might be responsible for the high infection rate. The source of the outbreak could be the introduction of infected animals from other farms. We distributed personal protective equipment and educated farmers about the safe disposing of aborted fetuses and placentas. We recommended enforcing the existing animal import regulations and also engaging in a nationwide vaccination campaign.

Resistant Staphylococcus (S.) aureus in general and MRSA, in particular, have received great attention in both veterinary and human health sectors. The importance of fecal carriage of staphylococci is rarely encountered. This study aimed to investigate the role of wild birds in Giza governorate, Egypt in spreading resistant S. aureus from winter 2019 to summer 2021. Cloacal swabs and fecal droppings were collected from different species of wild birds (rock pigeons, laughing doves, cattle egrets, and hooded crows). Isolation and identification of Staphylococcus spp. were performed using Columbia agar base with 5% defibrinated sheep blood and mannitol salt agar. Moreover, molecular detection of the coa, nuc, and mecA genes has been investigated via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Out of 166 fecal samples examined, staphylococci had been confirmed in 100 samples (60.2%), with S. aureus representing 70% of the obtained staphylococci; however, non-aureus staphylococci represented the remaining 30% of the isolates. The mecA gene carriage was (57.1%) in S. aureus. This study highlighted the zoonotic potential of staphylococci isolated from resident wild birds in Giza, Egypt. Presences of such pathogenic microorganisms with their resistance traits around and in the human habitat add to the microbial community present around human dwellings in the study area. They may play a role in the spreading of various illnesses.

Equine herpesvirus-1 (EHV-1) is endemic in many world areas, including Egypt with significant economic losses in the equine industry through causing a high fatality rate among foals associated with respiratory manifestations and abortion in pregnant mares. The present study conducted to investigate the isolation,, molecular characterization, and phylogeny of the circulating EHV-1 isolates among native breeds of horses in Giza governorate. A total of 72 samples (aborted foeti, fetal fluids, placenta, vaginal and nasal swabs) were inoculated into Vero cell culture. The DNA was extracted from the infected tissue culture and used for molecular identification by TaqMan real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), DNA amplification by conventional PCR, and DNA sequencing. The results showed successful isolation of 9 out of 72 tested samples (12.5%) after the third passage in Vero cells with a characteristic cytopathic effect for EHV-1. The obtained results were confirmed by qRT-PCR. The positive samples were subjected to conventional PCR to amplify 869 bp of the glycoprotein B gene. Sequencing and phylogenetic analysis revealed that EHV-1 isolates were closely related to each other and those previously isolated from Egypt and the European EHV-1 strains. In conclusion, the molecular characterization and phylogeny analysis of the circulating EHV-1 improve the understanding of virus epidemiology in Egypt and implicate good control measures.

The experiment was conducted to investigate the potential effects associated with dietary guanidinoacetic acid (GAA) supplementation and different stocking densities on behavioral patterns and welfare indicators of broiler chickens. In total, 364 Arbor-Acres one-day-old mixed-sex broiler chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments of 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design experiment (seven replicates each). The first treatment (T1): standard stocking density (SSD) reared under 10 birds/m2 without GAA supplements, treatment 2 (T2): SSD (10 birds /m2) with GAA supplements at the rate of 0.06% (600 g/ton feed), treatment 3 (T3): high stocking density (HSD) reared under 16 birds/m2 without GAA supplements, treatment 4 (T4): HSD (16 birds/m2) with 0.06 % GAA supplements. Scan sampling behavior observations were recorded through video recording cameras and welfare indices were measured using 3 levels scale score. Results of the current study showed a positive increase in foraging and comfort behavior in SSD, while an increase in standing and a decrease in sitting was observed in HSD. Furthermore, GAA resulted in raising foraging behavior in SSD, however, no effect was noted on standing, resting, and comfort behavior. Based on interaction analysis, a higher standing behavior was observed by GAA supplements in the HSD group. Regarding the footpad dermatitis (FPD) and hock burns score, HSD was reported to negatively affect leg health as it significantly increases FPD and hock burns score, however, neither GAA nor interaction between Stocking density x GAA had a significant effect on welfare indices. In conclusion, HSD had a negative impact on the behavior and welfare of broiler chickens as it showed adverse effects on leg health. However, the positive effects of GAA on some behavioral patterns were more pronounced in the SSD group than in the overcrowding conditions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate ways of displaying food products of animal origin in the markets of Mosul city, to assess the level of applying of food safety practices in these markets. The results of the study showed significant proportions of food products (red meat, chicken, dairy products, eggs) offered in the markets of Mosul city (right and left sides) at room temperature. As out of the 400 food products of animal origin that were audited, 151 are offered for sale at room temperature which constitute 37.8% of the total audited samples. While 32.8% of the audited food products were offered for sale at refrigerator temperature. As for freezing, it was limited to red and white meat only, as the percentage of these products was 29.4% of the total samples preserved in this way. As 89% of the table eggs displayed for sale in the markets of Mosul city were at room temperature. The percentage of white meat preserved and displayed in the markets was 87%, by freezing method. There were no significant differences between the markets of the left and right-side regions in terms of displaying or preserving food products of animal origin at room temperature, refrigeration or freezing (P > 0.05). The public health surveillance system can have benefit from these results by noting the weaknesses in the food safety practices application in the markets of Mosul city, Iraq.

The aim of this review was to demonstrate beneficial microorganisms in different areas of animal production, including large animals, poultry and fish. Microflora or beneficial microorganisms are well defined by several authors as "effective dietary supplement" which have beneficial effect on host health. Comparative studies were carried out on several species of animals administered . Beneficial Microorganisms (BM) active beneficial microorganism-had revealed a bundle of merits and advantages for the host as compared with the flora normally exist in the gastro-intestinal tract. The benefits include food supplementation as well as the protection of the lost against pathologic agent. Moreover, BM act as a biological factor in modulation microbiome of the digestive system as well as the adjustment of the reaction with the environment and to create a useful development of immunity response. The use of effective organisms is a useful strategy that has a clear impact on improvement of growth and increase feed conversion efficiency and body weight ratio and health parameters in animals.

Congenital malformations are structural and functional abnormalities that present at birth. Congenital head malformations were present in 231 (22 bovine and 209 buffalo) calves referred to Mansoura veterinary teaching hospital, beside private farm stations at Dakahleya Province, and during field training trips between October 2015 and December 2021. This survey was carried on for the awareness of scientists, veterinarians and animals owners. Diagnosis of those abnormalities was based on history and clinical examinations that were dependent upon visual inspection and surgical exploration. Those head malformations include: anophthalmia (0.43%), enophthalmos (0.43%), unilateral and bilateral strabismus (squint) (1.72%), heterochromia iridis (86.58%), conjunctival dermoid cyst (0.86%), cheiloschisis (harelip) (0.43%), campylognathia (curved jaw) (3%), absence of external ear (anotia) (0.43%), nasal dermoid (0.43%), double tongue (0.86%), hydrocephalus (0.86%), diprosopus (double face) (0.86%), cranioschisis (0.86%), cyclopia (0.43%). Buffalo calves were found with more congenital head malformations than bovine calves. In bovine, mixed breed calves have higher incidence of head malformations compared to native. Surgical treatment was carried out for cases affected with conjunctival dermoid cyst, nasal dermoid, double tongue, cranioschisis. Congenital anomalies which cannot be corrected surgically but the animal will survive in a normal condition were: campylognathia (curved jaw), strabismus, heterochromis iridis and anotia.

Helminthic infections are one of the most common problems that horses encounter, and they frequently result in poor body condition, which limits their work potential and efficiency. The present study was designed to investigate the prevalence, severity and predisposing factors (age, sex and breed) of gastrointestinal parasites of polo horses in Ibadan, Oyo state. Faecal samples were collected from a total of 56 polo horses in Ibadan. The samples were analysed for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites (GIPs) using sodium chloride flotation technique. Parasites were identified using standard method and faecal egg count was estimated using the modified McMaster technique. The egg per gram (EPG) of infected horses was classified as light (50-799 eggs), moderate (800-1200 eggs), and severe (over 1200 eggs). Information on age, sex and breed were documented to establish their association with faecal egg count. An overall prevalence of 92.9% GIPs was observed. Four GIPs comprising of three nematodes which are Strongylus spp, Strongyloides spp and Parascaris equorum and one protozoan Eimeria spp was seen. Strongylus spp (89.3.1%) and Strongloides spp (3.6%) occurred as single infection while a mixed infection of Strongylus spp with Parascaris equorum (1.8%); Strongylus spp with Strongyloides spp (1.8%), and Strongylus spp (1.8%) with Eimeria spp were also seen. There was no association between the prevalence/EPG and age, sex and breed of horses. However, there was higher occurrence and severe infection in adults, females and exotic breeds of horses. There is high prevalence of severe gastrointestinal parasite infection in polo horses in Ibadan which often occurred in some instances as mixed infections. There is need for improved veterinary care, investigation of the efficacy of available anthelminthics and susceptibility of parasites for improved horse health and optimal performance.

Spermatozoa undergo a significant transformation during the cryopreservation process, including oxidative stressors during dilution, cooling, equilibration, or freezing and thawing stages that postpone their motility and viability. When duck egg yolk is added to low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which has a considerable cryoprotective effect, the sperm is successfully protected from cold shock and the lipid-phase transition during the freeze-thaw process. The amino acid cysteine, on the other hand, functions as a precursor of intracellular glutathione (GSH). The purpose of the current study was to examine the effects of employing 10 percent LDL duck egg yolk, with or without cysteine, for Holstein bull spermatozoa and to use cryopreserved straws in fertility trials to verify the findings. According to experimental findings, 10mM cysteine applied to 10% LDL duck.