Ulcerative lymphangitis, a bacterial infection primarily caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis is an important infectious disease of horses and ruminants affecting the cutaneous lymphatic vessels. Differential diagnosis of ulcerative lymphangitis include epizootic lymphangitis, a fungal infection, sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix schenckii, pyoderma, and glanders. The aim of this study is to describe the successful management protocol of ulcerative lymphangitis in a stallion in Ibadan, Nigeria. A 12 year old Arewa stallion was presented in December 2019 with cutaneous lesions, ulcerated wounds, anorexia, and weight loss. The lesions were present around the limbs, chest, facial and abdominal regions. Based on case history, the client previously had a mare presenting similar conditions, and decided to manage the mare according to his knowledge. Due to the unresponsiveness of the mare to the protocol incorporated by the client, resulted in the death of the mare. Furthermore, the client reported that three months earlier, the stallion had previously been managed for cutaneous myiasis with forceful expulsion of worms from the skin and the administration of ivermectin. Based on clinical and laboratory examinations, the case was diagnosed as ulcerative lymphangitis. Therapeutic management protocol includes the use of levofloxacin, an antibiotic of the fluoroquinolone drug class, diclofenac, tetanus antitoxin, and supportive therapy. The management protocol proved successful, with the stallion recovering 3 weeks posttreatment.

Coliform pathogens, primarily E. coli, were discovered throughout the farm, causing environmental mastitis and can be shed from the udder into the milk; they are concerned about severe gastrointestinal disruption and potential enteropathogenic and/or toxic strains, posing a risk to public health. The objectives of this study were to identify the incidence and harmful serotypes of pathogenic Escherichia coli and some of their virulent genes, which were isolated from the collected milk of some dairy farms in the Delta region and Cairo-Alexandria desert road farms, in Egypt during one year using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique after bacteriological and serological identification as well as determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of the isolated strains. 150 milk samples in total were gathered (100 milk samples from bulk milk tanks and the other 50 samples from clinically mastitic dairy cows). According to our finding, the mean values of somatic cell count (SCC), standard plate count (SPC), and coliform count (CC) in the hundred bulk tank milk samples were 3.67 1.08×104/ml, 7.08×104± 6.25×104 cfu/ml and 3.04×102±1.43×102/ml, respectively. The bacteriological investigation exhibited that, the Escherichia coli incidences from bulk tank milk (BTM) and mastitic milk samples (MMS) were 12% and 18%, respectively. The detected E.coli serotypes including, O26, O44, O55:K99, O111, O119 and O157:H7 from MMS, while O1, O55, O78, O86, O124 and O158:H10 from BTM. Molecular virulence characterization of E.coli strains showed that, Shiga toxins 2 (stx2) gene is present in O157:H7, while the stx1 gene present in O26. The Intimin gene (eaeA) is involved in four strains, O44, O111, O119, and O157:H7. Positive amplification of a biofilm gene (adrA) appeared in all E.coli strains. The outcome of the antimicrobial susceptibility revealed high resistance to amoxicillin (85.71%), streptomycin (80.95%), ampicillin (71.43%), and flucloxacillin (61.90%). Meanwhile, the highest susceptibility was to ciprofloxacin (95.24%) followed by enrofloxacin (90.48%), neomycin (80.95%), and gentamycin (76.19%). Effective hygienic measurements are required to avoid toxigenic and pathogenic E.coli and more future studies should be performed to increase awareness in dairy farms.

To ascertain the effects of Elaeis guineensis oil on the haematological and water quality parameters of Clarias gariepinus to road transportation, experiments were conducted. Forty-two clinically healthy adult Clarias gariepinus, weighing an average of 450.46 ± 26.06 g and measuring an average total length of 38.23 ± 4.46 cm were utilized for the experiment and split into two groups. Elaeis guineensis oil was given to group I every day for one month and on the day of transportation, but not to group II. After transportation, the group packed cell volume and erythrocyte counts were significantly elevated (P < 0.05). In comparison to group II, the group total leucocyte count, neutrophil count, and stress index (neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio) were all considerably lower (P < 0.05). Following transportation, group II had significantly higher levels (P < 0.05) of nitrite, nitrate, and ammonia than group I. However, the dissolved oxygen level was significantly elevated in group I than in group II. As a result, it was determined that palm oil improved the various Clarias gariepinus haematological and water quality indicators. As a result, it can be beneficial to the fish to reduce the stress of transportation consequently mitigating the effect of stress leading to disease susceptibility and mortality of the fish.

Aspartame is a commonly employed artificial sweetener used by hyperglycemic patients and in food management. Its danger depends on the outcome of previous studies that revealed controversy. The purpose of this study was to look into the histopathological effects of aspartame on renal and hepatic organ tissues in laboratory albino rats. This study used thirty albino rats that were 3 to 4 months old and weighed between 250 and 325 g. They were divided into three groups (ten animals for each group); Group 1 was a control group (food and water ad-libitum). Groups 2 and 3 were treated with aspartame at doses of 40, 80 mg/kg, respectively. All the treatments were administered by using oral gavage once a day for 120 days after the end of the experiment, the organs were collected for histopathological examination. According to dose, results showed the histopathological changes were varied in both the liver and kidney as a result of aspartame administration compared to the control group. The results show that the toxic effects of aspartame in rats treated with 80 mg/kg are greater than those in rats treated with 40 mg/kg, this indicates that the aspartame needs a high dose to create pathological effects. The study concluded that aspartame became more hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic by increasing its dose.

In recent years, intensive selection has resulted in the development of metabolic diseases, including ascites, in chickens as a consequence of their genetic potential to grow rapidly. Many factors interact to cause ascites, including management practices, environmental conditions, and genetic makeup. In the modern broiler industry, ascites syndrome (AS), also called pulmonary hypertension syndrome (PHS), is regarded as the main reason for morbidity and mortality. Current meat chicken lines have a faster metabolic process, which requires a greater amount of oxygen, particularly when they are fed high nutrient density diets or when they are kept in cold environments, Due to their underdeveloped cardiorespiratory systems, broilers cannot get enough oxygen to meet their requirements and suffer from hypoxemia, which in turn leads to pulmonary hypertension syndrome. A wide range of management practices as controlled feeding protocols, and limited lighting periods, besides adding antioxidants to feed, are outlined for reducing ascites incidence in broiler chickens. Also, the use of higher levels of dietary vitamins such as C and E, besides selenium, is believed to help lower the incidence of ascites. The improvement of low-temperature environmental shelter conditions appears to reduce the prevalence of PHS. Molecular genetics employed to diagnose and select against susceptible broilers grandparents is being employed to eliminate involved genes.

The stray dog population has no access to veterinary care and most of them are highly infested with ticks. Ticks can transmit various parasitic, viral and bacterial diseases to their host dogs as well as can also lead to various zoonotic infections in humans exposed to them as Lyme disease and skin rashes. Incidence of tick-transmitted bacterial infection Borreliosis is very high in tick infested dogs, especially in hot weather. The current cross-sectional study was carried out for the first time to detect the incidence of borrelia infection in tick-infested dogs in Sharqia province (Zagazig, Egypt) and revealed that female dogs (16.3%) were more heavily infected than male dogs (11.1%), while infected young dogs (20.5%) outnumbered infected adults (6.8%). The local strain of the dog’s infection was (53.8%) compared to other imported strains. Controlling ticks is considered most important for the eradication of seasonal and zoonotic diseases and to prevent further human infections. ELISA was used as a chemical test with an immunological relationship for IgM in our cross-sectional studies for various serum samples. IgG titer level detection at different stages of disease and infection. The most common diseases transmitted by tick to human and animals in mixed infection with other Spirochaete, Anaplasma and Ehrlichia different stages of lifecycle of parasitic infestation and combined with secondary bacterial infection that is makes confusion for diagnosis and detection most common blood -Born parasites and their Zoonotic importance. Epidemiological studies in various research papers mostly do not consider using stereochemical investigation for Lyme diseases infection in human.

The ruminants productive capacity was enhanced by the addition of protein sources high in non-hydrolyzed protein to the Rumen because of its palatability, availability in large quantities, balanced amino acid composition, and rapid decomposition in the Rumen; the various commonly used soybean meal is one of the protein sources in ruminant feed and the most widely used in nutrition. However, its high cost led to the search for alternatives to it at a lower cost; one of these additives is corn gluten meal, which is a by-product of the manufacturing because corn gluten gain has a protein content of 60–65% crude protein, it eliminates the need to supplement traditional feed with protein sources, lowering the cost of feed. Urea is one of the most essential nitrogenous additives that are used to improve the nutritional value and benefit from coarse feed, and because it has a value almost equal to the concentrates for ruminants, as urea decomposes in the Rumen at high speed to ammonia, which is used to produce amino acids and microbial protein by microbiology, and those substances are utilized protein substances by the animal.

The primary goal of the study was to determine the prevalence and various bacterial risks of lower urinary tract infections (UTI) in diseased and seemingly healthy pet animals with and without urine retention whether they were catheterized or not. The bacterial isolates were in vitro tested for their antibiotic resistance and antibiotic resistance genes were investigated. Between October 2020 and January 2022, 128 urine samples were randomly collected from pets recruited to veterinary hospitals and clinics in Cairo and Giza. Samples were cultivated for bacteriological isolation. Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Klebsiella spp. were found to be the most common bacterial causes of urinary tract infections in pets, with prevalence rates of 32.9%, 28%, and 19.5%, respectively followed by Proteus mirabilis (P. mirabilis) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) with incidences of 18.2% and 1.2%, respectively. Based on bacterial types and their virulence genes, antibiotic resistance and multi-drug resistance (MDR) behaviour varied. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and control of the urinary tract infection would benefit from the identification and characterization of isolated bacterial species.

Fresh meat and poultry meat are easily contaminated with various contaminants especially if it is not properly handled and preserved, leading to loss of quality and potential public health problems. Food safety addresses the accidental contamination of food products during processing or storage of food animal origin products. The main types of food safety hazards are biological, chemicals, and foreign objects. This unintentional contamination of meat during the slaughter can be reasonably anticipated based on the type of processing. This principle is the foundation of the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP) process used to ensure food safety. Hence, implementing Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), Good Hygienic Practices (GHP), Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) during slaughtering and processing is the ‘need of the hour’ to minimize the risk of contamination and produce high quality meat. Moreover, Sanitation Standard Operating Procedure (SSOP) documented steps that must be followed to ensure adequate cleaning and sanitizing of meat contact and non-product surfaces. Lastly, food defense program protects food including meat from causing harm to the consumer, including security procedures to mitigate intentional acts of adulteration. This review can help in understanding how these programs work and the importance of each in producing high quality and safe meat. As we hope these programs will be implemented in developing countries very soon.

Poultry is an important source of protein globally, today, but Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella species continue to be food-borne pathogens and contribute to the growing resistance to the antimicrobial agents. There is limited information on these pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Maroodi Jeh region, Somaliland. Therefore, this study was designed to isolate, characterize and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli and Salmonella species from indigenous chickens in live-bird markets in the Marodi Jeh region, Somaliland. In a cross-sectional study, a total of 384 cloaca swab samples were collected from Chickens of both sexes, from two live-bird markets (Waheen and Xisbi), and were grouped into growers and adults. The samples were screened using cultural, biochemical, and Gram staining techniques to isolate and identify E. coli and Salmonella species. The antimicrobial sensitivity testing was conducted on all the positive isolates using disk diffusion method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square at p< 0.05. The prevalence of E. coli was 19.5%, while that of Salmonella species was 8.9%. E. coli and Salmonella species were more frequently isolated from adults (68%, 70.6%), females (72%, 58.8%), and from the Waheen market (70.7%, 94.1%). Totally, 98.6% of the isolates showed resistance to different combinations of antibiotics. The highest resistance was recorded against chloramphenicol (66.6%), tetracycline (45.3%), gentamycin (20%), and ampicillin (17.3%). E. coli isolates were sensitive to one antibiotic (44%) or between two to four antibiotics (54.7%), while Salmonella isolates, were sensitive to one antibiotic (35.3%) or between two to four antibiotics (64.7%). In conclusion, the present study showed a higher colonization rate of E. coli than Salmonella species in the cloaca of chickens with most of the isolates being resistant to multiple antibiotics.

Newcastle disease (ND) is an extremely viral disease that has tremendous impacts on poultry production worldwide. Increasing and repeating ND outbreaks and suspecting of fifth pandemic occurrence demonstrated the need for novel medicines to control the disease. Chlorella vulgaris (CV) microalgae have recently emerged as natural alternatives with antiviral activity, in current study, ethanolic Chlorella vulgaris) ECV) extract was prepared and evaluated as an effective antioxidant and antiviral agent against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in vitro and in vivo stages. The effect of ECV extract with three concentrations (50µL, 100µL, and 200µL) was estimated on embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). The data revealed that 100 µL of ECV extract is a nontoxic dose, as evidenced by the absence of embryo deaths, and has effective antiviral activity by using a mixture of 0.2 mL of NDV with 108.5 EID50/ml with 0.2 mL of ECV extract, which led to decrease of viral titer to 103.4 EID50/ml with complete inhibition of NDV replication and loss of haemagglutination (HA) activity. Later on, in vivo study was applied in 28 days old Sasso chickens to evaluate the activity of ECV extract at 1 g/kg concentration according to invitro assessment as it is nontoxic effective antiviral dose in the drinking water before and after the NDV challenge. The used assessment parameters in this study were clinical signs, post-mortem (PM) lesions and histopathological pictures and it showed the effective role of ECV extract in viral replication inhibition in the treated groups when compared to control ones. Also, Real-time PCR was conducted to estimate NDV titer after challenge, in the group (III) and group (IV) showed a decrease in viral shedding at 3rd and 5th day post challenge (dpc) and a complete absence of viral titer at 7th dpc in the prophylactic group (III) in comparison with the positive control (II). These findings illustrated the potential role of ECV extract in overcoming NDV infection under field conditions and advised using it as an antiviral agent.

Babesia canis is a parasitic protozoan transmitted by Ixodid ticks. It infects the red blood cells of most mammals especially dogs, causing canine babesiosis. In the present study, the prevalence of Babesia spp. and associated risk factors among dogs in Obio/Akpor Local Governemnt Area, Rivers State were investigated using blood film. Blood samples from 150 dogs were randomly collected and examined for the presence of the parasite with March and November, 2022. Blood films were prepared, fixed in methanol, stained in Giemsa and examined under the microscope for the presence of the parasite. Data on age, breed, sex and other related risk factors were obtained using self-structured questionnaire. Out of the 150 dogs examined, 27(18%) were infected and out of the 27 infected dogs, 3(11.1%), 10(37.0%), 2(7.4%), 6(22.2%), 2(7.4%) and 4(14.8%) were from Rumuolumeni, Ogbogoro, Rumuopirikon, Choba, Rumuola and Ozuaba communities respectively. There was a significance difference (p<0.05) in the number of infected dogs across the communities when compared to the number of dogs that were not infected . More males 12(19.4%) were infected than females 6(14.3%). Dogs within the age range of 7-36months had the highest infection 16(59.3%) while no infection was recorded among dogs within the age group of 3-6months. Local breed had the highest infection 18(36%) than crossed breed6(12%) and exotic breed 3(6%). There was a significance difference (p<0.05) in the prevalence of Babesia spp. in relation to sex, agePp and breed of dogs. Other risk factors identified were management practice, vaccination, use of dogs and intensity of tick infestation which were all statistically significance (p<0.05) The study confirmed that canine babesiosis is a serious health concern among dogs in the study area and attention should be given to the risk factors during intervention.

Marek disease is a contagious disease that affects chickens all over the world; infected birds may exhibit one or more of the four forms (cutaneous, visceral, ocular, and neural). MD is caused by the infection of lymphocytes by Gallid alphaherpesvirus 2. Vaccines have been used successfully in many nations to control and stop the spread of the disease, but recent data indicates that their effectiveness is declining now as a result of viral evolution. The current study was carried out from July to November 2022 to diagnose MD in 20 naturally infected chickens chosen at random from various regions and brought to the veterinary teaching hospital. The presence of gross and histopathological lesions of MDV infection was found to be (2,4% in the liver, 1,6% in the lung and kidney, respectively, 1,2% leg paralysis, 0,8% in the brain, and finally, 0,4% in the spleen) in a recent study. The gross lesion is distinguished by hemorrhage, congestion, splenomegaly, a nodular lesion of the liver, and a sprain of the leg nerve, whereas the histopathological lesions are distinguished by hepatocyte congestion, degeneration, and necrosis, infiltration of monocular cells, vasogenic edema, cell swelling, a hyaline cast of renal tubules, and lymphoproliferative foci Based on our findings, we conclude that MDV is present in backyard chickens in various areas of Mosul.

Amitriptyline has a long history of effectiveness in treating depression. Due to its side effects, which include oxidative stress and anticholinergic effects, it is used less frequently. Ashwagandha is a substantial herb that has anti-depressant, antioxidant properties. The aim of study is to evaluate the effects of ashwagandha and amitriptyline on the oxidative state of acetylcholine esterase in rat salivary glands. Four groups of rats were created. Distilled water was given to group I (control), and group II received amitriptyline (10 mg/kg) orally. Ashwagandha root extract (200 mg/kg) was given orally to group III, while similar doses of ashwagandha root extract and amitriptyline were given in combination to group IV. Rats from each group were sacrificed at (7 and 30 days). A blood samples were collected to measure the total antioxidant capacity (TAC). For measuring acetylcholine esterase enzyme, salivary gland tissues were dissected. TAC after 7 days of oral administration showed a nonsignificant difference between groups while, after 30 days there is a significant decrease in TAC in group II and IV in comparison with that of the control group. Following oral dosing for seven days, acetylcholine esterase measurements revealed an increase in group II and a decrease in group IV as compared to the control group. While after 30 days, all groups acetylcholine esterase enzyme levels significantly decreased when compared with the control group. It can be Concluded that, Amitriptyline causes oxidative stress and temporarily inhibits acetyl cholinesterase, which results in anticholinergic action. Ashwagandha has acetylcholine esterase inhibitory characteristics and mild salivary gland antioxidant benefits.