The goal of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementing Spirulina, either alone or in a mix with live yeast, on blood biochemical constituents and oxidative status in goats and their kids. Eighteen pregnant multiparous goats were equally distributed into three groups. The first group (control) received normal feeding without any additions. The second group (SP) received the normal diet plus 5 grams per head per day of Spirulina platensis, while the third group (SPSC) received the same amount of SP mixed with 3 grams per head per day of Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 30 days before parturition and continued for 45 days of lactation period. Results revealed that applying both additives caused (P=0.01) decrease in serum cholesterol, urea, alanine aminotransferase, lipid peroxidase, and glutathione peroxidase. Serum insulin and triiodothyronine levels increased (P=0.05) in goats fed diets supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC compared to the control group. Concentrations of calcium and phosphorous were higher (P=0.05) in both treated groups than in the control group. Birth weights for kids born from goats supplemented with SP alone or mixed with SC were higher (P=0.05) compared to kids in the control group. Serum cholesterol concentration decreased (P=0.05) in the SPSC kids group, while serum phosphorus level increased (P=0.05) in SP kids group. It could be concluded that supplementation with SP alone or mixed with SC improved health and antioxidant status in both Damascus female goats and their newborns.

The sciatic nerve is the major mixed nerve of the canine hind limb. It supplies most of the hind limb musculature. Sciatic nerve morphology and ultrasound guide surgeons and clinicians who contribute to the neurological examination of the sciatic nerve. So, the current study aimed to provide a fully descriptive ultrasonographic anatomy of the normal sciatic nerve in dogs and to set the motor conduction reference values of this nerve. Ultrasonography and neurography were applied to five adult healthy male dogs; two of them were euthanized for morphological and histological studies to describe the origin, branches, and innervated muscles of the sciatic nerve. The sciatic nerve originates from the ventral branches of the L6, L7, and S1 spinal nerves, splitting into muscular and sural branches, and is terminated by the perineal and tibial nerves. The normal sciatic nerve appears to have a hypoechoic core surrounded by hyperechoic bundles. The mean of the estimated electrophysiological parameters of the tibial and common fibular nerves was 2.20, 4.88, 20.08, 67, and 2.50, 7.78, 14.82, and 72.80 for the duration, latency, amplitude, and conduction velocity, respectively. Histological evaluation of the sciatic nerve revealed several nerve fasciculi surrounded by an epineural connective tissue sheath. The study provides a professional descriptive evaluation of the ultrasonographic anatomy of the sciatic nerve from its origin until divergence at the distal femur, which facilitates sciatic nerve evaluation for beginners and practitioners. The study also provides a full description of the neurographical and histological data of the normal sciatic nerve in dogs, which can be used as reference values for comparison with dogs that suffered sciatic nerve injuries.

This study aimed to examine the features of the mesonephric system in fourteen (14) dromedary camel fetuses. Standard anatomical, histological, histochemical and scanning electron microscopic procedures were applied to investigate the role of the camels mesonephros as a secretory system and hematopoietic center. In early development, the mesonephros occupied a large field of the abdominal cavity, expanded by lateral symmetry from the diaphragm to the pelvic cavity in the dorso-sublumbar regions. At 112 days of gestation, the mesonephros regressed at the cranial extremities. In the early stages of development, the mesonephros was enclosed by a thin capsule of mesenchymal connective tissue; irregular mesonephric tubules with large lumens lined with simple cuboidal cells interspersed with tiny blood vessels; and a few hemopoietic cells were discovered near the periphery of the mesonephros. With advanced development, giant glomeruli with a parietal layer lined with a simple columnar epithelium were seen in the ventral and associated boundary between the mesonephros and the developing gonads. Glycogen and alkaline phosphatase elicited an intense response in the capsule, the mesonephric tubule epithelium, renal tubule system, blood vessels, and hemopoietic cells, which was expected and contributed to water conservation and urine concentration. Based on the findings, the camels mesonephric system had a secretory function and served as a hematopoietic center. The morphology and development of the camels mesonephric system were comparable to those of other mammalian species, however, with unique traits and characteristics.

Cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide, with breast and colorectal cancers being the two most common cancer forms. The present work was designed to investigate the probable oncolytic effect of lentogenic and velogenic Newcastle disease viruses on MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines compared to the commonly used chemotherapies as an in vitro preliminary study to further prelude an in vivo study. The cytotoxic effects of Newcastle disease virus strains NDV/chicken/Egypt/Giza/2015 (velogenic NDV genotype VIID) and Lasota strains, as well as the commonly used chemotherapies (Paclitaxel or Doxorubicin) were investigated on MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines at different concentrations. Both the human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) and the Michigan Cancer Foundation-7 (MCF-7) human breast cancer cell lines were inoculated with NDV VIID and LaSota at concentrations of 10-2, 10-3, 10-4, and 10-5 , Paclitaxel (for MCF-7) at concentrations of 0.5, 1, and 2 µM, and Doxorubicin (for Caco-2) at 0.1, 1 and 10 µM in four replicates each. The cytotoxic effect was performed using a neutral red assay for both virus strains and in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. The present study clarified that both VIID and LaSota strains of NDV, particularly at titers of 10-3 and 10-4 TCID50/ml, respectively, displayed a significant (P = 0.05) cytotoxic effect on both MCF-7 and Caco-2 cell lines. Moreover, the combined treatment of the TCID50 (Tissue Culture Infective Dose 50) doses of both NDV strains and the tested chemotherapies showed a more significant (P = 0.05) cytotoxic effect than the sole use of each. Depending on the results, we can conclude that this study opens the way for further in vivo studies aiming to provide more safe treatment for human cancers, save human lives, and avoid dramatic ends.

Heat stress is Heat stress is a life-threatening condition with a detrimental impact on the physiological functions of both humans and animals. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of date palm fruit on physiological functions and bone density and to document the protective effect of date palm in mitigating the negative impact of heat stress in rats. Thirty-two mature male Sprague Dawley rats weighing 170–200 g were randomly divided into four groups (8 rats/group): group 1 (control) was provided with standard diet pellets; group 2 (heat stress) rats received a standard diet and were exposed to artificial heat stress (43°C for 60 min/day); group 3 (date palm fruit) rats were given date palm fruit at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight; and group 4 (date palm fruit + heat stress) rats received date palm fruit with the same dose and were exposed to the same protocol of heat stress. Diet protocols started from the beginning of the experiment and continued till the end of the study at 2 months. Heat stress was induced (groups 2 and 4) daily during the second month of the experiment. Hematobiochemical and oxidative stress parameters, histopathological examination of the liver, kidney, and adrenal gland, and quantitative evaluation of radiographic bone density were evaluated at the end of the study. Results demonstrated heat stress resulted in significantly increased leucocyte count, decreased RBCs, platelet count, and Hb concentration (P< 0.01). Significant increases in ALT, AST, ALP, urea and creatinine levels (P < 0.01) with concurrent histopathological changes in the liver and kidney were also recorded in heat-stressed rats. Oxidative stress biomarkers, glucocorticoids, were increased with heat stress (P< 0.01). Serum calcium level and radiographic bone density were significantly decreased in the heat stress group. Rats supplemented with date palm and subjected to heat stress exhibited an insignificant change in physiologic parameters (P> 0.05) compared to control rats. In conclusion, date palm fruit demonstrated a protective effect against the deleterious changes of heat stress in rats by maintaining physiological parameters and improving bone turnover. Dietary supplementation with date palm prior to exposure to heat stress is safe and effective in protecting against the life-threatening adverse effects of heat stress.

Trauma, tooth loss, cancer surgery, congenital malformations, periodontal disease, and oral-maxillofacial surgery are all major causes of bone loss, deformity, or fracture. Bone healing is a physiologically complicated process that also incorporates mechanical factors. Too many doubts concerning bone regeneration and the conditions that promote it have persisted for far too long. To assess the impact of systemic teriparatide therapy on mandibular bone defects healing. Forty male albino rats were randomly divided into two groups: the control group and the treatment group, with 20 rats per group. All rats had the same surgical technique. A small hole was created in the mandible, measuring 3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth, and then left unoccupied. The treatment group received a daily subcutaneous injection of Teriparatide at a dose of 10 µg/kg. Animals were subjected to euthanasia at four distinct time intervals (7, 14, 21, and 28) days. Biochemical analyses were done. Teriparatide was shown to elevate serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP), elevate serum calcium concentration levels, and lower serum phosphate. There were statistically significant differences in the levels of BALP between the control group and the treated group at 7, 14, and 21 days after the surgical procedure and there was a statistically significant difference in serum calcium levels between the treated group and the control group on day 14 of the experiment. The findings of this research suggest that the systemic administration of teriparatide resulted in an acceleration of bone healing. This was evidenced by a notable elevation in bone alkaline phosphatase levels as seen in the biochemical analysis. Teriparatide slightly elevated serum calcium levels and lowered serum phosphate levels because it is a synthetic parathyroid hormone.

The present study was conducted on 56 cats (49 males and 7 females) who presented with signs of feline lower urinary tract disease (FLUTD). Abdominal radiographs and ultrasounds, urinalysis, bacterial culture, and stone analysis were performed. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were investigated. Urine sample analysis was investigated microscopically. The results indicated that the most common causes of lower urinary tract affections were urolithiasis (37.5%), followed by feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) (33.9%), bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) (14.2%), urethral plugs (10.7%) and neoplasia (3.5%). Urethral obstruction was (42.8%) more frequent in cats with urolithiasis, urethral plugs and FIC. Cats with FIC and urethral plugs were significantly younger than other diagnostic groups. Cats with urolithiasis and neoplasia had higher body weights than other FLUTD groups. Persian cats (39.5%) were the most affected breed. The mineral compositions in the analyzed uroliths were calcium oxalate (62.5%), struvite (50%) and ammonium urate (25%). FLUTD urine sediment crystalluria were triple phosphate struvite crystals (51.7%), calcium oxalate crystals (16.0%), and ammonium urate crystals (12.5%). FIC, urethral plugs and urolithiasis showed a significant increase in crystalluria and urethral obstruction. Urethral obstruction represented 42.8%, and it occurred frequently in cats with urolithiasis, urethral plugs and FIC. Post-renal azotemia with increased BUN and creatinine concentrations was detected in obstructive urolithiasis, urethral plugs and FIC. The identified bacterial cultures included Escherichia coli (37.5%), Staphylococcus aurous (37.5%) and Proteus species (25%). The results obtained from the study indicate that age, breed, sex and indoor confinement represent real challenges in developing lower urinary tract affections.

The objective of this paper was to evaluate factors affecting tannin dietary inclusion on enteric methane emission (CH4) and performance in dairy cows. Dairy production contributes to the greenhouse effect as it naturally emits enteric CH4. Therefore, this has sparked a need to control enteric methane emissions using anti-methane natural compounds such as tannins. Even at moderate dietary inclusions, tannin use in animal diets can occasionally reduce dairy performance and enteric CH4. This is due to the fact that most studies employ tannins to reduce enteric CH4 in dairy cows excluding other influential factors by focusing on the tannin inclusion effect alone. Therefore, there is a need to study different factors that influence the effect of tannins on enteric CH4 and dairy performance regardless of dietary tannin inclusion to improve the control of enteric CH4 at no expense to dairy performance. Hence, there is a need to identify factors that affect dietary tannin inclusion, such as tannin source, diet and animal factors that need consideration to prevent the control of enteric CH4 by tannins at the expense of animal performance. This approach would inform future studies relevant to the use of tannins in dairy diets to improve the effect of this treatment through in vivo and in vitro studies to ensure dairy production is harmless to the environment while meeting production targets.

Aloe vera is one of numerous feed supplements that can be used to increase productivity and disease resistance in domesticated animals. To reap these advantages, there are various indications, which include the proper dosage for better efficacy. As stated earlier, the rising demand for animal source protein in practice is largely met by the strengthening of the livestock sector; this demand goes along with higher demand for animal feeds and animal feed additives. For many years, livestock keepers have been using chemical derivatives and antibiotics to treat their animals against many animal diseases. But the misuse of antibiotics and poor handling of chemical derivatives in different fields has led to tremendous effects, which include adverse effects on animals, plants, the environment, and the final consumer. Herbs are plant sources of safer and inexpensive compounds, so many herbal products have been reported worldwide to enhance several actions such as anti-stress, tonic, antimicrobial, growth stimulant, and immune stimulant in livestock rearing. So many medicinal plant extracts have been tested recently for animal growth performance, immune stimulation, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and disease resistance, which have offered good results and have the potential to reduce the use of antibiotics. Aloe vera is one of the herbs that is rapidly utilized as a feed additive in the livestock sector. The physico-chemical composition of Aloe vera and its health characteristics, such as antioxidant properties, healing, immune responses, antimicrobial properties, and many more benefits in domesticated animals, are briefly well discussed in this review article.

Hard and semi-hard cheeses are popular dairy products in Egypt, but they may convey a health risk for consumers due to their poor hygienic quality and safety. One of the common problems that consumers face when buying these cheeses from the Egyptian market is the bad odour that shortly develops after purchase even though they are refrigerated. This problem may indicate a high bacterial count in the cheese or the presence of undesirable microorganisms. Therefore, the current study aimed to assess the hygienic quality and safety of some retailed cheese sold in Egyptian markets. One hundred hard and semi-hard cheese samples locally manufactured (including 34 Ras, 33 Cheddar, and 33 Gouda) were analyzed for their microbiological and chemical quality. The results indicated that the Ras cheese samples had the highest bacterial counts, salt, and fat content, while the Cheddar cheese samples had the highest acidity, moisture content and the lowest microbial load. The Gouda cheese samples had the lowest fat/total solids ratio and a variable bacterial count. Forty-five Staphylococcus aureus strains were isolated from the cheese samples; 25 of them were coagulase-positive. The antibiotic susceptibility of twenty isolates was phenotypically and genotypically evaluated. All isolates were resistant to Cefixime, Oxacillin, and Metronidazole, while sensitive to Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid and Linezolid. The resistance to other antibiotics varied among the isolates. The antibiotic resistance genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The obtained results indicate that the hard and semi-hard cheeses sold in many markets were poor in hygienic quality and safety and posed a health risk for consumers due to the presence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus species. Ras cheese was the worst cheese type in most quality and safety parameters.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the phenolic compound and flavonoid contents in Azolla pinnata (A. pinnata) fern extract and evaluate its effect on the liver and immune system in broiler chicks. Mass spectrometry was used to identify the predominant active ingredients. The same study estimated the effect of the detected phytochemicals on the expression of some hepatic protection and immune stimulation-related genes. The experiment was performed using 150 one-day-old Indian River chicks, which were divided into five groups, each containing three replicates. The groups under study were as follows: T1 was fed a corn-based diet with no supplements, T2 was fed a corn-based diet supplemented with 5% A. pinnata sundried fern, T3 was fed a corn-based diet supplemented with 10% A. pinnata sundried fern, T4 was fed a corn-based diet supplemented with 15% A. pinnata sundried fern, and T5 was fed a corn-based diet supplemented with 20% A. pinnata sundried fern. At the end of the experiment, three birds from each subgroup were slaughtered, and their livers were collected to estimate the expression of SOD1, CAT, ACC, LPL, IL8, IL10, and TLR2 genes using real-time PCR. The obtained results showed that all treatments had a significant effect on the tested genes, as they caused up-regulation of their expression, indicating that these genes have antioxidant and immunostimulatory effects. More research is needed to correlate the recommended inclusion rates of A. pinnata with other performance parameters to achieve the best economic production strategies