The main functions of the mammalian cecum include microbial digestion of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates and the absorption of significant amounts of water and electrolytes. The present study was carried out to investigate the gross anatomy and electron microscopy of the cecum in adult camels (Camelus dromedarius), which still needs to be clarified. The study was conducted using samples collected from camels slaughtered at an abattoir in Omdurman, Sudan. The camel cecum, which occupied the right part of the abdomen, was situated caudally to the abomasum and directed caudally to the pelvis. It was short and S-shaped and began largely at the ceco-colic junction at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra and became smaller towards its apex. Morphometrically, camel cecum constituted 3.2% of the large intestine length, 1% of both the small intestine and large intestine length, and 0.10% of the long axis of the animal body. Ultra-structurally, the cecal mucosa showed several folds and was lined by a simple columnar epithelium with many intestinal cells (enterocytes) and goblet cells; two types of enterocytes were shown: type one contained a dark cytoplasm and type two had a light cytoplasm. In conclusion, the cecum in dromedary camels was generally similar in structure to other domestic animals; however, they have a shorter cecum compared to ruminants.

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2-NPs) are widely utilized in cosmetics, food, and paintings. Although TiO2-NPs may cause toxicity through a variety of routes, oxidative stress is by far the most common. Ginseng is employed in a variety of medical applications because of its potency as an antioxidant. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the protective and therapeutic benefits of Panax ginseng against TiO2-NPs administration in the kidneys of male rats. Thirty-five mature male albino rats were divided into five groups of seven rats each at random. The experimental groups were as follows: Group I served as the control group; Group II received 200 mg/kg of ginseng orally; Group III received 200 mg/kg of TiO2-NPs orally; Group IV served as the protective group; rats were pretreated with ginseng 1 hour before TiO2-NPs at a dose similar to GII and GIII, respectively; and Group V served as the treatment group; rats received TiO2-NPs for 14 days, then ginseng for another 14 days at a dose identical to GIII and GII, respectively. After 4 weeks, serum samples were collected, and kidney tissues were dissected for biochemical and histopathological examinations. Treatment with TiO2-NPs elevated malonaldehyde (MDA), kidney biomarkers, and reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels. Furthermore, TiO2-NPs induce upregulation of cysteine-aspartic acid protease (caspase3) and cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Histopathologically, TiO2-NPs caused degenerative changes in renal tissue, including renal corpuscles, and showed hypertrophy with capillary congestion. Most renal tubules showed marked luminal dilation with epithelial cell flattening. Additionally, there was reduced immunoreactivity of Ki-67 in the kidney sections. Ginseng, on the other hand, substantially mitigated the detrimental impacts that TiO2-NPs had on the rat renal tissues by down-regulating the genes for COX-2 and caspase3, restoring these biochemical and molecular parameters, and ameliorating the histological changes. In conclusion, ginseng could potentially be used to alleviate the renal toxicity brought on by TiO2-NPs.

Climate change is now considered one of the greatest challenges and is expected to have a drastic impact on mariculture. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of climatic changes on the emergence of bacterial pathogens among cultured marine fish in northern Egyptian provinces. 135 samples of three marine fish species, represented as 45 of Dicentrarchus labrax (700 ±25 g), 45 of Sparus aurata (350 ±25 g), and 45 Argyrosomus regius (1 kg ±50 g) were collected from private marine fish farms located in Deeba Triangle, Shataa Damietta (Damietta governorate) and Ismailia province, Egypt. Moribund fishes exhibited erratic swimming behaviour, haemorrhage, erosion and ulcers on the skin. Necropsy findings of infected fish revealed congested liver or pale with engorged gall bladder, congested kidney and spleen. With the presence of serous to hemorrhagic ascetic fluid. Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Photobacterium damselae subspecies piscicida were the most retrievable bacterial strains from moribund fish. V. alginolyticus was the most prevalent isolated bacterial strain and represented 50%, 50% and 40% of the total isolates recovered from Sparus aurata, Dicentrarchus labrax and Argyrosomus regius, respectively. Retrieved isolates were morphologically and biochemically identified using the API 20E system, followed by further confirmation by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. The histopathological examination revealed severe inflammatory reactions together with melanomacrophage center alterations within the examined splenic, hepatic, and renal tissues. Data analysis has shown that poor water quality and severe climatic change, especially during the summer, were implicated in the emergence of bacterial infections among cultured marine fish.

Heat stress is a limiting factor for livestock productivity in many countries. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of exposure of exotic pigs to high environmental temperatures on physiology, oxidative stress biomarkers and productivity. Multiparous sows (n = 40) in two equal groups (Groups N and H) were investigated. The pen temperature, relative humidity and Temperature-Humidity Index (THI) were measured for 30 days. The skin temperature, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were measured weekly. Haematology, serum biochemistry and oxidative biomarkers were also evaluated. The production records, including farrowing events (NFE), number of piglets at birth (NPB), number of piglets at weaning (NPW) and piglet mortality (NPM) were obtained per sow for the preceding 24 months. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a student T-test at P<0.05. Pen indoor temperature was significantly higher and relative humidity significantly lower in Group H (30.23+0.99 0C, 48.90+7.94 %) compared to Group N (25.21+0.94 0C, 58.97+6.21 %). The THI was higher in Group H (78.40+1.99). There was a significant increase in skin surface temperature and respiratory rate in Group H (37.70+1.40 0C and 39.70+4.28 bpm) with a slight increase in rectal temperature compared to Group N (33.86+0.95 0C and 35.79+2.89 bpm). There was a slight increase in PCV, blood urea nitrogen and a decrease in the levels of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate in sows in Group H. There was a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide generation, nitric oxide contents and malondialdehyde levels, with a decrease in superoxide dismutase activity and glutathione content in Group H when compared to Group N. There was a reduction in farrowing events (N = 3.45+0.20; H = 3.00+ 0.19), number of piglets at birth (N = 29.15+1.92; H = 27.95+ 2.44), the number of piglets at weaning (N = 27.65+1.89; H = 25.90+ 2.25), and an increase in piglet mortality (N = 1.5+0.21; H = 2.05+0.42) in sows exposed to higher temperatures. The orientation of the pig housing in the north-south direction reduced its effectiveness. Exotic sows exposed to heat stress had altered physiology, experienced oxidative stress, were prone to renal and hepatic injury, and had reduced productivity. Adequate thermal comfort should be ensured in pig husbandry in the tropics for optimal health and productivity.

Polyethylene terephthalate nanoplastics (PET-NPs) are utilized in the production of medical bionic materials and the packaging of beverages. Betaine is a ubiquitous natural constituent present in organisms such as plants, animals, and microorganisms. So, the current investigation tries to find out if PET-NPs could seriously harm mice kidneys and whether betaine could have any ameliorative effects. In this study, a total of 40 mice were separated into four groups (ten mice in each): Group I (performed as the control group), Group II (received 1000 mg/kg betaine intraperitoneally), Group III (received 200 mg/kg PET-NPs orally), and Group IV (was given betaine first, and after 1 hour, PET-NPs were given at dosages that were the same as those given to groups II and III, respectively) daily for a month. Serum and kidney samples were collected and processed for biochemical and histological assessments. The current study found that PET-NPs significantly increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and malondialdehyde levels (MDA), while reducing glutathione (GSH) levels. The histological examination revealed multiple histopathological alterations. The PET-NPs-exposed group demonstrated renal corpuscle hypotrophy, a loss of cellular structure in some proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) and distal convoluted tubules (DCT). The renal medulla exhibits hyalinization, congestion, and degeneration of collecting tubules. Conversely, the pre-administration of betaine results in a decline in BUN, creatinine, and MDA concentrations. Furthermore, there is a rise in GSH levels and the group pretreated with betaine showed significant improvement in kidney architecture, with the renal cortex showing almost normal architecture and the collecting tubules in the renal medulla slightly improving. In conclusion, betaine showed a promising nephroprotective effect against PET-NP-induced toxicity.

Nile tilapia is the most farmed freshwater fish species across vast areas of the African continent. Although Egypt is considered the largest African producer of Nile tilapia, this fish has been faced with frequent episodes of mortality at both hatchery and farm levels. In the present study, we conducted field screenings to identify the major bacterial pathogens responsible for these mass kills among broodstocks and seeds in Egyptian hatcheries. Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae were determined to be the major bacterial threats to hatchery-reared Nile tilapia. The bacterial isolates were presumptively identified using conventional biochemical tests and the API 20 NE miniaturized test. The final identities of the retrieved bacterial isolates were molecularly confirmed using PCR and sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. A. hydrophila and S. agalactiae isolates were found to be sensitive to florfenicol, while the two isolates exhibited resistance to novobiocin and ampicillin. The A. hydrophila isolates were confirmed to be sensitive to oxytetracycline, whereas the S. agalactiae isolates were sensitive to erythromycin. Histopathological examination of the livers of infected fish revealed vacuolar degeneration and necrosis of hepatocytes. Remarkably, infiltrations of Gram-positive cocci were documented within hepatic parenchyma and brain tissues. Further, the infected fish exhibited edematous brains with inflammatory cell infiltration through the meninges. Severe retinal pathology, including collagen fibre disorganization, oedema, and inflammatory cell infiltration was also detected. The current study emphasizes the deleterious impacts of some ubiquitous bacterial pathogens on the health status of Nile tilapia broodstocks and their seeds. Ultimately, we affirm that regular monitoring of water quality, feed quality, proper handling of broodstocks, and accurate diagnosis is a crucial asset in preventing disease spread and mass fish kills in Egyptian hatcheries.

The stainless-steel orthopaedic implants used for the management of various types of fracture internal fixations are very expensive; this makes their utilization in food animals relatively noneconomical. There is a need to have an improvised implant that is cheaper and available for use in food animals to manage complicated fractures requiring open reduction and internal fixation. The objective of this study is to evaluate the haematological and biochemical changes following the reduction of stable femoral fractures in goats using conventional (Kirschner pin) and improvised chrome vanadium-coated long crews. Twelve apparently healthy Red Sokoto bucks were randomly divided into two groups of six (n=6) were used for this study. A transverse femoral diaphyseal fracture was created using orthopaedic wire in both groups. In group A, a conventional Kirschner pin size 4.0x125 mm2, single trocar, non-threaded, was used to immobilize the fracture, while in group B, an improvised test chrome vanadium (long screw) size 2.3 mm was used for the fracture immobilizations. Blood samples were collected before fracture induction at the base line, serving as a control. The haematological and biochemical assessments were performed at 0 weeks (immediate postoperative) and subsequently at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 weeks postoperatively. Packed cell volume (PCV%), haemoglobin concentration (Hb), red blood cell count (RBCs), white blood cell count (WBCs) and differential leukocytic count (neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes) were evaluated. Also, serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was detected. Besides, serum calcium, phosphorous and creatinine levels were evaluated. There were no significant differences between the two groups in PCV, haemoglobin, RBCs, WBCs and neutrophils, and the values were within the normal range. However, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly (p<0.05) different at weeks 2 and 6, respectively. Biochemical parameters revealed significant (p<0.05) changes in serum ALT (weeks 0, 2, 4), ALP (week 6), creatinine (weeks 10 and 12), and calcium (week 2) at some postoperative intervals. However, no variations were observed in serum AST and phosphorous, which were within the normal range. The improvised chrome vanadium (Long screw) can be used safely in goats for the management of stable femoral fractures without significant adverse changes to hemato-biochemical profiles within twelve weeks.

Mass fish kills are abrupt events in which a significant number of fish of different ages and species perish in a specific aquatic region. Dramatic waves of mass kills have involved a large variety of economic fish species in both Egyptian fisheries and the aquaculture sector. Several episodes of mass mortalities of various infectious and noninfectious aetiologies have targeted a wide spectrum of freshwater and marine fish in both open-water and captive environments. Kafr El-Sheikh, Sharkia, Dakahlia, Fayoum, Alexandria and Giza were the most affected Egyptian provinces. The Mediterranean basin, Lake Manzala, Lake Mariott, Lake Burullus, River Nile, and some provincial water streams and municipal water drains were all reported to have had one or more episodes of mass kills over the past two decades. These mass kills were mainly attributed to different types / magnitudes of aquatic environmental pollution, which was explicitly aggravated by poor aquaculture / fishing practices. Further, the frequent absence of veterinary guidance has had a great negative impact on providing possible solutions for this disaster in the near future. Ultimately, adopting Good Aquaculture Practice (GAP), competent biosecurity strategies, and regular veterinary supervision will be the most practical solutions that ensure the reliable growth and sustainability of both Egyptian fisheries and aquaculture sectors.

To elucidate the relationship between obesity, awakening time, and anesthesia in dogs, we conducted a comparative analysis of the awakening time following isoflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia in both standard-weight and obese groups. Six female beagle dogs within the standard weight range underwent 1-hour inhalation anesthesia with either isoflurane or sevoflurane. We recorded the time of extubation, head lift, and standing. Additionally, a parallel experiment was conducted on the same test animals after inducing obesity through nutritional management, with criteria for obesity defined as a body conditioning score of 4 or higher and a body fat percentage of 30% or higher. Under isoflurane anesthesia, we observed a tendency for a longer awakening time in the obese group compared to the standard weight group. However, this trend was not evident with sevoflurane anesthesia. Furthermore, when comparing awakening time with both anesthetics, no significant difference was found between the standard weight groups. In contrast, within the obese group, awakening time was significantly prolonged with isoflurane anesthesia compared to sevoflurane anesthesia. These results confirm that obesity contributes to delay awakening in dogs. Additionally, in the anesthesia management of obese dogs, the use of sevoflurane is anticipated to reduce awakening time compared to isoflurane.

Canine pathologies refer to the various diseases, disorders, and abnormalities that can affect a dog’s different body systems and cause mortality. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the common pathologies that are associated with the mortality of dogs in Ilorin, Kwara State. A retrospective review of post-mortem records from 7 years was undertaken at a necropsy unit of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Ilorin. Data collected included age, sex, breed, disease pathogens, and year. A total of 150 dog carcasses were presented for necropsy during the period between January 2016 and December 2022. In this study, the cases used were confirmed based on PCR results in some cases, bacterial culture and isolation, parasite identification, gross lesions, and histopathological findings in other cases. Descriptive statistics were employed to evaluate the effect of disease pathogens on age, sex, and breed distribution patterns associated with the mortality of dogs. The prevalence of viral infection among other diseases was statistically significant (34.00%; OR = 0.53; P<0.01). The percentage prevalence of each disease showed that bacterial infections were evident, with Staphylococcosis being the most prevalent at 49.01%, followed by Salmonellosis at 7.84%, Leptospirosis at 23.53%, and Brucellosis at 19.6%. Parasitic infections were also notable, encompassing canine babesiosis (34.80%), acariosis (39.10%), and canine ehrlichiosis (26.08%). Toxicosis cases were largely dominated by diclovous poisoning, constituting 88.88% of instances, while medication toxicity was observed in 11.11% of cases. Neoplastic conditions were represented by hepatic lymphoma, with a prevalence of 1%, while nutritional deficiencies included hepatic lipidosis, noted in 1% of cases. Traumatic injuries were common, with bone fracture having the highest prevalence at 66.67% and muscle laceration observed in 33.33% of cases. Intestinal obstruction cases, specifically gastric impaction, were noted in 1% of cases. Viral infections comprised parvovirus infection with the highest prevalence at 81%, and canine distemper was observed in 18.92% of cases. In conclusion, this study has exposed the leading causes of mortalities among the dog population, which include parvovirus enteritis, staphylococcosis, and acariosis infections. The emphasis should be on preventive measures to curtail disease transmission and associated financial loss.

Nowadays, there is a need for good and efficacious NSAIDs with minimal side effects to be applied in veterinary medicine. The aim was to compare the pharmacodynamics (analgesia and inhibition of COX-2) and pharmacokinetics between selective (nimesulide) and non-selective (aspirin) COX-2 inhibitors in mice. Assessing the median effective doses by using the up-and-down method, COX-2 activity and plasma concentrations for both nimesulide and aspirin with their pharmacokinetic profiles in mice. The median effective doses (ED50s) of nimesulide and aspirin were found to be 7.9 and 212.23 mg/kg, respectively, using the hot-plate. Both nimesulide (15.8 mg/kg, i.m.) and aspirin (424.5 mg/kg, i.m.) inhibited COX-2 activity through a decrease in COX-2 concentrations in the plasma, liver, and kidney of mice, with superior inhibition when administering nimesulide in comparison to the control (negative and positive) and aspirin-treated groups. Plasma concentrations of nimesulide (15.8 mg/kg, i.m.) measured for different comparable periods of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 24 hours were higher than those of aspirin, which were 14.62, 9.22, 9.88, 7.38 and 2.27 µg/ml, respectively, while aspirin (424.5 mg/kg, i.m.) was 4.35, 3.17, 2.54, 2.25 and 1.21 µg/ml, at the same measured times. Nimesulide pharmacokinetic variables were estimated to be AUC0-8 169.18, AUMC0-8 2358,72, Kel 0.06, Cmax 14.62, Tmax 0.5, t1/2ß 11.07, MRT 13.94, Vss 1.49, and Cl 0.09, while aspirin pharmacokinetic parameters differed to be 82.31, 2428.32, 0.03, 4.35, 0.5, 21.25, 158.12, and 5.16, respectively. The study concluded that nimesulide has superior pharmacological properties (analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory) than aspirin due to its ability to inhibit COX-2 more selectively and its unique pharmacokinetics in mice, which may be useful in veterinary medicine.

Histopathological and immunohistochemical assessment of fabricated coral shell hydroxyapatite (CSHA) and plasma rich fibrin (PRF) in remodeling of the induced critical size defect of the mandibular bone in the dogs: Twenty-seven adult dogs of both sexes were included and equally divided into three equal groups: control, plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) and hydroxyapatite group (CSHA). The experimental mandibular bone defect was induced in a circular shape, and the dimensions of the defect were 14×5mm. Evaluation of the healing progress of the defect and associated macroscopical, histopathological, and Immunohistological findings was recorded in all studied groups at 7, 15, and 30 days post-operatively. Macroscopically, the healing was evaluated by the presence of new bone tissue filling the bone gap defect in all groups during different follow-up periods. In the plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) group, the gap was highly filled with hard, firm tissues that filled all borders and the centre of the induced gap in comparison with the coral shell hydroxyl apatite group (CSHA), which is partially filled with hard tissue. Histopathologically, the progress of healing in the PRF group was represented by the presence of highly mature connective tissue and new woven bone formation at seven days and well-developed mature bone inside defective bone at 15 and 30 days post-operatively, whereas in the CSHA group, the results were represented by the occlusion of highly mature connective tissue and new woven bone formation inside the induced hole at 15 and 30 days post-operatively. At 30 days post-surgery, in the control group, there was the presence of newly formed woven bone surrounded by the edge of the mandible bone. The immunohistochemical expression of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in the mandible bone at 30 days PS in the control group was represented by weak positive expression, while mild positive expression was indicated in the CSHA group and moderate positive expression in the PRF group. In conclusion, this research exhibited the role of both CSHA and PRF in improving the healing process of defective mandible bones, with a clear superiority of the beneficial value of using PRF. The histopathological and immunohistochemistry assessments emphasize these results.

The main functions of the mammalian cecum include microbial digestion of soluble and insoluble carbohydrates and the absorption of significant amounts of water and electrolytes. The present study was carried out to investigate the gross anatomy and electron microscopy of the cecum in adult camels (Camelus dromedarius), which still needs to be clarified. The study was conducted using samples collected from camels slaughtered at an abattoir in Omdurman, Sudan. The camel cecum, which occupied the right part of the abdomen, was situated caudally to the abomasum and directed caudally to the pelvis. It was short and S-shaped and began largely at the ceco-colic junction at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra and became smaller towards its apex. Morphometrically, camel cecum constituted 3.2% of the large intestine length, 1% of both the small intestine and large intestine length, and 0.10% of the long axis of the animal body. Ultra-structurally, the cecal mucosa showed several folds and was lined by a simple columnar epithelium with many intestinal cells (enterocytes) and goblet cells; two types of enterocytes were shown: type one contained a dark cytoplasm and type two had a light cytoplasm. In conclusion, the cecum in dromedary camels was generally similar in structure to other domestic animals; however, they have a shorter cecum compared to ruminants.

This study was undertaken to compare the analgesic effects of lidocaine, xylazine, and medetomidine alone and their combinations with lidocaine in Uda sheep. The sheep (n = 6) were assigned to five different epidural treatment groups using a cross-over design with a wash-out period of one week between the treatment groups. The group (A) received lidocaine at 2.86 mg/kg, the group (B) received xylazine at 0.05 mg/kg, the group (C) received medetomidine at 20 µg/kg, the group (D) received lidocaine-xylazine combination at 2.15 mg/kg and 0.125 mg/kg, respectively, and the group (E) received lidocaine-medetomidine combination at 2.15 mg/kg and 5 µg/kg, respectively. The analgesic effect was evaluated by the needle-prick test method. The onset and duration of analgesia in the mentioned regions were recorded. Ataxic and sedative effects were carefully observed and recorded according to the scoring system. Blood was collected at baseline (0), immediately after onset, and 24 hours post-administration. Results showed that medetomidine treatment produced a highly significant (p < 0.01) earlier onset of action (6–8 min) than the rest of the treatment groups. Medetomidine treatment also produced a significantly (p < 0.001) longer duration of analgesia (190-230 min) than the rest of the treatment groups. Lidocaine alone or in combination with xylazine or medetomidine induced severe ataxia, while xylazine and medetomidine alone or in combination with lidocaine produced mild to moderate sedation. In conclusion, epidural administration of medetomidine, lidocaine-xylazine, and xylazine produced a prolonged, longer duration of analgesia with useful systemic sedation in sheep.