Pinus nigra dominated forests at Alaçam Mountains at the northwest of Anatolia were sampled, elaborated and classified. Additionally, pure Fagus orientalis stands at the upland of the mountains were added to the analysis. The ecological conditions were assessed by topographical and environmental (latitude and longitude) factors. Forest vegetation at Alaçam Mountains can be divided into four groups. Three of these communities represent the P. nigra forests whereas the last is formed by pure F. orientalis forest. It was established that the most important ecological factor is altitude, while the other factors does not correlate with the floristic differentiation of the communities. The names of the communities along the altitudinal gradient are as follow: Cistus laurifolius-Pinus nigra dominated forest, Pteridium aquilinum-Pinus nigra dominated forest, Fagus orientalis-Pinus nigra dominated forest, and Galium odoratum-Fagus orientalis dominated forest.

Ecological wood anatomy is an important discipline to reveal the effects of growing conditions on wood formation. This study was performed to investigate wood anatomical changes of five different maquis elements growing in two different regions (Arbutus andrachne L., Laurus nobilis L., Myrtus communis L., Phillyrea latifolia L. and Spartium junceum L.). Total 30 wood samples, 3 from each species in one region, and total 15 from one region were collected and thin sections were prepared. After measuring vessel diameters, lengths and frequencies, mesomorphy, vulnerability and xeromorphy ratios were calculated. The mesomorphy ratios 26.03 in A.andrachne, 103 in L.nobilis, 21.76 in M.communis, 14.25 in P.latifolia, and 16.69 in S.junceum in the Mediterranean region, and these values 71.98, 255, 42.1, 27, and 60.68 in Black Sea region, respectively. The xeromorphy ratios 24.73 in A.andrachne, 6.7 in L.nobilis, 37.87 in M.communis, 47.27 in P.latifolia, and 4.86 in S.junceum in the Mediterranean region, and these values 13.61, 3.3, 23.72, 26.99, and 5.66 in Black Sea region, respectively. All values except L.nobilis revealed xeric conditions in both regions. However, in the Mediterranean region the conditions for L.nobilis are much more xeric than Black Sea region.

This study was addressed to obtain a model of Crimean pine's productivity by using a fuzzy logic application and compare its result to the model obtained from the application of multiple regression analysis in the Dedegul mountain district of the Beysehir watershed in the Mediterranean region, Turkey. In the study, environmental variables (slope position, altitude and soil depth) which are significantly related to site index were taken attention for modeling the productivity. Even thought the regression coefficient of the obtained model by performing multiple regression analysis was relatively high with 72.6 %, the productivity model obtained by using fuzzy logic approach was much better with an explained variance of 85.79 %. The results show that fuzzy logic application seems to be more suitable approach compared to multiple regression analysis due to the fact that it can explain not only linear but also nonlinear relationships.

Numerous studies have confirmed Altitudinal gradients and physical environment as the major factors that affect species richness and distribution. The world's biodiversity are not evenly distributed due to the variations in biogeographically conditions. The West African tropical rain forest ecosystem host about two- thirds of the earth's biodiversity however, little information is known about this rich biodiversity especially the factors that link species richness and distribution. In this study, the richness and distribution of amphibians were investigated. In this regard, systematic sampling was used as a method to determine amphibian species richness and distribution along the three levels of elevation. Litter levels were also recorded to determine the effect of litter levels as ecological variable on amphibian's richness and distribution. The instruments used include GPS, ruler, a hundred meter line tape and compass. The result reveals a significant variation of amphibian's richness and diversity along elevational gradient. However there was a negative relationship between amphibian species and litter levels along the lower, middle and upper elevational levels.