Concentrations of selected metals (Cu, Cd, Ni, Pb, Mn, Fe, Zn, Cr and Co) in some ready-to-eat-foods consumed in Nigeria were investigated with a view providing information on the risk associated with the consumption of these products. The concentrations of metals (mg.kg-1) in these ready-to-eat-foods are in the ranges of 2.4 – 5.2 for Cu; 0.1– 0.8 for Cd; 0.7 – 4.0 for Ni; 8.1 – 53.7 for Fe; 8.9 – 20.0 for Zn; 0.1 – 3.8 for Pb; 5.1 – 14.4 for Mn; 0.83 – 21.4 for Cr and 0.20 – 1.32 for Co. The concentrations and estimated intakes of Cd, Ni and Pb in some of these food types exceeded the permissible limits and tolerable daily intake respectively. The target hazard quotients (THQ) for the individual metals indicate levels of concern for Ni, Cd, and Co in some of the ready-to-eat-foods. The combined THQ values for the metals in the examined samples ranged from 1.7 to 10 with significant contributions from Cd, Ni and Co.

Gyromitra is one of the poisonous mushrooms with being evaluated as edible mushrooms in Turkey and in many countries. This study was performed to determine volatile aroma compounds of Gyromitra collected from Turkey at Horticulture Department of Çukurova University, Adana-Turkey in 2011. Gyromitra mushroom samples collected from Adana province of Turkey were used as material. Volatile aroma compounds were determined using Headspace Gas Kromotografi Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC/MS) technique. Twenty-four different volatile aroma compounds were detected in this study. Phenol was identified as the major aroma component at 47.10% content. This compound was followed with Carbamic acid methyl ester (14.12%), Acetic acid (4.47%), 1-Octen-3-ol (4.14%) and Acetaldehyde (4.10%). Phenol is an antioxidant compound and it has anti-carcinogenic effect. 1-Octen-3-ol is an alcohol which commonly found in mushroom. Acetic acid and Acetaldehyde are poisonous compounds. Although high number of phenol and 1-Octen-3-ol in Gyromitra fungus is displayed as flavor and significant in terms of health, containing toxic compounds such as acetic acid and the acid aldehyde raises the risk factors in exhaustion.

The source of water, the content and quality is very important used in every stage of poultry production. The birds must have continuous access and supply of quality water without any antibiotic and bacteriological residues. Sensory, physiochemical properties and chemical composition must be taken into consideration while assessing water quality. The quality of water used in the production of conventional or organic poultry has impacts on the poultry health, quality of products and human health. The impact of water quality is higher on the functionality of water in live organism and the consumption amount varies depending on many factors. A source of water which is used in organic production is also important with their characteristics. Different water sources may be used for animal consumption, such as springs, shallow wells, deep and artesian wells, lakes and creeks. Organic farms should regularly submit water samples to a laboratory for testing of water quality against the possibility of contamination of water sources. Water contaminants could create equipment problems and restrict the amount of water available for consumption therefore affects the quality of products. There are many aspects to the broad problems of water quality and different physical and chemical applications used to ensure sustainability of water quality for human and animal use. In this review, it will be focused on the quality of the water to be used in the organic poultry production and quality enhancing physical and chemical applications.

Although there is no a significant increase in the cultivation areas of oil crops in last two decades, production amount of them shows 52.2% increase. Sunflower which has the first rank in terms of cultivation area and as well as production in cultivation of oilseed crops in our country, comes to fore as basic oil plant in Central Anatolia Region and it is followed by safflower in rank. Becoming widespread of safflower cultivation in fallow fields will make great profits to as well as farmers in the region and as well as country's economy in central Anatolia Region of Turkey which is 59% of total Turkey in term of fallow fields.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of cottonseed meal (CSM) incorporated into laying rations in place of soybean meal (SBM) at different ratios on yield traits. The birds began to lay at 6th week, 180 female and 45 male quails were used in laying period experiment. Birds were fed with rations containing 20% CP and 3000 Kcal/kg ME up to 20-week age (Laying period). CSM as a substitute, five different rations of the protein content (0, 30, 58, 86 and 100%) for SBM to basal diets based on corn-soybean meal were used. The results showed that there were no differences in terms of egg yield traits, cumulative feed consumptions and viabilities during the laying period. The highest dry shell rate and shell thickness were obtained from 5th group and 1st group, respectively. As a result, adding CSM instead of SBM in laying period were no significantly differences in terms of egg production and egg quality in laying period.

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of udder measurements group on somatic cell count (SCC) and daily milk production. Milk samples and udder measurements were collected monthly from 79 lactating Holstein cows on commercial dairy in the province of Niğde. In the study, front teat length (FTL), rear teat length (RTL), front teat diameter (FTD), rear teat diameter (RTD), distance between front teats (DBFT), distance between rear teats (DBRT), front udder height, (FTH), rear udder height (RUH), distance between front and rear teats (DBST) were obtained in before afternoon milking. Udder measurements were divided into 5 groups according to the measurements. The effect of DBFT, DBRT, FTH, RTD, FTD and DBRT groups on daily milk production were statistically significant, while FTH, RUH and DBRT were found non-significant. The effect of udder measurements groups on SCC was found not significant, except rear teat diameter (RTD). Average daily milk production and SCC were estimated as 28.25 kg/day and 274.90 cell/ml, respectively. In conclusion, it can be said that the distance between teats, teat’s diameter and front udder height of Holstein cattle is important factor for milk yield of Holstein dairy cattle. Also, SCC is effected by rear teat diameter.

Kurugöl Lake; Sivas province Hafik county Kurugöl village located within the boundaries of Sivas province, 54 km, Hafik the town 24 miles away, an area of 8.9 ha altitude of 1362 m, an average depth of 3.4 - 4 m with gypsum plateau on the bottom of the boiling water along with rainfall and snowmelt with the lake is fed naturally. Kurugöl (Hafik - Sivas) waters of Lake of the physical and chemical properties during the year changes occurring determining water quality characteristics to reveal the pollution levels are determined, living life in terms of the availability of the detection, water pollution and control regulations by the lake water classification and fishing activities, compliance with were identified. The inland lake in Kurugöl (SKKY) according to the classification of water resources in accordance with the parameters measured I-III water quality varies from class.

It is now clear that over use of pesticides and intensive management of orchards can lead to drastic declines in apple pollinator abundance and crop failures. During the period of study a grower’s survey was conducted to know about knowledge of farmers on native insect pollinators, pollinator management practices, their perceptions of the importance and utility of native pollinators, and their attitudes regarding pesticide application. Despite of having significant knowledge of managed pollination, only few farmers (2%) adopted supplementary methods of pollination (renting honey bee colonies, hand pollination etc.). In Pulwama, 60% of farmers had knowledge about native insect pollinators and 40% did not have any idea of native pollinators and in case of Shopian, the figures were fifty-fifty i.e. 50% had knowledge about native insect pollinators and 50% were unaware. During the period of investigation, native insect pollinators were sampled from different apple orchards under different management systems in early spring during apple flowering. A total of 17 species of insect pollinators belonging to 11 families and 3 orders_ Hymenoptera, Diptera and Lepidoptera registered their occurrence at all the studied apple orchards of the Kashmir Valley. At all the study sites i.e. apple orchards under different management systems, family Halictidae and Empididae registered their presence as dominant groups. The % family contribution of the former at different orchard types decreased with increase in the intensity of the management system and the % family contribution of the later however, showed a direct relationship with the management system found, i.e. the more intense the system, the more abundant was the group. Other groups in general did not show any greater differences in abundances at different sites studied.