Simple renal cysts (SRC) in children are uncommon, usually asymptomatic, and discovered incidentally during investigation for other urinary or abdominal symptoms. The management of SRC in children depends on the symptoms and imaging. Patients can be followed by ultrasonography or other imaging or may be decided an intervention. The available procedures for the treatment of symptomatic cysts are percutaneous aspiration with or without sclerotherapy and open or laparoscopic approaches of the lesions. Only a few small series have been published SRC in children, and is not sufficient data available regarding laparoscopic approach. In this case report, we present a case of symptomatic SRC who underwent laparoscopic unroofing.

World Kidney Day 2016 focuses on kidney disease in childhood and the antecedents of adult kidney disease that can begin in earliest childhood. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in childhood differs from that in adults, as the largest diagnostic group among children includes congenital anomalies and inherited disorders, with glomerulopathies and kidney disease in the setting of diabetes being relatively uncommon. In addition, many children with acute kidney injury will ultimately develop sequelae that may lead to hypertension and CKD in later childhood or in adult life. Children born early or who are small-for date newborns have relatively increased risk for the development of CKD later in life. Persons with a high-risk birth and early childhood history should be watched closely in order to help detect early signs of kidney disease in time to provide effective prevention or treatment. Successful therapy is feasible for advanced CKD in childhood; there is evidence that children fare better than adults, if they receive kidney replacement therapy including dialysis and transplantation, while only a minority of children may require this ultimate intervention Because there are disparities in access to care, effort is needed so that those children with kidney disease, wherever they live, may be treated effectively, irrespective of their geographic or economic circumstances. Our hope is that World Kidney Day will inform the general public, policy makers and caregivers about the needs and possibilities surrounding kidney disease in childhood.

We report a case of the complete separation of the testis and epididymis in an undescended testis, which is a very rare phenomenon. It is a situation associated with an undescended testis and appears to be one of the cases of fusion abnormalities. In all reported cases, vas deferens andepididymis or the vas deferens alone were located more distally than the undescended testis. In our case, histological examination of the left vas-epididymis complex showed rete testis-like tubular tissue which has a risk for malignant transformation. Long-term observation is essential.

Fibroepithelial polyp of vagina (FEPV) is a mucosal polypoid lesion with a fibro vascular stalk and oedematous or hypocellular stroma covered by squamous epithelial surface. FEPV is extremely rare before menarche and after menopause. This article describes a two year old girl with a vaginal polyp and the histological analysis of which revealed to be a FEPV. Surgical excision of the mass was performed, and in 1 year of follow-up no recurrence was detected. A review of the literature showed that there were four cases of FEPV in neonatal girls. While these reported cases were neonatal, our case is the first case of FEPV in a two year old girl.

Cystitis cystica is a rare proliferative lesion of the bladder, usually caused by chronic irritation and inflammation. It is caused by the hyperplasia of the submucosa and proliferation of von brunn nests of the bladder. Though usually benign, it is considered to have some malignant potential. This condition has been reported in adults, but is rarer in pediatric age group. We describe the case of cystitis cystica in a 13 year-old boy who presented with painless hematuria and was suspected to be bladder neoplasm on imaging.