Vesicovaginal reflux (VVR) is common in prepubertal females presenting with voiding dysfunction. However, VVR as a cause of gross hydrocolpos is uncommon in clinical practice. The varied clinical presentation and perplexing imaging findings often results in undergoing a battery of clinical and radiological tests before arriving at a definitive diagnosis. In this article we present the classical imaging features of non-obstructive hydrocolpos due to VVR which differentiates it obstructive causes that can present with similar imaging features.

A 70d old infant who had reducible bilateral inguinal hernia was found to have acute bilateral scrotal swelling, erythema and tenderness without intestinal obstruction. Radiography and ultrasonography studies detected right side inguinoscrotal hernia. With a diagnosis of strangulated inguinal hernia on right side, exploration was done. Amyands hernia and acute scrotal appendicitis were found. Appendectomy, bilateral inguinal herniotomy and scrotal fixation of testes were done. Scrotal appendicitis is an exceptionally rare cause of acute scrotum in young infants. Scrotal manifestations and scrotal complications of acute appendicitis in children are reviewed. This case stresses the need for emergency exploration of acute scrotum in which there is diagnostic dilemma

Ureteral stump syndrome is a medical condition caused by a refluxing distal ureteral remnant left after nephrectomy. Fungal colonization of the ureteral stump is uncommon and distant site infection is exceptional. We present a unique case of fungal peritonitis in a 13-year-old boy who had a right lower-moiety heminephro-ureterectomy at age three with a ureteral stump that served as reservoir for Candida resulting in the subsequent spontaneous fungal passage to the peritoneum.

We report on a case of a pediatric recipient with a well-managed HIV associated nephropathy (HIVAN) on highly active anti-retroviral therapy who underwent a successful deceased donor kidney transplantation, and was unexpectedly found to have a donated staghorn stone. Safe and effective management of the donated stone with combined Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy and ExtraCorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy to salvage the solitary allograft is discussed. To our knowledge this case is the first reported pediatric kidney transplant for HIVAN with a donated staghorn kidney stone in the English literature.

Unilateral renal cystic disease (URCD) is a rare nonfamilial, nonprogressive disorder of one kidney and is not related with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. The present case is a report of a 15-year-old female who had a huge multicystic mass involving the lower and middle part of the left kidney with normal minimal residual renal parenchyma at the upper pole. All the laboratory tests were within normal limits. The right kidney was entirely normal. Left nephrectomy was performed because of a significant morbidity. Here, the clinic, radiologic and pathologic findings are described and their differential diagnosis is discussed.