Lymphatic filariasis is very rare in Greece, despite her geographical position. Only a few cases about affected young men and children have been published during the last century. We report a 2-year-old Caucasian boy presented to our emergency department with a painless swelling in the right scrotum during the last 10 days. Neither fever nor discomfort was reported. In the clinical examination, the right scrotum was hard but painless. An ultrasound and a computed tomography (CT) scan showed a mass (d 2.04 x 1.34x 2.48 cm) in the right epididymis and it was thought to be a solid tumor of epididymis. A decision of an exploratory scrotal surgery was made and a right orchiectomy was performed. The histological examination showed that here were a lot of eosinophil, lymphocytes and some parasites, namely Wuchereria bancrofti in the parenchyma of both testis and epididymis. Then some more specific blood tests were done, which were negative for filariasis, and it was decided that chemotherapy was not needed. In a follow-up period of one and two years after the surgery, all the tests (blood tests and CT scan) were normal and the child had a normal everyday life. Sometimes some clinical cases in children could be tricky. In Europe, such parasitic diseases, as filariasis, are very rare and their diagnosis is difficult for even an experienced pediatric surgeon

More than one trigger are known as responsible for acute glomerulonephritis in the pediatric age. The most common infective trigger is beta-hemolytic Streptococcus group A (GAS) but various infective agents, bacterial and viral, are capable of triggering the inflammatory process. We report a case of 5- year-old child who developed an acute glomerulonephritis related to a GAS and Mycoplasma pneumonia infection and Cytomegalovirus urine reactivation with ultrasound picture suggestive of important kidney involvement. The case support the hypothesis of a relationship between multiple infectious disease and immune-mediated and/or autoimmune mechanism whereas underling mechanism is still unclear and highlights the possible use of ultrasound as a tool to assess the severity of renal involvement.

A ureteric loss is a devastating event and can be corrected with intrinsic urinary tissue using different surgical techniques such as direct anastomosis, psoas hitch, Boari flap, transuretero-ureterostomy and renal autotransplantation. We report a case of successful left ureter total substitution with appendix after failed ureteral reimplantation and acute renal failure, in an infant affected by high grade vesicoureteral reflux in a left functionally solitary kidney.

Double-J (D-J) stents are widely used in a variety of urological interventions. Forgotten D-J stents may lead to complications, such as migration, fragmentation and encrustation. We report the case of a forgotten stent, concomitant with ureteral and bladder stones. The forgotten D-J stent was placed four years prior to our intervention, during treatment for multiple right renal stones. Holmium laser lithotripsy was used to disrupt encrustations on a ureteral orifice and the ureteral stent. The percutaneous suprapubic cystostomy was removed without breaking the stent. The patient was discharged without further complications.

Nowadays laparoscopy has been used for diagnostic purposes; also it has become more preferable to place intra-abdominal testes to the scrotum than to open surgical method. In the management of nonpalpable testes, laparoscopy is a standard and widely accepted technique. The high success rates in diagnosis and treatment, as well as cosmetic results and short hospitalization periods provided by laparoscopy are the other advantages of this technique. In this case report, we shared a case of nonpalpable testes treated by laparoscopic method.