In the current study, mica glass-ceramic materials were produced by basalts including other oxides forming glass structure apart from SiO2 thanks to sintering method, and sintering-machining properties were investigated. For better properties, the composition prepared with some additives such as B2O3, MgO, K2O, and MgF2 was exposed to mixing and grinding process by Al2O3 ball mill for 2 h. The mixture sieved by 75 µm sieves was shaped by one axial pressing under 110 MPa load; obtained cylindrical specimens were sintered at 900 – 1200 °C for 1 h. X ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used for characterization. Furthermore, machining tests were carried out. The results showed that suitable sintering and machining were determined.

Ferrocene and ferrocenyl compounds are widely used in fluorescence studies due to the realizing of energy and electron transfer [1]. In addition to the high selectivity, because of their potential applications in the fields of analytical, biological, clinical and biochemistry, enantioselective fluorescence sensor studies are listed in the literature [2]. Amino acids are important to obtain chiral receptor due to the being natural chiral molecule and excellent hydrogen bond made by amide bonds [3]. In this study the chiral compound 3 was synthesized and fluorescence properties of 3 was studied. When we investigated the fluorescence changes after the interaction of this compound with various chiral amino acids (D-Methionine L-Methionine, D-Alanine, L-Alanine, D-Valine, L-Valine, D-Serine, L-Serine, D-Histidine, L-Histidine, DCysteine, L- Cysteine and D-Threonine, L-Threonine), it was seen that there is a visible change observed against the D-methionine unlike other aminoacids

Aromatic-structured acids and their complexes are having with biological importance, in particular molecules which are used in the food industry due to enzymatic activity and antimicrobial properties. In this study, crystal structure analyses were performed by X-ray diffraction method, and biological analysis of synthesized aromatic-structured complex molecules determined. In order to support and compare of the experimental results for these complexes, the quantum mechanical Hartree-Fock (HF) and Density Functional Theory (DFT) methods were investigated by theoretical calculations. Many information at the atomic level for the complex molecules such as, conformations in the unit cell, energies, bond lengths and angles, molecular packing, intra- and inter-molecular hydrogen bonding interactions were presented.

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a derivation of conventional gas chromatography but, unlike analytical chromatography, the material being evaluated is in the stationary phase in the gas chromatography column. IGC has attracted a lot of attention because of its simplicity and the affordability. IGC has become a useful and reliable analytical method because of its relative rapidity, simplicity, and good accuracy, as well as the relatively low cost and availability of the equipment associated with its practice essentially in gas chromatography. IGC may be experimentally configured for finite (finite concentration region) or infinite (Henry’s law region) dilution concentrations of the adsorbate. In this region; the physicochemical properties of solids was investigated using IGC. In the infinite dilution conditions of the IGC method, a few molecules are injected into the column to approach zero surface coverage. Under this condition the lateral interactions between the adsorbed molecules on the surface can be neglected and the thermodynamic functions depend only on the adsorbate–adsorbent interactions. Adsorption can be considered to take place in the linear part of the adsorption isotherms (Henry’s law region). The attainment of the Henry’s law region is indicated by attainment of the Henry’s law region is indicated by the symmetry of the chromatographic peaks and by the constancy of the retention times measured over a significant range of the sample sizes. Hence, the net retention volumes for a given adsorbate are independent of its gas phase concentration [1] Perlite is finding many uses areas because of technical specifications such as, porosity, lightness, isolative to heat and sound, chemical inertness and the noncombustible. Perlite is much more consumed in the construction industry today. Research on the perlite has focused on production of building materials and examination of the properties of these materials [2]. In the present study, the IGC method at infinite dilution is applied for to investigate the dispersive (London) component of the surface energy ( d ?S ) according to Schultz et al. methods. ). For IGC studies, retention time of n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane and n-nonane were measured at infinite dilution conditions, between 60 and 90 °C. Dispersive component of the surface energy of perlite were calculated as; 34,243, 30,887, 27,644 and 24,573 MJ/m2 respectively. It was observed that, d ?S values decrease with increasing temperature. By correlating the specific adsorption enthalpy of polar probes on perlite with donor and acceptor numbers of the probes, the Lewis acidic (KA) and the Lewis basic (KD) parameters of the sample was calculated. The obtained values for KA and KD were of 0,133 and 0,175. Characterization of perlite was made using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR); 2882-3557 cm-1 areas representing the zeolitic water and containing the coordinated to the magnesium in the octahedral layer bound water. On the other hand, 782 cm-1 at wavelength vibration of Si-O-Al was observed.

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), which are green electrochemical devices, transform directly chemical energy of fuel to electricity, and striking heat energy by using solid fuels as electrolyte [1-3]. One of the essential problems for SOFC is to mix the gases, which used in anode and cathode, reacting electrochemically at high temperature before the reaction and/or the gas infiltration to outside of SOFC. It makes security problem and low efficiency. To use safe sealing material for SOFC is very important due to high operating temperature such as 600-1000°C. The actual studies have shown that the sealing materials produced from glass-ceramics have the greatest potential about sealing. Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced by controlled crystallization of glass that is suitable for crystallization. Glass-ceramics that can be produced by using various compositions are ideal sealing material in terms of accordance between thermal expansion coefficients of SOFC components and glass-ceramic, high temperature strength and corrosion resistance. However, there are also problems resulting from glass-ceramic sealants in SOFC. Nowadays, the glass-ceramics including BaO and SrO are used in commercial glassceramic sealants for SOFC. In the operation condition of SOFC, BaCrO4 and/or SrCrO4 phases can form because of different thermal expansion coefficient, when the glassceramics including BaO and SrO are combined with Crofer Apu 22 as interconnect material. This situation may cause decrease in bonding strength, sealing failure and crack formation. In the current study, the glass-ceramic compositions not including BaO and SrO were prepared for sealant material of SOFC and interface characteristics with CroferAPU22 were investigated. The results indicated that the glass-ceramic materials exhibiting good bonding with CroferAPU22 and not containing chromate phase can be produced by natural rocks.

2,4,6-Trichlorophenol is a phenolic compound which is widely used in the production of pesticides, herbicides, wood, leather and glue preservatives. In addition, 2,4,6- trichlorophenol may form during the treatment of phenol containing industrial wastewater with hypochlorite or during the disinfection of drinking-water sources. The removal of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol is significant because of its high toxicity, carcinogenic properties and persistence [1]. In this study, the adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on powder activated carbon from aqueous solution was investigated using batch method. In the experimental studies; the effects of solution pH, equilibrium time, amount of activated carbon and temperature on adsorption were investigated. The adsorption isotherms were analyzed applying the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models and the constants of isotherms were calculated. The kinetic data were analyzed using pseudo first order and pseudo second order models. According to the obtained results; the maximum adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol was observed at pH=3. It was determined that using 2g/L of activated carbon provided 98% removal from 500 mg/L of solution at 25oC. It was observed that the adsorption was reached to the equilibrium in 24 hours and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo second order model. It was also found that temperature does not affect the adsorption significantly. The isotherms were very well represented by Langmuir model and the monolayer capacity at 25oC was calculated as 833 mg/g. The results showed that the powder activated carbon is useful as an effective adsorbent for the adsorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol.

Environmental pollution and water pollution is one of the issues negatively affecting quality of life. Textile industrial wastewater contain different chemicals and dyes. Basic dyes are used especially in the dyeing of fibers in the textile industry. Polymers are also utilized to treat the textile dyes from the wastewater pollutants. The treatment of textile dyes from wastewater mainly physical, chemical and biological methods are preferred according to characterictics of the wastewater. Flocculation, coagulation, oxidation, ozonation, membrane separation, adsorption and anaerobic treatment methods can be used together or individually according to characteristics of wastewater of the industry [1-3]. In this study, Basic Yellow 28 cationic dye was decolorized at different conditions with perfluorocarbon based polymer. Basic Blue 28 decolorized with commercial perfluorocarbon based polymer about 100 % through 100 minutes at 45 °C and pH: 7.0 (Figure 1).

Today, industrialization and population growth have led to an increasing of environmental pollution that is becoming a threat for human life. Synthetic dyes are widely used in various areas such as textile, paper, food, cosmetics, paint and plastic industries. Dyes usually have a synthetic origin and complex aromatic molecular structures which make them more stable and more difficult to biodegrade. Thus, discharging the wastewaters including dyes to natural receiving waters is an undesirable condition [1]. It is also known that these wastewaters are carcinogenic and toxic for aquatic organisms [2]. Hence, the removal of dyes from wastewater has gained increasing importance in ecological and environmental view. Various treatment methods have been used for removal of impurities from wastewater. Adsorption is a widely used process. The major advantages of an adsorption treatment for the control of water pollution are less investment in terms of initial development cost, simple design and easy operation [3]. Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent in the adsorption processes. The activated carbon has appeared to be an attractive adsorbent due to its high surface area, high porous structure, high adsorption capacity and surface reactivity. In this study, activated carbon was prepared from pumpkin seed shell by chemical activation using ZnCl2 and the prepared activated carbon was used to remove dye stuff from aqueous solutions. In the experimental studies, methylene blue, which is used in many sectors such as medicine, textile industry and ink production was used. Adsorption equilibrium time was determined by kinetic study. Furthermore, the effects of the adsorbent dosage, the initial dye concentration and the temperature on the adsorption were also investigated. The rate of adsorption was found to conform to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and the Langmuir isotherm equation showed better fit at 45 oC. The results showed that the activated carbon produced from pumpkin seed shell was a convenient adsorbent for methylene blue removal.

Nickel oxide (NiO) has a wide range of potential applications such as electrochromic devices, gas sensors, heterojunction solar cells and automobile mirrors. In this work, NiO films have been prepared by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis technique on glass substrates at 400±5 ?C. The films have been deposited by using 0.15 M solution of nickel acetate. Surface properties of the films have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) images and roughness values. Electrical resistivity values of the films have been determined using a four-point probe set-up. The optical properties of the NiO films have been investigated in the wavelength range 300 - 900 nm with UVVIS spectrophotometer.

Conductive polymers can be synthesized in solution or on the electrode surface by oxidation of aromatic heterocyclic organic molecules. Polypyrrole, polythiophene, polyaniline, polyfuran, polyphenylenevinylene, polytionaphtene, polycarbazole, polyindole and polyazulene are the most well-known conductive polymers. Although less studied among the conductive polymers, carbazole polymers have many advantages such as cheap, environmental and chemically stable because of aromatic structure, optic with nitrogen atom in structure, electrical properties, can give polymers having a lower band gap than p-phenylene polymers because occur from biphenyl group. During the polymerization, poly (2,7-carbazole) derivatives can be obtained by binding from 2- and 7- positions while poly (3,6-carbazole) polymers obtained by binding from 3- and 6- positions. Features and applications area of these polymers are different [1,2]. In previous studies, electrochemical synthesis of Polyaniline was carried out in dichloromethane medium and it was used as modified surface for determination of some phenolic compounds [3,4]. In this study, electropolymerization of polycarbazole- polyaniline (PC - PANI) copolymer was firstly studied using polymerization solution containing dichloromethane / 100 mM tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) / 1.0 mM carbazole / 50.0 - 200 mM aniline and optimum polymerization conditions were determined. Aqueous and non-aqueous medium behaviors of prepared PC –PANI modified electrode were investigated. The best electroactive film was determined. Characterization of the synthesized copolymer film was carried out by UV-vis, FT-IR, Raman, SEM and EDS techniques. Electrochemical behavior of hydroquinone was investigated in NaHSO4 / Na2SO4 medium over obtained modified electrode and it was compared with its homopolymers.

The development of chemical sensors for the detection of heavy and transition metals is currently of great importance in supramolecular chemistry[1]. In this direction, ferrocene and derivatives for providing energy and electrons are used in fluorescence studies as chemosensors[2,3]. the design of single fluorescent probes that can report Zn2+ and Cd2+ with distinct fluorescence signals still attracts great attention because it is relatively challenging to discriminate between these two kinds of metal ions due to the fact that they lie in the same group in the periodic table. Fluorimetric studies has simple and high sensitivity to discrimination[4]. In this study, a novel ferrocene-based Schiff base (3) was synthesized. This compound was characterised by elemental analysis, FT-IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Sensor 3 used as a sensor for the determination of heavy transition metal ions out of Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions using Fluorogenic method. The resulting data expressed the synthesized sensor was found to be good selective against Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions.

In this study, zinc oxide thin films (ZnO) were produced on glass substrate by using spray pyrolysis. Ellipsometric measurements of ZnO thin films were taken using spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) technique. An important optical parameters of films such as refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k) and thicknesses (d) of ZnO thin films were determined variable-angle (50°-60°-70°) by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) technique. Variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry was used for thickness and optical constant calculations. Multiple angle measurements were taken in the most sensitive angle of incidence region. The optical parameters (n, k and d) were then obtained the different two ellipsometric angles (? and ) by a fitting procedure were experimental data, which were generated from the Cauchy-Urbach dispersion model, were compared with the experimental ones. Also, the surfaces properties and roughness values of ZnO thin films, is an important factor in the ellipsometric measurements, were examined by atomic force microscopy. In conclusion, the ellipsometric incidence angle and surface properties effects were discussed on the optical parameters of ZnO thin films such as thickness and optical constants (refractive index and extinction coefficient).

One of the known groups of mesoporous materials is MCM-41 that has been applied as catalyst for various chemical reactions [1-2]. In this work, using water as solvent, cetylytrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as template, sodium silicate and tetraethylortosilicate (TEOS) as silica source, mesoporous MCM-41 were synthesized by direct hydrothermal synthesis method and sonochemical synthesis method. Furthermore, the effects of silica source and synthesis method on the distribution of products were studied. Both methods were successful yielding catalysts. Prepared mesoporous molecular sieves were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Braunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area. The synthesized MCM-41 materials were used as catalyst in the pyrolysis of scrap mobile phone of printed circuits boards and the efficiency of their discussed. In experiments when used sodium silicate as silica source, the synthesized MCM-41 by hydrothermal method was called as M-1, the synthesized MCM-41 by sonochemical method was called as M-2. Similarly, when used TEOS as silica source, the synthesized MCM-41 by hydrothermal method was called as M-3, the synthesized MCM-41 by sonochemical method was called as M-4. The XRD pattern of M-1, M-2, M-3 and M-4 is shown in Figure 1. XRD spectrum of MCM-41 sample showed a sharp peak (100) and three reflection peaks corresponding to (110), (200) and (210), which meant that the sample had an ordered pore structure [3-6]. Both of the synthesized MCM-41, showed a sharp XRD peak around 2?=2° and few weak peaks in 2?= 3-5°, which indicated well-hexagonal structure of MCM-41. Figure 2 shows the SEM image of the synthesized M-1, M-2, M-3 and M-4. SEM results show each spherical aggregate is composed of several of individual small nanoparticles with uniform diameters of about 60 nm. The silica sources influence the shape of the produced MCM-41. Fig. 2 (a-b) demonstrates that the particles are extensively agglomerated. Also it reveals the spherical morphology of the particles. The sponge-like appearance of the MCM-41 particles is seen in Fig. 2 (c-d). BET surface area values and pore volume date are listed in Table 1. It is clearly seen from Table 1 that using the sonochemical for synthesis of MCM-41 a greater increase of surface area and pore volume is resulted.