Eastern Anatolia Region have natural Scots pine stands which provide smooth and quality yield and optimal growth in addition it is possibility to see stands with forked, thin, enormous, bad-shaped, non-growth trees. Precommercial thinning is a practical means of substantially increasing the production of usable wood. This study has been aimed to determine the effects of precommercial thinning on Scots pine stand (18-20 years old). Precommercial thinning experiments were established in Scots pine stands in Sarikamis and Ardahan in 2010. The experimental plots are 3 x 4 x 500 = 6000 m² in each site. Three thinning treatments (light, moderate and heavy) and a control area were randomly assigned to adjacent areas, approximateley 0.6 ha in size in each site. There are a total of 12 plots in each experiment area (3 replicates, 4 treatments per replicate). The effects of the treatments were analysed after a period of 3 years. The study showed that heavy precommercial thinning (30-35 %reduction in basal area) resulted in the highest diameter and basal area in both areas. It might be recommended densities of 3000-4000 stems ha-1 after early precommercial thinning in Scots pine.

In this study, “Rehabilitation of Burned Areas and the Establishment of Forest with Fire-resistant Species Project” called YARDOP, implemented by General Directorate of Forestry (GDF) was evaluated based on the available literature. The objective of YARDOP is to increase the physical resistance of burned and fire sensitive forest areas against fires. For this purpose, Transport Service Areas, Fire Intervention Zones, Fire Weakening Zones have been established between the wildland-urban interfaces (YOAT) and wildland-agricultural areas interfaces (ZOAT) in YARDOP areas. This study begins with the explanation of relations between YARDOP Road Corridors and forest fire conditions. The study continues with the effects of different vegetation management approaches in YARDOP Fire Intervention Zones. YARDOP Fire Weakening Zones are then analyzed, mainly based on several silvicultural treatments such as thinning and pruning. In addition, fire ignition risk during a wildland fire in YOAT and ZOAT areas was also evaluated. Then, the most known fuel reduction techniques, including prescribed burning, silvicultural treatment, vegetation removing, grazing and applications of chemicals were explained and finally knowledge gaps, future research needs, and general suggestions were presented.

Two series of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) progeny tests have been established for the Marmara Region Tree Breeding Zone. First series tests have been established with 158 plus trees; and second series tests have been established with the clones of 160 plus trees grown in seed orchards. In test sites, seedlings’ height and diameter (at breast height- dbh) values were measured; genetic parameters and using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method breeding values of families were estimated.In first series tests, the 12th years’ individual heritability values were estimated 0.24 for height and 0.16 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were 0.52 for height and 0.55 for diameter. In second series tests, individual heritability values for height were computed as 0.29 and 0.12 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were calculated as 0.54 and 0.45, respectively. Genetic correlation between height and diameter were estimated as 0.48 and 0.50 for the first and second series, respectively. Genetic correlation estimations between 4th and 12th years’ height were computed as 0.81 and 0.70 in first and second series, respectively. Type-B genetic correlations between first and second series tests were estimated as 0.54 and 1.00, and it is concluded that genotype environment interaction is not significant.In first series tests, estimated genetic gain was very low with plus tree selections. In second series tests, genetic gain was estimated as 4 %for height and 5 %for diameter in phenotypical seed orchards. When the best 30 clones were selected, genetic gain would rise up to 13 %and 11 %for height and diameter, respectively. When four seed orchards (No 32, 35, 40, 188) which has the highest genetic gain for height and diameter characters are used for forestation, it is clear that the new generation will grow taller and larger in diameter.

In this study, our aims were (1) to produce native mycorrhizal fungi species that are collected from oak stands of semi-arid lands and that can be produced in pure cultures mycorrhizal species in the laboratory and (2) to produce mycorrhizal Turkey oak (Quercus cerris L.) seedling after inoculation with these cultures of fungi. The study had a factorial design with 2 mycorrhizal inoculations, 2 seedling production types (bare rooted and containerized) and 2 sterilization applications with three replications. Pure cultures were produced for nursery inoculations from two of these fungal species [(Chroogomphus rutilus (Cr) and Rhizopogon luteolous (Rl))], which were the most commonly encountered ones in the field and they could be cultured under laboratory conditions. In addition, a control treatment where no inoculation had been performed was also included in the experiment. At the end of the first vegetation period, bareroot seedlings inoculated with C. rutilus species had Mycorrhizal Inoculation Effectiveness (MIE) value of 29.8 %and those inoculated with R. luteolous species had MIE of 24.5 %. In containerized seedlings, C. rutilus inoculation resulted in MIE of 9.8 %and R. luteolous inoculation resulted in MIE of 5.1 %. These findings indicate that the use of these mycorrhizal fungal species can be beneficial for the production of healthy and well developed oak seedlings.

A comprehensive job analysis assessing tasks, authorities and activities of forest enterprise directorates has not carried out yet in Turkey. Therefore the purpose of the study was determined as realization of job analysis of Denizli Forest Enterprise Directorate. Research stages will be implemented as follows: i) Content Analysis Technique; ii) Checklist technique; iii) Interview Technique. According to this research, 2263 potential type of work has been identified for the forest enterprise directorates, and 2189 of them are carried out in Denizli Forest Enterprise Directorate. 96.7% of them have been carried out actually and 93.9% of them take part in the forestry legislation. These jobs have been carried out either in the office, in the field or both (office+ field) 77.8, 36.9 and 14.7% respectively. The greater part of the activities have been carried out in business and marketing issues (48.7%), then in afforestation (22.4%) and then in combating forest fires (20.6%). In Denizli Forest Enterprise Directorates, 37 different kind of documents have been organized. The most part of the documents have been organized as tables (28.2%), official reports (14.9%) and reports (10.0%)

National laws and international ethical rules on the action to be taken to prohibit a transaction that might cause a loss or change the characteristics of the national park take natural/ecological balance as a reference. To what extent can planners identify these limits? In this study carried out in the quest of an answer to this wuestion it’s claimed that natural threshold can be used as an analytical tool for the sustainable ecological planning. The study tries to determine two focuses in Uludag National Park, which are (1) areas assumed as naturally stable and (2) ultimate restriction for use, that is, natural threshold. As a result of the analysis, it’s determined that Uludag National Park conssts of 46% ecologically stable areas and 54% ecologically non-stable areas. The study suggests that natural thresholds be determined in nature protection areas, analyzed by ecological parameters and evaluated for a sustainable management.

In recent years, increasing importance of the oak forests has revealed the requirement for further investigation of these habitats. The current study was conducted to determine the species of mammals in a pure oak stand in Bolu-Yedigöller Wildlife Reserve. The observations were made by wildlife camera traps from fixed-points for about a year, from September 2013 to July 2014. A total of 10 species of mammals was identified, and 2231 individuals were counted from 1415 wild animal images. Wild boar, roe deer and red fox are the most dominant species in the area. Wild animals do not show seasonal variations in the stands. Feeding behavior was observed more than the other activities. The species is nocturnal in general. We suggest continuing the sustainable management in oak stands that are rich in terms of wildlife.

Fagus orientalis Lipsky (Oriental beech) indigenously grows in the west from Balkans through Anatolia, to the east Caucasus, northern Iran and Crimea. In Turkey there is also natural distribution of Fagus sylvatica L. (European beech). In this study molecular divergence of Oriental beech and European beech was investigated by ITS-5 region. Oriental beech and European beech samples were collected from 11 different natural populations. During sampling, populations were selected from four seed transfer zones of distributional area in Turkey. In addition to different zones, marginal populations were also sampled. For each population, leaves from 5 single-trees were harvested for DNA isolation. Nuclear ribosomal ITS-5 region sequences didn’t show different grouping in European and Oriental beech populations.

In this study, shoots, leaves, flowers, fruits, bud samples were taken from the areas where taxa of Aceraceae family (Acer spp.) Were found around 200 in the world, and 12 taxa and 17 subspecies in our country were spread, photographed and herbarium samples were taken. In addition, for each taxon, 50 pieces of buds, leaves, fruits and seeds are taken from the sample; Leaf and stem length, fruit length, stem length, fruit leaf length and width, fruit leaf angle, fruit leaf head, middle and end portions, seed width And their mean values were taken. While the measurements made for the taxa of the maple trees belonging to the Acerceae family are in parallel with the measurements made by Faik Yaltirik (1967 b; 1971), some differences were observed. For the first time, Acer negundo, Acer monspessulanum and Acer hyrcanum taxa measurements were made on leaves, buds, fruits and seeds.

The aim of this study is to determine standart method of available poplar rootless cutting with motherness method for “KOCABEY”, “GAZI” ve “GEYVE” clones. Factorial experimental design was used to determine whether spaceing and shoothas on effect on the production of one and two years aged rootless cuttings with motherness method in Ankara-Behiçbey Forest Nursery. According to the results taken from research, the best amount of the production of one year aged rootless cuttings with motherness method for “Kocabey”, “Gazi” and “Geyve” clones are given by using 1,6 x 0,9 m ile 1,6 x 0,4 m spacing.

Salep represented by 170 taxa, 30 of which are endemic in Turkey not only is an important part of genetic plant diversity, but also contains economically and commercially valuable species. Although salep is covered by “International Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)”, millions of salep plants are disrooted every year to produce salep. Salep derived from the plants are used in the food sector including primarily the ice-cream industry. Despite its high economic value, cultivation activities are still ongoing. Weed control is an important factor that is encountered during cultivation and increases the costs significantly. In this study, both mechanical and chemical weed control methods in salep cultivation were explored and an effort was undertaken to identify a cheap and effective cultivation method. The trials were conducted in 2010 in Izmir-Menemen under field conditions. Stinging nettle (Urtica urens L.), dead nettle (Stellaria media L.), wild oat grass (Avena futua L.) and shepherd’s purse (Capsella bursa pastoris L.) represented 84% of the species found in the study area with respect to density. An effort was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of chemical control using different herbicides for weeds. To this end, three iterations of seven treatments including Lenacil (Adol), Bentazon (Basagran), Acetochlor (Cengaver), Aclonifen (Challenge), Pendimethalin (Herbimat), Trifluralin (Treflan) in the recommended doses and the control were applied before germination following the planting of tubers on the 3rd week of September 2010. Following the application, it was found that Lenacil was ineffective, Bentazon had an effectiveness of 54%, Trifluralin 71%, Acetochlor 95%, Aclonifen 97%, Pendimethalin 93% in reducing the amount of weeds per square meter compared to the control. Furthermore, Trifluralin, Acetochlor and Aclonifen were observed to have a negative effect on the development of salep, and Pendimethalin was found to be the most effective substance with respect to both weed control and normal development of salep. Chemical control was found to be cheaper and more effective compared to the mechanical control method.

The Calabrian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) and Monterey pine (Pinus radiata D. Don.) species were pulped using an alternative Sodium borohydride (NaBH4)-Kraft pulping process with the aim of improving delignification and total yield. The effects of reaction conditions on the pulp yield and degree of delignification were evaluated. The results indicate that adding sodium borohydride to conventional kraft process was effective for improving both delignification and yield of both pine species. It was found that the delignification proceeded more rapidly and more selectively with NaBH4-kraft than it did with conventional kraft alone, giving higher yields at a given kappa number. However, the best Sodium borohydride NaBH4- Kraft pulping condition for the Calabrian pine was found with 16% Active Alkali, 28% Sulfidity and 0.5% NaBH4 level whereas the best pulping conditions for Monterey pine was found with 20% Active Alkali, 26% Sulfidity and 0.7% NaBH4 level.

In this work, it was aimed to clarify the effects of different cultivation density on the morphological characteristics of prickly juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus L. subsp. oxycedrus) seedlings. The study was carried out at the sowing beds in the Egirdir Forest Nursey. Five different cultivation densities were applied in the study. These are 1.5 cm, 3 cm, 6, cm, 9 cm distances and the control plots without any application. In the study, it was observed that the different cultivation density effected the morphological characteristics of prickly juniper seedlings in many ways such as root collar diameter, number of lateral roots, index of robustness, quality index, fresh and dry weights of seedling’s stem and root. With the decrease of cultivation density in the sowing beds, root collar diameter, fresh and dry weights of stem and the number of lateral roots increased. Except the control plots, all other plots with different cultivation densities showed high root collar diameter and number of lateral roots. In terms of the seedling weight, the best results were obtained from the 3 cm cultivation density plots whereas the worst was at control plots. In conclusion, for the propagation of prickly juniper seedlings in Egirdir Forest Nursery, 3 cm cultivation density can be proposed.

This study was carried out to examine the relationships between productivity of taurus cedar (Cedrus libani A. Rich.) and some environmental factors in afforestation areas located in Eskisehir, Afyonkarahisar and Ankara provinces. Sampling studies were performed on 55 sample plots that differ in aspect, altitude, slope degree, slope position and stand growth. A tree representing top stand height in each area was cut from each stand and soil samples were taken from the horizons. Some physical and chemical properties of the soil samples were analyzed. The climate data was obtained from the closest meteorological station to determine the relationships between productivity of Taurus cedar and climatic factors. Relations between top height values of trees in stands and edaphic, climatic and physiographic site factors were analyzed using correlation, stepwise regression analysis and regression tree methods. Latitude and slope position as physiographic factors; the average high temperature potential evapotranspiration, water surplus, the average temperature of the coldest month, the average temperature of the hottest month and the average temperature of four months in the summer as climatic factors; silt ratio as edaphic factors were statistically found as the most significant factors on the variation of height growth. The height growth of the species was modelled using stepwise regression analysis and regression tree method. As a result of these methods, the best prediction model was found to be the regression tree method with a ratio of 65.6%.

http://dergipark.gov.tr/ogmoad/issue/24672/260949

Two series of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) progeny tests have been established for the Marmara Region Tree Breeding Zone. First series tests have been established with 158 plus trees; and second series tests have been established with the clones of 160 plus trees grown in seed orchards. In test sites, seedlings’ height and diameter (at breast height- dbh) values were measured; genetic parameters and using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method breeding values of families were estimated.In first series tests, the 12th years’ individual heritability values were estimated 0.24 for height and 0.16 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were 0.52 for height and 0.55 for diameter. In second series tests, individual heritability values for height were computed as 0.29 and 0.12 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were calculated as 0.54 and 0.45, respectively. Genetic correlation between height and diameter were estimated as 0.48 and 0.50 for the first and second series, respectively. Genetic correlation estimations between 4th and 12th years’ height were computed as 0.81 and 0.70 in first and second series, respectively. Type-B genetic correlations between first and second series tests were estimated as 0.54 and 1.00, and it is concluded that genotype environment interaction is not significant.In first series tests, estimated genetic gain was very low with plus tree selections. In second series tests, genetic gain was estimated as 4 %for height and 5 %for diameter in phenotypical seed orchards. When the best 30 clones were selected, genetic gain would rise up to 13 %and 11 %for height and diameter, respectively. When four seed orchards (No 32, 35, 40, 188) which has the highest genetic gain for height and diameter characters are used for forestation, it is clear that the new generation will grow taller and larger in diameter.

Two series of Turkish red pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) progeny tests have been established for the Marmara Region Tree Breeding Zone. First series tests have been established with 158 plus trees; and second series tests have been established with the clones of 160 plus trees grown in seed orchards. In test sites, seedlings’ height and diameter (at breast height- dbh) values were measured; genetic parameters and using the Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) method breeding values of families were estimated.In first series tests, the 12th years’ individual heritability values were estimated 0.24 for height and 0.16 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were 0.52 for height and 0.55 for diameter. In second series tests, individual heritability values for height were computed as 0.29 and 0.12 for diameter. Family mean heritabilities were calculated as 0.54 and 0.45, respectively. Genetic correlation between height and diameter were estimated as 0.48 and 0.50 for the first and second series, respectively. Genetic correlation estimations between 4th and 12th years’ height were computed as 0.81 and 0.70 in first and second series, respectively. Type-B genetic correlations between first and second series tests were estimated as 0.54 and 1.00, and it is concluded that genotype environment interaction is not significant.In first series tests, estimated genetic gain was very low with plus tree selections. In second series tests, genetic gain was estimated as 4 %for height and 5 %for diameter in phenotypical seed orchards. When the best 30 clones were selected, genetic gain would rise up to 13 %and 11 %for height and diameter, respectively. When four seed orchards (No 32, 35, 40, 188) which has the highest genetic gain for height and diameter characters are used for forestation, it is clear that the new generation will grow taller and larger in diameter.