Historically, nitrogen compound due to major environmental and public health problems have been considered. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation processes were proposed by many advantages such as; novelty, promising method and cost-effective. In this work, we used of anommax process for a wastewater with high C:N ratios and the main parameter likes pH; temperature, NO2/NH4 ratio and behavior of COD, ammonium and nitrite during operation time of 55 days were evaluated. High efficiency in nitrite and ammonium removal is observed at pH values between 7.5 to 8 and operation times between 9 to 23 days. Furthermorethe variation of the nitrite/ammonium ratio done dependence to pH, and a higher ratio was associated with higher pH values. And lower values of NO2/NH4 ratio have occurred with decrease of pH at third phase of anommax process. The average elimination efficiency of COD was occurred about 89.22%, but the removal efficiency of COD in anommax reactor was obtained about 49.5%. Furthermorethe removal efficiency of ammonium and nitrite were provided about 50% for each.

A quantitative structure–activity relationships (QSAR) study is suggested for the prediction of solubility of pharmaceutical compounds in aqueous solution by using chemometrics methods. Ab initio theory was used to calculate some quantum chemical descriptors including electrostatic potentials and local charges at each atom, HOMO and LUMO energies, etc. Also, Dragon software was used to calculate some descriptors such as WIHM and GETAWAY. QSAR studies are mathematical quantification of relations between structure and activity or property. These are extensively used in pharmaceutical and agricultural chemistry for screening potential compounds for specific biological activity. Computable molecular descriptors are preferred to experimental properties in QSAR analyses because require molecular structure as the only input and can be in expensively calculated for a chemical in less than a millisecond. By multivariate calibration methods such as partial least squares (PLS) regression and least squares support vector analysis (LS-SVM), it is possible to obtain a model adjusted to the concentration values of the mixtures used in the calibration range. Orthogonal signal/descriptor correction (OSC/ODC) is a preprocessing technique used for removing the information unrelated to the target variables based on constrained principal component analysis. OSC is a suitable preprocessing method for PLS calibration of mixtures without loss of prediction capacity using cited descriptors. The root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) was also quite acceptable for OSC-PLS (0.0095) and LS-SVM (0.0023)

Two carotenoids have been isolated from the leaves of Toona sureni (Blume) Merr. The structures of the compounds were determined to be (all-E)-ß-carotene (1) and (all-E)-ß,?-carotene 3,3’-diol (2), based on UV-vis, FTIR, NMR and EIMS spectra.

The environment is under increasing pressure from solid and liquid wastes emanating from the leather industry. These are inevitable by-products of the leather manufacturing process and causes significant pollution unless treated in some way prior to discharge. The tanneries wastes samples were collected from Lahore Pakistan. The samples were digested by wet oxidation method and the concentrations of metals: Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb were estimated in sediments and liquid waste samples by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results show that the concentrations of these metals were higher than the values given by the national environmental quality standards. Selective separation of Cr ion from other metals was investigated in sediment sample TS2 by adsorption method using low cost natural adsorbent activated charcoal. The adsorption studies were carried out under the optimized conditions of adsorption like pH, shaking time and amount of adsorbent. The concentration of Cr after removal was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The adsorption equilibrium data were fitted in adsorption isotherm equations like: Freundlich, and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations at temperatures ranges from 303 to 318 K. Thermodynamic parameters ?H, ?S and ?G were also calculated. The values of sorption free energy were estimated by employing D-R equation. The percent removal data show that about 99% removal was achieved by employing low cost adsorbent. This method can be employed on industrial scale for the treatment of solid and liquid waste before discharge into the main streams.

The antioxidant activity of essential oil of Thymus serpyllum was determined by using DMPD/ferric chloride assay. The purple colored cation was formed by the oxidation of N,N-dimethyl-p-phenylenediamine (DMPD) with 0.05 M solution of ferric chloride. The purple colored radical cation obtained was decolorized by the antioxidants present in Thymus serpyllum oil. The antioxidant value of Thymus serpyllum oil was then measured by its ability to inhibit the color intensity of DMPD radical cation. It was also observed that the antioxidant value of Thymus serpyllum oil decreased with the passage of time.

In the present work, two important medicinal plants of genus Ocimum, O. basilicum and O.sanctum have been compared in a number of phytochemical parameters. Effect of extraction techniques, solvent extraction, Soxhlet extraction and hydro-distillation, on the yield in different solvents have been investigated. Hydro-distillation gave a better yield of more volatile components than hexane fraction of the other two techniques. Both the plants showed good urease inhibitory activity. Hydro-distillate was stronger inhibitor than hexane or methanolic extracts of solvent or Soxhlet extractions. The extracts of O. basilicumshowed a greater urease activity than extracts of O. sanctum.Alpha-amylase inhibitory activity of O. basilicum was also higher than that of O. sanctum. Notably, the synergistic effect of the extracts of the two plants was much higher than their individual efficacy against alpha-amylase. The activity decreased with decrease in concentration. Both the species had almost equal air pollution tolerance index (APTI) with O. basilicum(10.558) having slightly higher value than O. sanctum (9.202).Both plants contained alkaloids and phenolics. Both the plants also had almost same nutritional values.

Some polydiacetylenes have been synthesized using UV light in topochemical polymerization technique. Some diacetylene compounds were reacted with benzocaine and procaine in an attempt to be used as biosensors in topochemical polymerization process (In vivo). The linear (Amorphous) polymer was allowed to react with some commercial antibiotics and were studied as slow drug release polymers. Externally treatment of the drug containing polymers to groups of infected rabbits revealed that these polymers are effective against certain types of micro organisms.

The determination amoxicillin, ampicillin and cephalexin was studied by complexation of the antibiotics with Au(III) and Hg(II) ions in bulk and pharmaceutical preparations using uv-visible spectrophotometry, atomic absorption, and HPLC techniques. Optimum conditions for complex formation were fixed at pH 4 and (2-4) for Au(III) and Hg(II)complexes respectively, heating temperature at (60 °C) and heating time for (10 minute). All complexes were extracted from aqueous solution with benzyl alcohol prior to measurements except in the case of HPLC. The L:M ratios for all complexes were determined and stability constants were calculated using mole ratio method. The Beer's law was obeyed over the concentration range (5-60) and 5-50 µg/ml of antibioticsfor Au(III) and Hg(II) complexes using colorimetric method and (1-25 µg/ml) of Au(III) for FAAS. The linearity for HPLC method was (10-110 and 10-120 µg/ml) respectively. The correlation coefficients (r) were (0.9981-0.9997). Generally, the highest sensitivity was recorded by FAAS.