Plan: To synthesize some novel 2-amino thiophenes with various substitutions at 2-amino position for anti-platelet aggregation activity. Preface: Various substituted and condensed thiophenes are reported to possess a wide variety of biological and pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation activity, antipyretic, antitumor and so on. Thus a series of new thiophenes have synthesized with various substituents at 2-amino position and screened for anti-platelet aggregation activity. Methodology: The starting material (JMS-2) was prepared by the application of versatile Gewald reaction. It was then derivatized to various Schiff bases JMS-2(a-m) by reacting with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized new compounds were characterized by MP, TLC, IR, NMR and Mass spectra and were screened for their In-vitro anti-platelet aggregation activity by GVR Born method using Heparin as the standard. Outcome: Compound JMS-2a, JMS-2b, JMS-2d and JMS-2i showed good % inhibition and were found to be more significant.

The global use of herbal medicines has been steadily increasing and today a large number of the world's population use herbal medicines as their primary form of health care. This popularity, mainly influenced by patients' dissatisfaction with conventional allopathic medicines may also be attributed to several other reasons. Often associated with traditional and personal beliefs, herbal medicines because of its natural origin are perceived to be highly effective therapeutically, safe and free of side-effects, and in some cases complementary to western or orthodox medicine. They are freely available from health stores and pharmacies and they actually allow the user the means to self-treat a range of conditions for which orthodox and even over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are limited or unavailable. This has led to extensive herbal self-medication, as users are often unaware of the adverse drug reactions (ADR’s) that these medicines may pose.

Plan: The objective of this research investigation was to formulate and evaluate herbal hydrogel incorporated with the extract of Ipomea pes-tigridis intended for anti acne activity. Methodology: The formulation was evaluated for various parameters like organoleptic characters, pH, skin irritation test by multiple compartment patch, microbial contamination, extrudeability, spread ability, drug content, diffusion studies using pig skin,accelerated stability studies, drug excipient interaction studies by FTIR, invitro anti acne and in vivo anti inflammatory activity. Outcome: The formulated hydrogel passed all the evaluation parameters. The hydrogel was olive green in colour and had an excellent fragrance. The diffusion studies revealed that the drug release was in controlled release form. The accelerated stability studies revealed that formulation was stable at room temperature whereas its stability reduced with increase in temperature. The FTIR studies showed that there were no drug excipient interactions. The anti acne and anti inflammatory activity showed an activity comparable to that of the standard drugs clindamycin and diclofenac,respectively. Hence it can be concluded that the formulation can be a good substitute for the existing synthetic anti acne agents.

Plan In the present study, the steroidal fraction was isolated from the ethanolic extract of T.communis root and berries (TCRE and TCBE, % yield: 0.035 and 0.032 respectively) and screened for their cytotoxicity against human epidermoid laryngocarcinoma (HEp-2) and Ahmed-Mohammad-Nahi-2003 mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN-3) cell lines. Methodology Tamus communis (F: Dioscoreaceae) is a plant, growing wildly in the northern part of Iraq, mainly contains the steroidal sapogenin, diosgenin, in its roots and berries. In the present study, the steroidal fraction was isolated from the ethanolic extract of T.communis root and berries (TCRE and TCBE, % yield: 0.035 and 0.032 respectively) and screened for their cytotoxicity against human epidermoid laryngocarcinoma (HEp-2) and Ahmed-Mohammad-Nahi-2003 mammary adenocarcinoma (AMN-3) cell lines. The presence of diosgenin was confirmed in the extract by HPLC methods with standard diosgenin sample. Outcome The plant extracts, TCRE and TCBE showed better cytotoxic effect (IC50 342.56 µg/ml and 386.55µg/ml) on HEp-2 cell line than pure diosgenin (IC50 409.29 µg/ml), while diosgenin was more toxic to AMN-3 cell lines (IC50 360.04µg/ml) compared to the plant extracts (TCRE: IC50 400.28 and TCBE: 465.64µg/ml respectively).

Plan: The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant and gastroprotective potential of ethanolic extract of Rheum emodi. Methodology: Antioxidant and gastroprotective activity was evaluated using reserpine and ethanol-induced ulcer models. The ethanolic extract of the Rheum emodi (EERE) was given by oral route at a dose of 50 mg/kg/p.o. and 100 mg/kg Outcome: Pre-treatment with EERE, dose dependently reduced the ulcer index and lesions with marked attenuation in the level of oxidative stress parameters estimated by TBARS, GSH, SOD and MPO. EERE administration increases the gastric adhesion mucus content in ethanol and reserpine-induced ulcer.

Plan: An analytical method for estimation of Buspirone HCl in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms by spectrofluorimetric is described. Prologue: The method is simple, fast and accurate and can be used for routine analysis of commercial Buspirone HCl tablets. Methodology: The developed method is based on the determination of fluorescence intensity of the solutions in water at 379nm after excitation at 238nm. Different experimental parameters affecting the fluorescence were carefully studied. The fluorescence intensityof the solution was stable for 5 hours. The calibration curve was linear from 50-1500 ng/ml. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ)were 20ng/ml and 45ng/ml respectively. Outcome: The proposed method has been applied successfully for the determination of BuspironeHCl in pharmaceutical dosage forms. No significant interference was observed from excipients, coloring and flavoring agents commonly used in the formulation. The mean recovery of drug from tablets was 99.89%. Keywords: Buspirone HCl;Spectrofluorimetric method; Bulk/Pharmaceutical Dosage forms.

Plan: The present study was carried out to evaluate anticonvulsant activity of Nigella sativa oil in Pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and Maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizures in mice. Methodology: The anticonvulsant activity of Nigella sativa oil at dose of 10 mg/kg/p.o. was evaluated in mice by using electroshock and PTZ seizure methods. The standard was taken as Phenytoin for electroshock method and Diazepam for PTZ method. Outcome: In PTZ model Nigella sativa showed statistically significant protection in increasing the latency of convulsions (p value 0.030). While in MES model though there was a decrease in the duration of tonic hind limb extension but it was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Nigella sativa has shown anticonvulsant activity in PTZ model, which is suggestive of its potential benefit in petit mal type of epilepsy and hence there is need to test it in various other animal models.

Plan: Anti-inflammatory evaluation of acid hydrazide derivatives. Prologue: Hydrazide derivatives of organic compounds forms a significant group of derivatives which exhibit an arrayof biological activities like anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anti fungal,anti-neoplastic, antiviral etc. In view of above facts, we hereby reported the anti-inflammatory evaluation of selected most active eight antimicrobial acid(nicotinic acid, naphthalene-1-acetic acid and 2-naphthoxy acetic acid)hydrazide derivatives. Methodology: The anti-inflammatory activity of reported hydrazide derivatives determined by carrageenan induced paw oedema method and diclofenac sodium as standard drug. Outcome: Anti-inflammatory activity showed that nicotinic acid hydrazide derivatives with NO2 substituents at ortho and meta position were the most active ones among the selected hydrazide derivatives, having 35.73% and 37.29%; 25.12% and 34.17%inhibition, at two different doses 20 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg b.w., respectively.

Plan: The anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic effects of D-3-O-methylchiroinositol were investigated in male Wistar rats. Methodology: Diabetes was induced by a single intra-peritoneal injection of 150 mg/kg of alloxanmonohydrate. Five groups of rats comprising six animals in each group were used including a positive control group (glibenclamide, 2 mg/kg), treatment groups (8,4 and 2 mg/kg of D-3-O-methylchiroinositol respectively) and control(untreated) group. Blood samples were obtained from the rat tails every morning before treatment. Outcome: Alloxan-induced hyperglycaemia was significantly (p< 0.05) reduced by 59%, 48% and 41% after four days at 8, 4 and 2 mg/kg respectively compared with the untreated group(-135%) and Glibenclamide (50%). The in vitro anti-oxidant assays (DPPH and FRAP) showed that D-3-O-methylchiroinositol increased anti-oxidant activities with increasing concentration (10 – 400 μg/ml).D-3-O-methylchiroinositol therefore has anti-diabetic hypolipidemic and anti-oxidant activities.

Plan: The present study was undertaken to investigate the H2 receptor antagonistic action offresh juice of Brassica oleracea var. capitata Methodology: Two sets of experiments consisted of recording the responses of the uterine horn preparations (precontracted with potassium chloride, KCl) to histamine (4.5; 9;17.99; 35.99; 71.98 × 10–4 and 14.40× 10–3 mol/L, 2 minute each concentration) in absence and presence of S- Chlorpheniramine,ranitidine and BOCJ. Relaxant responses were measured as changes in isometric tension and converted into percentage of the reference maximum relaxation induced by standard dose of histamine for each group of experiment. Outcome: Our results indicate that histamine (EC50 = 19.05 ± 1.76 × 10-4 mol/L, p less than 0.001)produces relaxation of potassium chloride precontracted isolated rat uterus. This effect of histamine is abolished by ranitidine, a selective H2 histamine receptor antagonist and BOCJ in a concentration dependent manner.

Plan: The aim of present study is to find out new preservatives synthesized from natural sources, which may have better efficiency and stability than the existing synthetic preservatives. The derivatives of naturally occurring, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were subjected to pharmaceutical product for their stability study. Their preservative efficiency was evaluated and compared with the standard parabens. Preface: Deterioration of pharmaceutical preparations due to growth of microorganisms is a great challenge and need of preservation becomes very important. Literature reports about various problems associated with the existing synthetic preservatives such as lack of stability, development of microbial resistance (in due course of time) and several serious side effects. Methodology: The selected amide,anilide and ester derivatives of gallic, p-coumaric and ferulic acids were subjected tostability testing in an official antacid preparation, (aluminium hydroxide gel-USP) against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis,Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Aspergillus nigeras representative challenging microorganisms asperICH guidelines. Outcome: The selected derivativeswere found to be effective against all selected strains and showed preservative efficacy comparable to that of standard. The 8-hydroxy quinoline ester derivative of gallic,p-coumaric and ferulic acids showed better stability than other derivatives and may beused as an alternative to existing preservatives in the pharmaceuticalpreparations.

Plan:An analytical method for estimation of Azithromycinand Cefixime in bulk and tablet formulation. Methodology: A rapid, sensitive and specificuv-vis method was developed and validated for the estimation of Azithromycin andCefixime in tablet dosage form. The method was validated in terms of linearity,accuracy, precision, specificity, limit of detection and limit of quantitation.Theoptimum conditions for the analysis of the drug were established. The maximumwavelength (? max) of Azithromycin andCefixime were found to be 235 nm and 288nm respectively. The percentagerecovery of Azithromycin and Cefixime were 100.28-100.33and 99.68-100.29 respectively. Beer’s law were obeyed in the concentrationrange of 10-50µg/ml for Azithromycin and 2-10µg/ml for Cefixime. The linear equation for AzithromycinandCefixime were found to be y = 0.0187x - 0.0143, r² =0.9996 and y = 0.0917x + 0.026, r² = 0.9985 respectively.Validation was performed as ICHguidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, LOD and LOQ. Outcome: The proposed method wassuccessfully applied for the quantitative determination of Azithromycin and Cefixime in tablet dosage form.

Herbal drugs are exempt from Food and Drug Administration regulations regarding efficacy and safety.Their potential of interaction with conventional prescription drugs is a matter of great concern. This paper reviews the reported herb- drug interactions among the most commonly used and top selling herbs in the U.S.

Plan: Isolate and characterize the antimicrobial actinomycetes from sediments of salt pan region of Vedharanyam, located in the Nagapattinam District, Tamil Nadu, India. Methodology: The salt pan soil samples were collected The Physico - chemical parameters of soil sample were analyzed. Totally 16 actinomycete strains were isolated. The isolated strains were identified based on the morphological, biochemical, and physiological characteristics. All the 16 actinomycetes were selected for antimicrobial activity. Totally 16 actinomycetes strains were isolated. Antifungal activity was determined against two fungal pathogenic such as Aspergillus niger, Fusarium moniliforme. Streptomyces griseoflavus SDAP101 showed maximum level of inhibition against Aspergillus niger followed by Fusarium moniliforme. Molecular characterization of Streptomyces griseoflavus SDAP101were evaluated by PCR amplification of 16SrRNA gene. The genomic DNA and amplified products were separated in agarose gel and the16SrDNA gene of Streptomyces griseoflavusSDAP101species isolated from soil was partially sequenced using specific 16SrDNA sequence primer. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that its closest neighbor was EU827474.1. The16SrDNA secondary structure and the restriction sites of SDAP101 were predicted using Genebee online software respectively. Outcome: The isolation, characterization of the rare actinomycetes from the saltpan region will be useful for the discovery of the novel bioactive metabolites that are effective against wide range of pathogens

Plan: In order to gather information on the behavior and perceptions on the use of antibiotics by the population of a Brazilian city. Methodology: Appropriate treatment of infectious diseases requires: a correct diagnosis, the exact choice of the drug, and especially that the patient use the antibiotic properly. The present study searched for information on the behavior and beliefs of Brazilian patients regarding the use of antibiotics. The study interviewed 385 patients who were treated with these drugs. Outcome: The results showed a misinformed public with false beliefs, including that antibiotic use can improve conditions such as colds and flu. Educational campaigns should be directed to those populations by improving health education, increasing patients' compliance to treatments.

Pharmacovigilance (PV) is the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem. WHO established its Programme for International Drug Monitoring in response to the thalidomide disaster detected in 1961 The aims of PV are to enhance patient care and patient safety in relation to the use of medicines; and to support public health programs by providing reliable, balanced information for the effective assessment of the risk-benefit profile of medicines. Though it was set in motion several decades ago, some countries still look upon PV as a ritual or a copycat strategy to comply with the International bodies. PV is not yet felt as an intrinsic need…

Plan: The present study has been undertaken to evaluate the in vitro anticancer activity of papain hydrolysates of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) protein. Preface: Oyster mushroom protein was isolated by phosphate buffer method and concentration of protein was found to be 24mg/g of Oyster mushroom. Methodology: The total protein was enzyme hydrolysed by papain (enzyme and substrate was added at a ratio of 1:5) In vitro anticancer activity was studied by Percentage cell inhibition in MCF-7 cell line using MTT assay. In vitro percentage cell viability was tested in vero cell line. Outcome: Papain hydrolysates was found to be having highest percentage cell inhibition of 75.82% at 100 µg/ml, 89.83% at 500 µg/ml concentration respectively in MCF-7 cell line. Papain hydrolysates were found to be having highest percentage cell viability of 97.23% at 100 µg/ml and 83.72% at 500 µg/ml concentration respectively.

Plan: To assess the repellent efficacy of the flower extracts of Calotropis gigantea against Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito and to screen the bioactive compounds present in the flower extract. Methodology: The flower extracts of Calotropis gigantea were extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform and ethanol and the efficacy of the extracts as repellent were assessed on three day blood starved female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. The repellent study was following the method of WHO(1996). Outcome: The results suggested thatflower ethanol extract of Calotropis gigantea showed a higher repellency on the adult of female Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito than the other two extracts.The repellent activity was found to be dose dependent and the percentage of protection was found to be directly proportional to the concentration ofextract. The results of phytochemical screening showed the presence of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, tannins, phenol, flavonoids, sterols, anthraquinone, proteins and quinones in the flower extract. It may be concluded from the result that ethanol extract of Calotropis gigantea flower was effective in mosquito vector control and has an excellent potential in controlling the mosquito.

Plan: Traditionally in India and China, Psoralia corylifolia seed decoction used for treating psoriasis. However, the antipsoriatic activity of Psoralia corylifolia seeds has not been scientifically evaluated using mouse tail model. Methodology: Ethanolic extract of Psoralia corylifolia seeds were analyzed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) .The In vivo antipsoriatic activity of 95% of ethanolic extract of Psoralia corylifolia seeds was done by using mouse tail model for psoriasis and In vitro antipsoriatic activity was carried out by Sulphorhodamine B (SRB)assay using HaCaT human keratinocyte cell lines. Outcome: HPTLCfingerprinting revealed the presence of gallic acid. The ethanolic extractshown IC50 255 µg/ml, with goodantiproliferant activity when compared with Asiaticoside as positive controlwith potent IC50 value of 20.13 µg/ml.Psoralia corylifolia seed extract showed an overall antipsoriatic activityof 75.87%, when compared with standard tazarot gel activity 87.94% by using mouse tail model, confirmed itstraditional use in psoriasis treatment.

Plan: The main aim of our research was to develop a novel cream formulation consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin and Hydrocortisone for the treatment of secondary skin infections. Prologue: Topical route is most suitable route for skin infections. The development of topical drug delivery systems designed to have systemic effects appears to be beneficial for a number of drugs on account of the several advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Methodology: A novel cream formulation consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin and Hydrocortisone was prepared. The formulation was subjected to in-vitro diffusion studies. Microbiological studies and in-vivo skin irritation studies were performed to find out the safety of materials used in the formulation. Outcome: The developed cream consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin, and Hydrocortisone was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of skin infections.

Plan: The present study was undertaken to identifythe possible bioactive components andantimicrobial activity in variouspolar solvents from the leaves of Anjan grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) (Poaceae). Materials and methods: New compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis. Antimicrobial activitywas evaluated against Proteus mirabilis,Klebsiella pneumoniae, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Aspergillus niger using diskdiffusion method followed by MIC by broth dilution method. Outcome:Various aromatic, steroids, fatty acids andesters from C. ciliariswere identified. The prevailing compounds in the ethyl acetate extract of C. ciliaris were 4,22-stigmastadiene-3-one (2.41%),cyclopentacycloheptene(azulene) (1.81%), ergost-5-en-3-ol (3ß, 24R)- (campesterol)(1.63%) and myristic acid, isopropyl ester(0.17%). The highest antimicrobial activity was exhibited by the glacialacetic acid extract against P. mirabilis. Thepresence of various bioactive compounds justifies the use of this plant forvarious ailments by traditional practitioners. However, isolation of individualphotochemical constituents and subjecting it to biological activity willdefinitely give fruitful results.

Plan: To assess the incidence of inappropriate dosing of renally excreted drugs in hospitalized patients with renal impairment. Preface: Inappropriate dosing in patients with renal dysfunction can cause drug accumulation and toxicity. Method: Creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate of patients with serum creatinine greater than 1.7 mg% was calculated using Cockroft-Gault equation and Modified Diet in Renal Disease equation respectively. Dose of all potentially nephrotoxic drugs was evaluated using the published drug dosing guidelines and the new dose or dosing interval was recommended based on the patient’s individual degree of renal impairment. Outcome: Five hundred and six drugs in 50 patients were evaluated of which the dosages of 88 (17.39%) drugs were not adjusted at the time of prescribing. Most of the drugs requiring dose adjustment were antibiotics (39.77%) and antihypertensives (14.77%). About 27% of the drugs were to be avoided strictly. Conclusion: Drug dosing evaluation and concurrent feedback mechanism by the pharmacist improve drug safety in patients with renal impairment.

Plan: The purpose of this research was to develop floating matrix tablets of Nicardipine HCl (NIC) using different viscosity grades of direct compressible polymers with gas generating agent so as to prolong its gastric residence time. Preface: Rapid gastrointestinal transit could lead to incomplete drug release from the drug delivery system above the absorption zone leading to diminished efficacy of the administered dose. Methodology: The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Precompressional and post compressional parameters were evaluated. In vitro dissolution studies were carried out in gastric acid fluid (pH 1.2). The mechanism of drug release from matrix tablets were analyzed kinetically using zero order, first order, Korsmeyer peppas, Higuchi and hixon Crowell models. Outcome: The FTIR studies revealed no interaction between the drugs and excipients. F7 with R2 value 0.9965 was considered optimized formulation with short floating lag time and long floating duration and release over 24h duration.

Plan: The main aim of our research was to develop a novel cream formulation consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin and Hydrocortisone for the treatment of secondary skin infections. Prologue: Topical route is most suitable route for skin infections. The development of topical drug delivery systems designed to have systemic effects appears to be beneficial for a number of drugs on account of the several advantages over conventional routes of drug administration. Methodology: A novel cream formulation consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin and Hydrocortisone was prepared. The formulation was subjected to in-vitro diffusion studies. Microbiological studies and in-vivo skin irritation studies were performed to find out the safety of materials used in the formulation. Outcome: The developed cream consisting of combination of Miconazole nitrate, Mupirocin, and Hydrocortisone was found to be safe and effective for the treatment of skin infections.

Plan To study the distribution of Hepatitis B and C viral markers amongthe weavers population from Kanchipuram, Erode and Tiruvannamalai Districts ofTamil Nadu. Methodology Medical camps were organized in three districts (Kanchipuram, Erodeand Tiruvannamalai) based on information about the weavers population who livein these localities. Three hundred and two blood samples were collected non-randomizedand screened for Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and Anti HCV by ELISA. Outcome HBsAg positivity rate of Kanchipuram District was (3.09%), ErodeDistrict (2.04%) and Tiruvannamalai District (1.88%) HCV positivity was observedin one person only in Tiruvannamalai District (0.94%). There was no significantassociation between age, gender and the incidence of HBV and HCV positivity (p= 0.05 at 5% confidence).The percentage of HBV (HBsAg) and HCV in the weavercommunity is similar to the general population.

Plan: A preliminary Pharmacognostical study on the leaves and stems of Indigofera barberi Gamble Methodology: The Indigofera barberi Gamble leaves and stems were collected, in the forest regions of Thalakona (Nelakona regions) of Chittoor district, Andhra Pradesh, India in the month of November. The collected drug were dried and studied to determine various Pharmacognostical parameters such as macroscopy, microscopical characters of leaf and stems including its powder microscopical characters. The shade dried powder and various solvent extracts (viz., petroleum ether, chloroform, dichloromethane ethanol and water) have been analysed for their phytochemicals, behaviour of powder with different chemical reagents and fluorescence characters. Outcome: The data generated for the Pharmacognostical evaluation on Indigofera barberi Gamble leaves and stems. The results may be useful as a reference material in the preparation of standard monograph.

Plan: The principle destination of our work was to develop a simple, rapid and sensitive reverse phase ultra-fast liquid chromatographic (RP-UFLC) method for estimation of curcumin in anti-diabetic poly herbal formulation (Mehagni). Methodology: Chromatography was carried on a reverse phase C18 column (250 x 4.6 mm) with the mixture of methanol and 2% acetic acid as a mobile phase at the proportion of 70:30 v/v with the flow rate of l.2 ml/min. The absorbance measured at 420 nm by PDA detector. Outcome: Optimized chromatographic conditions were achieved and results showed good peak resolution. The retention time was found at 5.02 min. The method was validated as indicated by International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The parameters, such as specificity, sensitivity, linearity, precision, accuracy, ruggedness, robustness and system suitability were performed. The framework was linear with a correlation co-efficient of 0.9945. %RSD of system and method precision were found to be 1.14 and 1.13. The LOD & LOQ for curcumin was found to be 0.2 µg/ml and 0.65 µg/ml.

Plan: The aim of the present research was focused on cytotoxic, antiviral and antibacterial properties and the main phytoconstituents of Terminalia laxiflora leaf methanolic extract. Methodology: The methanolic 80%extract of Terminalia laxiflora leaves was tested for cytotoxicity evaluation in Vero cells in-vitro, anti-HSV-1 activity and antibacterial activity determinations against some bacteria strains and also phytoconstituents were detected. Outcome: The results showed that T. laxiflora leaves methanol 80% extract showed CC50= 1851 μg/mLand also inhibited completely the development of the HSV-1 induced cytopathic effect at concentration of 238 μg/mL while the extract had no effect on bacterial strains. Phytochemical analysis of the extract revealed the presence of carbohydrates, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids,triterpenes and chromatographic separation of the extract of T.laxiflora leaves resulted in the isolation and identification ofβ-sitosterol, m-gallate, gallic acid, ellagic acid and five flavonoids,quercetin, vitexin, iso vitexin, quercetin 3-O-α-rhamnoside and rutin. This research may be useful in the development of new and effective antiviral agents.

Plan: The main objective of the present research work was to enhance the dissolution rate of Ziprasidone by preparing the solid dispersions using different carriers like PVP, PEG 4000, SSG and β-Cyclodextrin. Preface: Ziprasidone is a class-II drug according to Biopharmaceutical Classification System. It is practically insoluble in water and it has dissolution limited bioavailability. So, the present research work it is aimed to improve the dissolution rate through solid dispersion technique which further enhances the bioavailability. Methodology: The solid dispersions were prepared at three ratios (1:1, 1:2 & 1:3) of each carrier by three different techniques viz. Physical mixtures, Kneading method and Solvent evaporation method. The characterizations of prepared solid dispersions were done by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and they were also characterized for their drug content and in-vitro dissolution studies Outcome: From DSC studies it was confirmed that the drug was dispersed in the carrier at molecular level in the obtained co-evaporates. From the results of dissolution studies, it was confirmed that the solid dispersions could enhance the bioavailability of Ziprasidone.

Plan:ReversePhase High Performance Liquid Chromatographic method for Ampicillin andProbenecid described Prologue: Ampicillin trihydrate is anantibiotic active against mainly gram positive bacteria and some gram negativebacteria. Probenecid is a uricosuric agent used in gout therapy. Thepresent study aims at the development of Reverse phase High Performance LiquidChromatography method for simultaneous estimation of Ampicillin and Probenecidin combined dosage formulations. Methodology: The HPLC system used consists ofWaters 501 pump and a Waters 486 tunable wave length UV-visible detector. Thedata station was computer controlled using base line 810 software whichincludes an integrator and a recorder. The mobile phase used was sodium acetatesolution (50mm): acetonitrile (75:25). The UV response was measured at 235nm.The column used was Reverse phase(5 micron) 25cm x4.6mm. Outcome: The method provided adequate accuracy and precision .The developed RP-HPLC method can be used forthe routine analysis of Ampicillin and Probenecid in combination.

Plan: To synthesize some novel 2-amino thiophenes with various substitutions at 2-amino position for anti-platelet aggregation activity. Preface: Various substituted and condensed thiophenes are reported to possess a wide variety of biological and pharmacological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aggregation activity, antipyretic, antitumor and so on. Thus a series of new thiophenes have synthesized with various substituents at 2-amino position and screened for anti-platelet aggregation activity. Methodology: The starting material (JMS-2) was prepared by the application of versatile Gewald reaction. It was then derivatized to various Schiff bases JMS-2(a-m) by reacting with various substituted aromatic aldehydes. The synthesized new compounds were characterized by MP, TLC, IR, NMR and Mass spectra and were screened for their In-vitro anti-platelet aggregation activity by GVR Born method using Heparin as the standard. Outcome: Compound JMS-2a, JMS-2b, JMS-2d and JMS-2i showed good % inhibition and were found to be more significant.

Plan: This review focus on the role of autophagy, in up regulation, in the innate and adaptive immune response, in controlling carcinogenesis, and in supporting neuronal cell growth, development & remodeling. Also the review covers the therapeutic interventions involved in the caner management through autophagy modulations. Preface: Autophagy is a cellular degradative pathway where unwanted and weary cytosolic components are recycled. Any defects interfering with the integrity of the autophagic machinery would compromises the cells defenses leaving the cell susceptible to infection by circulating pathogens. Current literature points out that the dysregulation of autophagy may be associated with the genesis of cancer. Accumulation of aberrant organelles and proteins increases the chances of triggering an inflammatory microenvironment favoring chromosomal instability and mutagenesis. The aggregation of certain proteins yields cellular toxicity which eventually leads to cell death and neurodegeneration. Therefore, the autophagic duty of continuously monitoring and clearing out aggregated proteins is indispensable in neuronal cells. Outcome: The accumulation of autophagosomes is an established assurance in a number of neurodegenerative diseases. However, this observation has triggered controversy whereas one opinion considers the activated autophagic pathway to act as an executioner by initiating neuronal cell death while the other explains the presence of autophagosomes as a final attempt by the cell to sustain viability against the increasing amount of stress.

Plan: To review on the pharmacological potential of flax seeds Prologue: Flax oil and flax seeds are being rediscovered as truehealth foods. They definitely merit being included on any top-ten list of foodsthat are good for life. Flax is not a new food. It is actually one of the olderand, perhaps, one of the original "health foods," treasured becauseof its healing properties throughout the Roman Empire. Flax was one of theoriginal "medicines" used by Hippocrates. Flax could be dubbed the"forgotten oil." It has fallen out of favor because oil manufacturershave found nutritious oils to be less profitable. Outcome: The very nutrients that give flax its nutritional benefits- essential fatty acids - also give it a short shelf life, making it moreexpensive to produce, transport, and store. Besides being the best source ofomega 3's, flax oil is a good source of omega 6, or linoleic acid (LA).Sunflower, safflower, and sesame oil are greater sources of omega 6 fatty acidsbut they don't contain any omega-3 fatty acids. Flax oil is 45 to 60 percentthe omega-3 fatty acid alphalinolenic acid (ALA). In addition to nutritiousfats, flax seeds contain other nutrients which make eating the whole seedsuperior to consuming just the extracted oil.

Plan: Stability indicating RP-HPLCmethod for the ceftaroline fosamil acetate. Preface: The developed method is simple, fast and accurate and can be used for routine analysis of Market formulations. Methodology: Stability indicating reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the analysis of ceftaroline fosamil in bulk form. Chromatographic separation was achieved on aX- Bridge shield RP (4.6×100mm, 5µ) column, maintained at 300c with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and ammonium dihydrogen orthophosphate buffer in the ratio of 10: 90. The mobile phase pumped at a rate of 1ml/ min. and the detection was carried out at 242.6 nm by PDA detector. The retention time was obtained 4.312.The peak area plot was linear over the concentration range of 50µg/ml to 250µg/ml. The different experimental parameters affecting the stability were optimized. The method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, robustness, LOD and LOQ in accordance with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines. Outcome: The proposed method was successfully applied for the analysis of ceftaroline fosamil in bulk form.

Plan: To review on the pharmacological potential of flax seeds Prologue: Flax oil and flax seeds are being rediscovered as truehealth foods. They definitely merit being included on any top-ten list of foodsthat are good for life. Flax is not a new food. It is actually one of the olderand, perhaps, one of the original "health foods," treasured becauseof its healing properties throughout the Roman Empire. Flax was one of theoriginal "medicines" used by Hippocrates. Flax could be dubbed the"forgotten oil." It has fallen out of favor because oil manufacturershave found nutritious oils to be less profitable. Outcome: The very nutrients that give flax its nutritional benefits- essential fatty acids - also give it a short shelf life, making it moreexpensive to produce, transport, and store. Besides being the best source ofomega 3's, flax oil is a good source of omega 6, or linoleic acid (LA).Sunflower, safflower, and sesame oil are greater sources of omega 6 fatty acidsbut they don't contain any omega-3 fatty acids. Flax oil is 45 to 60 percentthe omega-3 fatty acid alphalinolenic acid (ALA). In addition to nutritiousfats, flax seeds contain other nutrients which make eating the whole seedsuperior to consuming just the extracted oil.

Plan: Five fastest moving brands of 54generic drugs in eight therapeutic classes comprising a total of 323 brandswere ranked based on retail sales twelve major retailers of Kannur and Kasargodin Kerala using a pretested questionnaire to find the percentage variation inprices between brands. Prologue: Over the years the numbers of drugswhose prices are controlled have come down to ninety one. Rest of the drugs arepriced with huge profit margins and even life saving and essential medicineshave not been spared. Methodology: A preliminary survey was conducted to understand thetherapeutic categories which had highest sales. The selected brands were rankedin the order of their sale volume. Outcome:Percentageprice variation between different fast moving brands in the therapeutic classesof Analgesics, Antiasthma, Antibiotics, Cardiovascular, Antidiabetics,Antiulcer, Hypolipidemics and Antipsychotics varies from 33% – 1620%. A pricecorridor should be fixed for brands coming under these generics to preventexploitation of patients. Branding and marketing strategies enable top-ofthe-mind brand recall to catapult brands to the dominant positions in the mindsof prescribers.

Plan: The study was aimed to evaluate the wound healing activity of 70% ethanolic extract (WAET) of the leaves of Wrightia arborea (Apocynaceae) and the phytosome (WAP) prepared out from WAET using incision and excision wound models on wistar albino rats. Methodology: Wound contraction and epithelization period were assessed in excision wound model whereas wound tensile strength was determined in the case of incision wound model. Outcome: The Wrightia arborea phytosome (WAP 4%) exhibited significant wound healing potential when compared to WAET and standard 0.2% Nitrofurazone Ointment.