Proprioceptive sensation (kinesthesia and/or joint position sense), one of the most important somatosensory modalities, is known to play an important role in body balance and motor control (Mathews 1977, 1982; McCloskey 1978; Burgess et al. 1982; Wiesendanger and Miles 1982; Prochaska and Hulliger 1983; Hulliger 1984; McCloskey et al. 1987). Proprioceptive input can potentially influence multiple levels of CNS functions, all of those levels can potentially modulate the intensity or importance of that information through many different mechanisms. Proprioceptors are found in three peripheral anatomical locations: the muscle spindle, the tendon, and the joint. Type III Golgi type endings are slowly adapting joint receptors and seem to provide the brain with information about joint position. Studies reveal that an unidentified set of muscle afferent fibers and cutaneous receptors both contribute to the sense of movement and position.

In this paper the present study reveals the tehsil wise growth of population in Solapur district, during 1991-2001.It has been studied on the basis Census of India reports of 1991 and 2001. The secondary data have been collected and computed by recent research techniques and the results have been brought through tables and maps. The total population of the district in urban area is observed to increase 31.82 per cent whereas in rural area it is increased to the 14.02 per cent. It is reported that district is in the growth of urbanization and consequently the rural areas of district. Solapur north and Sangole tahsils has been reported to be increased by urban population as 40.53 and 34.81 per cent respectively during this decade. The results have been discussed with the help of standard deviation and coefficient of variation, which are computed to be 5.02 and 27.56 respectively

The removal of superfluous hair by using epilating process is very preferable and popular. This process is associated with pain, so to incorporate local anesthetic in the proposed formulation of epilating wax to eliminate the pain sensation was the objective of the present study. The local anesthetic lignocaine used as cosmeceutical agent was selected for this purpose. Therapeutic as well as safety value and its efficacy with the base formulation (Epilating wax) was the purpose of present work. Cosmeceuticals are the fastest growing segment in the skin-care market, and a number of topical cosmeceutical treatments for conditions such as photo aging, hyper pigmentation, and wrinkles have come into widespread use.

The purpose of the research to find out the symptoms of working women’s mental stress. The sample consists 32 working women from various educational institutions. The sample is collected by random method. Type ‘A’ and ‘B’ is personality test and mental stress symptom test by Dr. K. M. Jadhav used for data collection. The result shows that Type A and Type B women’s are significantly differ on mental stress symptoms. The mean of behaviour of symptoms for type ‘A’ is 61.60 and S. D. 13.13 and the mean of type B is 53.86 and S. D. 10.09. The ‘t’ value is 3.39 which is significant at .01 level. The type A and B women’s are not differ significantly on physiological symptoms. The ‘t’ value is .80 On the other hand symptoms to lead the mental stress of both types are differ significantly. The ‘t’ value is 4.29 which is significantly at .01 level.

In this paper we introduce and study a new classes of sets called closed sets and open sets. Moreover we investigate some of their fundamental properties.

The interdependence of human right democracy and development is broadly considered to be valid. For Etienne Richard M., human rights expert and UN consultant from Congo human rights are a “timeless measure by which to evaluate the moral legitimacy of a given political order.” According to him parliamentary democracy based on the rule of law is the sole form of government which can adequately project human rights. Democracy does not mean merely majority rule; it mean majority rule coupled with human rights. In the absence of human rights democracy is not possible. Liberty, freedom of dissent, rule of law and all other matters which go to constitute human rights are necessary so that democracy should be maintained. This was so clear after the World War II that United Nation was found with two objects, not with one; the first object was to prevent war in the future; and the second object was to protect and promote human rights. The entire history of the World War II indicated the importance of human rights without which no democracy was possible, no freedom was possible.

John Osborne’s “Luther” is based on the historical reformer, yet the play remains characteristically Osborne’s. Martin is not an Antichrist but still he goes against the existing Christianity, the Church. What he denounces is not sincere Christianity but insincere Christianity, and those who are unchristian in their practice but never the less profess Christianity, as well as those who superficially seem Christian in their practice but whose motivations and state of mind are essentially unchristian. If Osborne’s Luther is blasphemous, he is angry at the queer and sick world into which the Gospels introduce us. Osborne’s prophetic indignation through Martin is against those who limp on both legs : He seems to question directly the decency of those respected statesmen in our society, who are anti – Christians out and out in their deeds, and still call themselves Christians today and attend, Communion. In such case, who then does Christianity negate? Osborne also opposes ‘faith as that which modern man glibly professes just because he goes to communion.

Karnad has exploited various forms of folk tradition in his plays like Hayavadana and Nagamandala to reinforce the central problem of human existence.Very artistically, Karnad interconnects the subplot of Hayavadana’s desperate search for completeness with that of Devadatta, Padmini and Kapila in the main plot. Karnad makes a selection of myths/folktales relevant and suitable for his dramatic purpose and strips off their spatio-temporal bearings. His mythical characters emerge as archetypes, manifestations of general human characteristics, placed in a contemporary context and dealing with contemporary situations. What can thus be observed in Karnad’s play is a reworking of myths on contemporary lines, the myth serving as a parallel and a contrast not limited to individual characters but encompassing entire epochs. Karnad therefore carefully edits out those aspects of myth not conducive to his purpose and makes deviations in details.

The idea of decentering has opened up what was supposed to be a closed system of empirical data and the result is free play and indeterminacy. There is such an indeterminacy in any fictional art work that neither consistency nor certainty is possible. The text must be read as slippery, deceptive, unknowable and most importantly, an unstable narrative; language lets us down just when we think it meaningful. The meaning is indeterminate. The text is not a closed system but an open one into which we can have access through many different entrances none of which can be claimed as the main one. Each single text, again, is a network that recalls the many other texts and opens up the horizon of intertextuality. A text is no longer seen as a veil hiding a meaning, but a web without a centering spider; free play without closure. Once the physical condition of a book is separated from the chain of communication associated with verbal discourse, the book becomes a simple code that can be interpreted as one interprets hieroglyphics. For Stanley Fish a text is a kind of empty container waiting to be filled with meaning. The reader is the co-author and the text or, more precisely a sub-text, emerges out of the vital interaction between the text and the reader.

A sport is an organized, competitive, entertaining, and skilful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. It is governed by a set of rules or customs. Activities such as card games and board games, are classified as "mind sports" and some are recognized as Olympic sports, requiring primarily mental skills and mental physical involvement. Non-competitive activities, for example as jogging or playing catch are usually classified as forms of recreation. Physical events such as scoring goals or crossing a line first often define the result of a sport. However, the degree of skill and performance in some sports such as diving, dressage and figure skating is judged according to well-defined criteria. This is in contrast with other judged activities such as beauty pageants and body building, where skill does not have to be shown and the criteria are not as well defined.

Ahmednagar region is a part of Deccan plateau, is situated in the western part of Maharashtra. In the course of survey conducted on the medicinal plants of Ahmednagar region it has been observed that large number of plant species are in traditional use to treat various minor/major diseases by rural people and tribal such as Bhils, Pardhi, Thakur, Mahadeo Koli, Vadar, Wanjari, Kaikadi, Laman etc. The area is rich in vegetation shows more biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Akole taluka is very rich with botanical and ethno medicinal wealth. The present paper provides information regarding 110 medicinal plants belonging to 37 families identified from Ahmednagar region. Brief information about the plant part/s used, botanical names, English name, Marathi name, Hindi names have been presented. As the traditional herbal remedies are based on ancestral knowledge and empiric experiences. This type of ethno-medicinal biodiversity survey appeared to be useful for the research on medicinal plants for betterment of mankind.

The paper presents controlled release of Zinc sulphate fertilizer made with fly ash as inert matrix. Pellets were made from the mixture and the release rate of zinc sulphate with time was studied. The parameters covered are fractional zinc sulphate, fractional cement and fractional sand and diameter of the inert particle size, diameter of the pellet. The parameters also measured with Naphthalene coating pellets and compared. The study is useful to identify the controlled release of zinc sulphate fertilizer and also to predict the release rate at any instant of time.

In general, the paper described rural development, self-employment and women empowerment programmes initiated by the Central and the State Government. Of course, these schemes, policies and programmes are executed effectively, as the statistics revealed. But it is noted that still major portion of the rural population, especially women are unaware about these policies and programmes. Hence the present study was conducted to look into the awareness and knowledge of rural women on these women empowerment, employment and rural development policies. The paper is concluded with the remarks that the voluntary organizations and Non-Government Organization have to increase awareness among the rural women about the government policies.

Abundance of avifauna indicates the healthy status of lake. Observation were made on the occurrence, abundance, richness of avifauna in ‘Rajura Lake’ located near the Jalgaon (Jamod) is in the north of Buldhana district in the Indian state Maharashtra. Surveys were conducted fortnightly during 28 October to 8 November (2008). During study total 73 species of birds belonging to 35 families. The occurrence, ecological status and food habit of different species of aquatic birds was recorded. Of these 59 are resident, 8 are migrants and 6 are resident migrants. Birds like Black-winged Stilt, Common Sandpiper, Common Swallow, Grey wagtail, Marsh Sandpiper, White Breasted Waterhen, White-Necked Stork, Paddyfield Pipit, Reed Warblers, Red –wattled Lapwing, Yellow-wattled Lapwing, White Breasted Kingfisher were generally present in all the habitats. A good number of Indian Pea Fowl were observed mainly on the slope of reservoir.Migratory waterbirds such as common swallow, Marsh Sandpiper, Common Sandpiper, Wood sandpiper, Blyth’s Reed Warbler, Greenish Leaf Warbler, Grey Wagtail were also observed in agood population.

The physico chemical parameters (pH, EC, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS, Chromium, Copper and Zinc) of 100% untreated textile effluents and its effects on the biochemical constituents present in the gills, liver and muscle of Tilapia mossambica were studied. The results of analysis of physic chemical parameters of 100% untreated textile effluents revealed that the parameters such as pH, EC, BOD, COD, TDS, TSS were found to be higher than the permissible limits of CPCB (1995) thereby indicating the high pollution potential of the effluent. The biochemical estimation depletion was followed by carbohydrates and protein in all the three organs (ie) gills, liver and muscle in the decreasing trend exposed to untreated textile effluents and gills were most affected compared to liver and muscle.

The purpose of the present work is we work out the Ionization energy values of a donor in a QOD system of with square and rectangular cross sections, assuming the donor at the centre of the box. This problem has been studied by means of the effective-mass approximation. The present calculations are performed for different well widths and for different electric field strengths in square and rectangular cross sections.

Lead Iodide crystals have been grown successfully by gel grown technique. Then thin films of these as gel grown crystals were prepared by thermal evaporation technique of various thickness. XRD of these films were obtained. Transmission and Reflectance were recorded of these films. Lattice parameters have been calculated of all the grown films and compared. The band gap of these films were compared with the help of Transmittance and Reflectance

The times we live in have been called the “age of anxiety” but probably every age or era of human history could be designated on the same way. Anxiety, fear and worry seem to be permanent parts of the human condition. Anxiety has been of central concern in the study of the individual. Three decades ago Freud wrote, the problem of anxiety is a nodal point, linking up all kinds of most important questions a riddle, of which the solution must cast a flood of light upon our whole mental life. There are different kinds of anxiety, & indeed research, suggests that there may be a number of different dimensions of anxiety which have little relationship to are another. Objective Versus Nonobjective Anxiety, Situational Versus General Anxiety, Acute Versus Chronic Anxiety, Conscious Versus Unconscious Anxiety.

Every sensible human being is very much conscious about his/her food, fruits, tea, drink etc and in this regards, nowadays contamination is the burning problem. Contaminated foods and drinks are common sources of infection. After water, tea and soft drinks is widely used beverage in the world. In this article some common food, fruits, drinks, additives, colour, dyes, etc and their related problems are discussed and some suggestions are indicated among the more common infections that one can get from contaminated foods and drinks.

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar found the rigidity of the caste system most illogical. According to him, Hinduism is not a missionary and organized religion like, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism and Budhism. It lacks the feeling of fraternity that exists in these religions. The root cause of inequality exists not because of economic backwardness but due to social ostracism of a bulk of the population in the country. Hindu caste system is based on division of labour. It is determined by their birth. The Hindu caste system favoured the unity of the first three varnas and separates the fourth varna, i.e. the shudras from the rest and assign them all kinds of menial jobs to them and deprive them of status, money, freedom, equality and a decent way of living. The caste system is affected by a process of graded inequality. All castes are not on par. They are one above the other. Castes are all individual entities.

Aquatic organisms are susceptible to pollution by pesticide as well as by industrial effluents. Higher concentration of the pollutant cause histological changes and also collapses the biochemical composition. The present paper documents biochemical alterations with special reference to protein, carbohydrate and lipids and histological changes in gills, hepatopancreas and visceral mass of freshwater mussel, L. marginalis exposed to sub lethal concentrations of Ammonia.

The New Economic Policy began to reach up to the grass route level since 1991. The agricultural economy was playing the major role and responsibility of providing finance to agriculture and farmers were mostly entrusted to co-operative sector. Obviously, The District Central Co-operative Banks were playing most significant role in availing funds from NABARD and State Co-operative Banks and disbursing it to farmers through Primary Agricultural Co-operative Societies. As such, the study of a District Central co-op. Bank, as one of the representative bank, has its special significance. The researcher is quite confident that this study of the bank will prove to be a remarkable effort in this direction.

Karad is located to the south of the district of Satara. The latitude of Karad is 170 17' north latitude and 740 13' east longitude. From the centre of the city of Karad to the north-east are located the Aagaashiv mountain ranges. There are as many as 108 caves.1 The Aagaashiv caves have been considered to be significant from research point of view. There are Buddhist cave complexes in the mountain ranges of Aagaashiv at Jakhinwadi, Bhairavdara, Aagaashiv Nagar and Chachegaon.

The present day, Library is an information processing centre. Its effectiveness is determined by the efficiency and productivity of Librarian and library workers who work with system. Most of the information in this existing traditional like Library is paper based and in a structured handled by the librarian which is tedious. To improve the productivity, activities, task and functions of existing paper based library system, there is need of E-Library. The working and maintenance of traditional library system is harder due to the huge number of hard copy books and their storage. The record keeping and management make the operation hard. The Digital Library System refers to methods of gathering large amounts of information into digital form so it can be stored, retrieved and manipulated by computer easily. The effect of Digital library is successful only if, the information keep inside it can be searched rapidly. The Digital Library is said to be successful, if it can be easily useable by the college students, teaching staff for their study, research work.

The paper defines Translation from linguistic and literary points of view. It argues that given due importance and efforts translation can be an effective and creative device for decoding a text and reviews two translations in this context.

The existence of nutrients in soils and its balance determine the growth of plants. Fertility of soils is determined by various macro and micro nutrients available in the soil.In view of this the present study aims to analyse the fertility level of the soil with the help of N. P. & K. and to recommend essential nutrients wherever necessary in Panchganga Basin of south Maharashtra. The Panchganga Basin, a well watered and agriculturally developed region covers 45752.2 sq.km area and supports 26, 11,547 (2.6 percent of state) population. The index values of N, P & K are collected from government soil survey and soil testing Laboratory, Kolhapur at village level. These index values of N. P. & K. are grouped into six categories and tahsil wise areas in percentage in concern category are computed and shown in tabular form. To recognised the fertility level of the soils composite index is computed with the help of NPK values and is grouped into five categories. Simultaneously village level fertility is shown with the help of choropleth maps prepared by using ARC-GIS software. Deficiency and sufficiency of soil nutrients are identified and specific nutrients are recommended wherever necessary

Densities and viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of N,N dimethyl acetamide with polar solvent viz ethyl alcohol have been measured at 303.15,308.15, 313.15. and 318.15 K .From the density and viscosity data the values of various properties viz Excess molar volume (VE )Excess viscosity (η E ) and Excess Gibb’s free energy of activation of flow (∆G E ) have been determined .Further the viscosities of binary mixtures have been correlated to various viscosity models.

The present paper attempts to evaluate the performance of service tax in India in terms of revenue generation, assessee base and its share in the total tax kitty of India. In addition, the relative position of the share of service sector and service tax in relation to GDP and total tax revenue of the country has also analyzed. The analysis of data reveals that service tax in India is progressing faster in terms of revenue collection, assessee base and even service tax collection per assessee and per service but it has failed to meet the incredible growth in revenue generation by the service sector. Although service sector accounts more than half GDP of India, service tax is contributing quite negligible share towards the total tax basket of the country. In short, the service tax is generating quite negligible revenue from service sector. This fact attracts the attention of the government and hence, the broad based ‘Goods and Services Tax’ (GST) is proposed to implement in April 2012 in order to garner larger tax revenue from the service sector.

In the present scenario where the world has become global village, the impact of recession at one place/industry affects all the linked industries as witnessed by the recession of U.S market recently. In this paper an attempt has been made to assess the impact of this global financial crisis on Indian rural credit market which is led by cooperative banks. Any major impact on fund management, productivity, asset quality and business growth of cooperative banks of Punjab has been analyzed. The study concludes that cooperative banks have fortunately been able to weather the financial crisis relatively well so far and have not required state support; this is due to the fact that they have no exposure to toxic assets, a predominant focus on domestic banking, straight forward banking products, strong capitalization, and principally conservative risk management. In spite of cooperative banks being resilient to the crisis some lessons need to be taken from the present scenario to sustain its position in the competitive era.

The article traces the evolution of the Microfinance revolution in India as a powerful tool for poverty alleviation. Where institutional finance failed Microfinance delivered, but the outreach is too small. There is a question mark on the viability of the Microfinance Institutions. There is a need for an all round effort to help develop the fledgling Microfinance Industry

This facility helped the society to cross regional and language barriers and bring co-operative workers in the presidency closer. In spite of the erratic fluctuations in the economic trends, the co-operative movement in the presidency received tremendous boost during 1911-1924, on account of the establishment of central co-operative banks. The Bombay Central Co-operative Bank was also registered on 11th October, 1911. The DCC Bank are also plays prominent role in the development of rural and drought areas in the state of Maharashtra. According to 2007-08, there nearly about 31 DCC Banks and its 3683 branches with the head-office were working in the state of Maharashtra. The chief object of DCC Banks is to meet the credit requirements of member societies and other co-operative societies in its area of operation. The efficiency in the performance of DCC Banks always depends on the mobilization of the required amount of funds. The researcher is interested in knowing the efficiency with which different sources were used by the DCC Banks for mobilizing the required funds. Therefore, the present study is entitled as, “Mobilization of Funds by DCC Banks in Maharashtra.

Globalization and technology improvements have exposed companies to a situation with tough competition. In this new era companies are focusing on managing customer relationships in order to efficiently maximize revenues. Today marketing is not just developing, delivering and selling, it is moving towards developing and maintaining long term relationships with customers. Relationship marketing is becoming important in financial services. Managers really need to look at areas where opportunities lie, because industry consolidation, virtual delivery channels and the ability to move money around with a click of a mouse are making it easier for customers to leave one bank for another. In this situation CRM (Customer Relationship Management) is an opportunity that banks can avail to rise above minor advantages by developing actual relationships with their customers.

Simply the surrogate advertising means, advertising of banned products like Bagpiper Whisky with the help of same nature product with same brand names but basically of which advertising is not banned by rules or law. i.e. Bagpiper Club Soda. Intention behind such advertisement is to popularize the whisky, liquor products. Generally, we always watch the advertisement of such product, but these products are not shown directly. The different things like Soda, Mineral Water, Music CD, Mega Cricket team clubs, Friends clubs are shown in advertisement. Many people know about the liquor products, but they can't understand where to purchase such Music CDs 'are available or where is that Mega Cricket Club, because actually many time such products never marketed. These advertisements call the attention of viewers towards the liquor products.

The environment as per Encyclopedia Britannica is the complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors that act upon an organism or an ecological community and ultimately determine its format and survival. Thus, the environment is the system in which human beings live and they have to adjust to their natural environment. More over, besides domestic environment there are global factors affecting life and Economic Development. The issues of sustainable development have become relevant today not only developing countries but also in developed countries where the imbalance in natural environment is consciously felt due to extra emission of CO2 and CO3 has impact on climate. The climate change is causing un-predictable changes in weather conditions. Some of such events have devastating impact on human habitat. This is experienced by frequency of cyclone, flooding and natural calamities on different parts of the world.

The purpose of this study is to analyse the phenomenal growth of SHGs in India during the last two decades. The choice of the period is crucial as the “empowerment” dimension of finance has been growingly appreciated at global level in recent years.The estimated CAGR for two decades since 1992 to 2010 shows that there is a great scope for bank linkage with SHGs to expedite the process of financial inclusion in India. When CAGR for the two decades is bifurcated, it indicates an interesting trend to infer that the community based Bank Linkage Model has been overshadowed by Commercial based model led by MFI on-lending since the turn of millennium. The study, in addition to the analysis of quantitative expansion, also evaluates certain qualitative issues; the outreach of Linkage model is examined more specifically in terms of savings linked SHGs and credit linked SHGs. Further by throwing light on loans of SHGS outstanding with Banks and Non Performing Assets of bank loans of SHGs, the scalability of sound FI initiative are examined. The empirical evidence is obtained to show that the overall growth of SHGs over the past two decades has an important dimension of women empowerment as more than 70 percent of these groups are concentrated by women.

India is a developing country with agriculture as its main occupation. Agriculture sector is the backbone of Indian economy. Being significant sector in the country, agriculture is the source of livelihood for more than 70% of the population. However, Indian agriculture is a gamble in the mansoons. Because of the precarious nature of the mansoon and lack of irrigation facilities, farmers produce only one crop in a year. This results in to seasonal and disguised unemployment which is an important feature of this sector. The unemployment problem is very serious in general and rural area in particular. Under employment or disguised unemployment in the rural sector and the existence of urban unemployment among the educated class and uneducated class is more serious.

Women entrepreneurship development is an essential part of human resource development. The development of women entrepreneurship is very low in India, especially in the rural areas. Entrepreneurship amongst women has been a recent concern. Women have become aware of their existence their rights and their work situation. However, women of middle class are not too eager to alter their role in fear of social backlash. The progress is more visible among upper class families in urban cities.

The term women’s rights refers to freedoms and entitlement of women and girls of all ages. These rights may or may not be institutionalized, ignored or suppressed by law, local custom, and behavior in a particular society. these liberties are grouped together and differentiated from broader notions of human rights because they often differ from the freedoms inherently possessed by or recognized for men and boys, and because activists for this issue claim an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls. Issues commonly associated with notions of women’s rights include, through are not limited to the right : To bodily integrity and autonomy; to vote (suffrage) to hold public office; to work to fair wages or equal pay; to own property ; to education ; to serve in the military or be conscripted ; to enter into legal contracts; and to have marital parental and religious rights.

As the education is becoming more and more learner centered process, innovative evaluation tools are evolving for better evaluation of students. The reflection of these changes is expected to be seen in teacher education sector. The present study aware readers about concept and need of new innovative evaluation procedure that is Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation. The article is focused towards needs assessment of Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation in the field of teacher education. This paper informs about opinions of teacher educators and student teachers regarding continuous and comprehensive evaluation. For this purpose the researcher conducted survey in teacher education institute. The summary of the opinions show that student teachers are wiling to accept CCE but they identify obstacles in the implementation of the same. It will be of immense utility to teachers, student teachers and educationists.

As the education is becoming more and more learner centered process, innovative evaluation tools are evolving for better evaluation of students. The reflection of these changes is expected to be seen in teacher education sector. The present study aware readers about concept and need of new innovative evaluation procedure that is Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation. The article is focused towards needs assessment of Continuous Comprehensive Evaluation in the field of teacher education. This paper informs about opinions of teacher educators and student teachers regarding continuous and comprehensive evaluation. For this purpose the researcher conducted survey in teacher education institute. The summary of the opinions show that student teachers are wiling to accept CCE but they identify obstacles in the implementation of the same. It will be of immense utility to teachers, student teachers and educationists.

Teacher Education Programme (TEP) has undergone many welcome changes. We have borrowed many techniques, ideas & innovations from the other countries in the field of education by taking into consideration their merits & demerits. School Experience Programme (SEP) /Internship is one of them. This programme is originated in the USA in the field of medical science & the same is borrowed from the USA which is practiced in Teacher Education Institutions (TEI). The term is used in different ways in both the fields. Internship was flourished in Regional Colleges Education of NCERT in the sixties of the nineteenth century first. The School Experience Programme for the very first time was introduced by NCERT in Teacher Education Curriculum Guidelines Syllabi in 1991. The prime aim of this programme is to develop higher level competencies & to provide variety of school experiences.

The Indian people have been using English as the Second language for the past two centuries. English has become a familiar language to Indians. The rich vocabulary of the English language has been increasing endlessly. The total vocabulary of English language may exceed ten million words. These unlimited words create a psychic fear among the learners who try to master it. What are these words? Don’t our people know the usage of even a hundred words in English? Then what hinders their language learning? Even a student completing his tenth standard should be familiar with three to five thousand words in English. Their word power should have increased as they move up in their studies. In spite of this stock of words, they hesitate, fear, feel shy and fail to utter a few words in English. Grammar is very important to learn a better language which involves structure, parts of speech, tenses etc., now a days or at present the traditional method such as lecture method with inductive and deductive approach are being followed but these methods are incomplete as a result the rural learners are facing lot of problems in learning English grammar, it is natural that the students lose interest towards learning English grammar.

The term ‘myth’ is derived from the Greek word “mythos” which means a traditional tale common to the member of a tribe, race or nation. It usually involves the supernatural elements to explain some natural phenomenon in boldly imaginative terms. Mythology is an intuitive form of apprehending and expressing universal truths. It is the body of a primitive people’s beliefs concerning its origin, early history, heroes, and deities and so forth, as distinguished from the true accounts which it inverts later. The goal of myth is to affect a reconciliation of the individual’s consciousness with the universal will. Today myth has become one of the most prominent terms in contemporary literature analysis. It has always been the part of parcel of the literature and an operating factor in almost all the forms of literature. The postcolonial and postmodern literature has witnessed a significant and substantial growth of interest & outpouring of creative myth. The postmodern novelists have employed myth in their fiction with remarkable skill and variety.

The paper begins with Northrop Frye’s argument that we teach or learn criticism, not literature. It reviews Frye’s model of archetypal criticism which seeks to interpret a text in the context of a myth and an archetype. It concludes that while the model widens the scope of literary criticism the singularity of meaning implied in it indicates its limitation.

English is the language that is used in the world of finance, commerce, education, research, and the dissemination of knowledge (though other languages play different roles in some of these areas as well). It is essential if one is to study medicine or if one is to become a pilot of a sophisticated fighter aircraft. And it is the language of management, indeed of government, in most parts of the country. We need to recognise that English will be there for many years to come, and will play a vital role in the evolution of India as a major economic and political force in the world. The Electronic Media especially Internet plays a vital roles in the development of the country including political, educational, economic and cultural with the potential of having an influential role in the lives of children as they are pervasive accessible and attended by children of all ages. The powerful forces of the electronic media, the dearth of reading among youths and the educational potential of the Internet necessitate that research to be undertaken between the dynamics of English Language learning and the electronic media

In Human Geography some Nomadic and primitive tribes viz Eskimo, kriqiz, Pigmy, bushman etc. are stuchied. Here an attempt is made to study the pawra Tribe in Nandurbar district. Firstly the pawra tribe is mostly in habited in the ranges of satpura in Dhadgaon, Shahada, Taloda, Akkalkuwa Tahasils of Nandurbar district. Secondly Their language social structure, customs are different from the other tribes. Their social administration is controlled by the head of the society of the village. Thirdly their economic activities are entirely depends up on the satpura mountain.

Irrigation plays an important role in the agriculture development. Crop production increases considerably if irrigation is provided to dry lands. Nashik district is well known for the grapes and onion production as well as export. Area under fruits and other cash crops show increase in recent time. One of the main reasons behind this cropping pattern change is the irrigation development in the district. In present paper an attempt have been made to understand the irrigation development in the district from 1970. Here it is found that area under irrigation was increased from 12% in 1970 to 28 % in 2004-05.It also found that this growth is not uniform in the district. Tahsils which are located in the western hilly region like Peth, Surgana, Trambak, Igatpury are characterized by very low irrigation ranging from 3 to 5 %.Whereas tahsil which are located in the Major river basins like Girna and Godavari have comparatively large area under irrigation.(eg.Niphad-53%,Nasik-30%,Baglan-26%).Tahsil like Chandwad, Malegaon, Nandgaon are located in the rain shadow region having irrigation in between 10 to 18 percent.

In this paper an emphasis given on the agricultural problems and prospectus of Yeola taluka which is located in Nashik district of Maharashtra state. The rainfall in this taluka is under the influence of south-west monsoon. There are twelve drought prone zones in Maharashtra, where Yeola is in the rain shadow zone and also included in one of the drought prone area of Nashik district. There is uneven distribution of rainfall in this study area. Drought is the one of the prominent problem in study area. Topography, soil, and scarcity of water are the broad limits to the development of agriculture. The population of this region is mainly engaged in primary activity i.e. agriculture. The socio-economic status of this area is primly bound to agriculture.

Environmental Degradation is the complex process involving transformation, material loss from any one of the environmental components. Environmental degradation process arise by natural processes or by man-made activities. The primary knowledge about environmental degradation, causes and consequences of environmental degradation and planning measures views about environmental degradation are the three main parameters selected to know the cognition about environmental degradation in different geographical environment in the Jalgaon district of the Maharashtra state is considered for the study. Among the geographical environment location, slope of land, physiography, climate, soils, resources, accessibility, socio-economic status, population etc. are considered to demarcate the tribal and non-tribal zones of the study region. Geographical environmental zones and its relation with environmental degradation cognition is studied with the help of statistical method.

Indian economy also passed through these stages during the year 2008. The economic growth rate, which was above 8% for consecutive period of three years since 2006, suddenly plunged to an average of 5.5%. Developed world is under the fear that recession may not turn out to be continuous process resulting into great depression. Generally recessions are for two quarters, but depression is a severe economic downturn that lasts several years. Earlier India was affected less by external world depressions as it relied more on internal consumption, saving and import substitutions. However, after 1991 India opened up its economy to global players, share of exports, both goods and services, in GDP grew significantly. The effects of the global financial crisis have been more severe than initially forecast. By virtue of globalization, the moment of financial crisis hit the real economy and became a global economic crisis; it was rapidly transmitted to many developing countries. India too is weathering the negative impact of the crisis.

Water availability for development of the area is the central issue in drought prone areas. Watershed approach can meet this requirement to bridge the gap between water supply and requirement apart from conservation of land resources and protection of the environment. The resultant increase in the productivity can upgrade the quality of life of people. Thus, watershed management particularly in dry lands is regarded as a holistic approach towards optimizing the integrated use of land, water and vegetation in a land unit for providing an answer to alleviate drought, moderate floods, prevent soil erosion, improve water availability and increase crop, fodder, fuel and fibre production on a sustained basis. The present paper deals with the study of the Akoli watershed with reference to the hydrogeomorphology.

Information and Communication Technology is the buzzword in todays era. The information and communication technology has transformed our lives drastically in all walk of life. Internet has is also one of the key factor in the communication technology. The Internet had transformed the way we communicate, how we learn, how we work and spend free time, in essence – it has more or less changed every aspect of human society one can think of. This paper deals with the influence of Internet and information technology on work and human resource management. It observes main novelties and (inevitably coming) changes in areas of staffing, motivating and leading and discusses possible adaptations of organization and business. To discover the mentioned changes and consequences, firstly we try to broadly assert present condition in the field, both globally and in India, and outline promising future trends. Finally, combining that with elements of human- resource management we try to predict basic consequences that IT will have on the way employees are rewarded and the way new employees are acquired.

The JCR provides quantitative tools for ranking, evaluating, categorizing, and comparing journals. The impact factor is one of these; it is a measure of the frequency with which the "average article" in a journal has been cited in a particular year or period. The annual JCRimpact factor is a ratio between citations and recent citable items published. Thus, the impact factor of a journal is calculated by dividing the number of current year citations to the source items published in that journal during the previous two years

Information and Communication Technology is the buzzword in todays era. The information and communication technology has transformed our lives drastically in all walk of life. Internet has is also one of the key factor in the communication technology. The Internet had transformed the way we communicate, how we learn, how we work and spend free time, in essence – it has more or less changed every aspect of human society one can think of. This paper deals with the influence of Internet and information technology on work and human resource management. It observes main novelties and (inevitably coming) changes in areas of staffing, motivating and leading and discusses possible adaptations of organization and business. To discover the mentioned changes and consequences, firstly we try to broadly assert present condition in the field, both globally and in India, and outline promising future trends. Finally, combining that with elements of human- resource management we try to predict basic consequences that IT will have on the way employees are rewarded and the way new employees are acquired.

Most of the scientific applications requires a coordination of resources to solve their problem. In particular, every day, hundreds and hundreds of protein sequences are deposited in the data banks by the researcher. If a new researcher wants to find a similar protein sequence like the one which he has, an extensive database search is required. If the database is distributed in grid environment, the search becomes easy. In practice, there are a number of schedulers applicable to the grid environment. These schedulers can direct the users query to appropriate resources to find the similar queries. Almost all the schedulers including the optimization techniques lead to load imbalance on the resources. A scheduler has to be designed in such a way that all the resources in the grid environment are balanced. This paper discusses about the protein sequence analysis on the grid, the schedulers available and load balancing in the grid environment.

Information and Communication Technology is the buzzword in todays era. The information and communication technology has transformed our lives drastically in all walk of life. Internet has is also one of the key factor in the communication technology. The Internet had transformed the way we communicate, how we learn, how we work and spend free time, in essence – it has more or less changed every aspect of human society one can think of. This paper deals with the influence of Internet and information technology on work and human resource management. It observes main novelties and (inevitably coming) changes in areas of staffing, motivating and leading and discusses possible adaptations of organization and business. To discover the mentioned changes and consequences, firstly we try to broadly assert present condition in the field, both globally and in India, and outline promising future trends. Finally, combining that with elements of human- resource management we try to predict basic consequences that IT will have on the way employees are rewarded and the way new employees are acquired.

On account of information & knowledge explosion it has become essential for librarians to provide a master key to this repository of knowledge. The maximum use of this tremendous up sage of knowledge in the service, the librarian started mechanizing activities of libraries and research institution through various gadget The main aim of any library is to provide access to proper information explosion, due to growing demands of the user and shrinking of financial resources, library is not able to obtain all the reading materials on demand The only way to overcome these problems is resources sharing through networking. The present paper gives the importance of library automation, which helps librarians for excellent control over collection. New technologies library provides several new materials, media and mode of storing and communicating the information. Automation requires planning, designing, and implementation. Library automation reduces the drudgery of repeated manual efforts in library routine by use of library automation collection, Storage, administration, processing, preservation and communication etc. It increases productivity in terms of both works as well as in service.

Information and Communication Technology is the buzzword in todays era. The information and communication technology has transformed our lives drastically in all walk of life. Internet has is also one of the key factor in the communication technology. The Internet had transformed the way we communicate, how we learn, how we work and spend free time, in essence – it has more or less changed every aspect of human society one can think of. This paper deals with the influence of Internet and information technology on work and human resource management. It observes main novelties and (inevitably coming) changes in areas of staffing, motivating and leading and discusses possible adaptations of organization and business. To discover the mentioned changes and consequences, firstly we try to broadly assert present condition in the field, both globally and in India, and outline promising future trends. Finally, combining that with elements of human- resource management we try to predict basic consequences that IT will have on the way employees are rewarded and the way new employees are acquired.

Agriculture occupies a significant place in the economy of India. It contributes nearly 20% to the Gross Domestic Product [GDP] and provides employment to around two-thirds of nation's population. Agricultural commodity exports account for nearly 20 per cent of the total export earnings of the country. Among fresh vegetables, onion, tomato and mushroom are reported to be highly export competitive. India ranks first in the world accounting for around 21 per cent of the world area, planted to onion. Globally, the country occupies the second position, after China, in onion production with a production share of around 14 per cent. Productivity of onion is low at around 11.4 metric ton/ha, which is significantly lower than the world average of 17.3 metric ton/ha. Besides India and China, the other major onion-producing countries are Turkey, Pakistan, Iran, Japan, Brazil, United States of America and Spain. It is produced for both domestic consumption as well as exports. India produces all varieties of onion - pink, red, yellow and white, big or small.

The term Green Marketing came into prominence in the late 1980s and early 1990s.It began in Europe when specific products were identified as being harmful to the earth’s atmosphere. Green or Environmental Marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs, such that satisfaction of these needs and wants occur, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment. It is the marketing of products that are presumed to be environmentally safe. Thus green marketing incorporates a broad range of activities, including product modification, changes to the production process, packaging changes, as well as modifying advertising. Yet defining green marketing is not a simple task where several meanings intersect and contradict each other; an example of this will be the existence of varying social, environmental and retail definitions attached to this term

Healthcare is important. But where they live often determines how minor ailments are treated. Rural India and modern India put their thrust on self medication in treating minor ailments not as like in Europeans who put their trust in the neighborhood pharmacist, North Americans rely more on the advice of doctors. In countries where healthcare infrastructures and economies are developing, opportunities exist to lessen the considerable burden consumers currently put on doctors and help governments reduce their healthcare expenditure. Self medication using over the counter products in India is seen to be common. OTC Products Medico-marketing, is the business of advertising or otherwise promoting the sale of OTC pharmaceuticals or drugs. Evidences show that marketing practices can negatively affect both patients and the health care profession. Many countries have measures in place to limit advertising by pharmaceutical companiesThis paper reviews current market ing practices in the pharmaceutical sector, and their impact on consumer and doctor behavior

It is broadly recognised that image-building is a process where communication in all its aspects can be effectively used. A reputation, on the other hand, is defined as the general opinion held by different people based on merits or demerits earned by a country, a corporate or even an individual. Reputation is an enduring character that is quietly understood. Apart from advertising, every industry and every corporate strives, and sometimes struggles, to build a reputation and then manage it. Companies in India are purely sales-focused and for them PR is only a cheap alternative (with editorial publicity) vis-à-vis advertising. But with increasing competition and customer awareness, Indian companies are realising the importance of PR. Public relations exercises have mainly focussed on creating, managing and leveraging relationships with trusted third parties in order to influence the key stakeholders such as shareholders, employees, vendors and customers. Effectively managed PR programmes ensure that they add value to the brand and also develop and maintain consistency in the brand message.

Food for human consumption should be protected from contamination at all times especially when there are frequent outbreaks of food borne illnesses. Consequences of food borne illness include adverse effects on trade and tourism, loss of earnings and productivity, unemployment and litigation. The study was conducted to find out the awareness and importance of hygiene and sanitation in 3 star and 5 star Hotels in metro and nonmetro cities, to study the existing hygiene and sanitation procedures and standards being followed, to frame special programme based on HACCP principles and implementation of these programe in selected samples. The analysis of the data collected showed that there was either lack or no training and proper knowledge. The enforcement program comprised of training of staff though presentations, demonstrations on good Manufacturing and Good Hygiene Practices, display of posters and instruction in working areas for principles to be followed during operations. It was concluded that a significant relationship was found between the training and their resultant performance in accomplishing their tasks in operations of food handling

Today’s world is controlled by Computer, Information Technology, but tomorrow world will be ruled by ideas, concept, creativity. Today’s the most appreciating business is “Real Estate” and “Intellectual Property Right” will be of tomorrow. When IPR would take such important place in growth of individuals & nation, it is needless to emphasis the need of information about Intellectual Property Right to be promoted among students in general & engineering in particular. The paper apart from giving idea about IPR, & need for its promoting, will also suggest, steps for its promotion. The authors have undertaken survey of Engineering/Polytechnic Teachers using a questionnaire to identify their awareness & knowledge about IPR and procedure for patenting. The results are alarming and emphasise the immediate need of generation of awareness and training about IPR in teachers in general & technical teachers in particular.

A Lead Iodide is a layered semiconductor having the direct band gap 2.55eV with space group D3d. They consists of molecular sheets, each consisting of a layer cation sandwiched between two layers of hexagonal close packed anion. The forces within a sandwiched are purely ionic in nature, giving a strong binding between an anion and cation layer, whereas the anion layer in adjacent sandwiches are held together by weak van der Waal’s forces of attraction. The layers can be stacked in a variety of ways to form different types of polyptism. The most common structure is the 2H hexagonal structure. The band edge optical properties of single crystals have been studied extensively for about 3 decades. I.Ch. Schluter and M. Schluter [1] have reported that the exitonic absorption at the fundamental band edge is cationic with the conduction band states arising predominantly from Pb, 6P atomic orbital, while the valence band states arise from Pb, 6S orbitals. R. Kleim and F. Raga [2], F. Levy et. al.[3] have investigated on luminescence properties at low temperature. M.S. Skolnick and D. Bimberg [4] have reported that in the emission spectrum of lead iodide, recombination of free exitons bound to neutral donars. Besides these, there often appears a band emission in the lower region. Kleim and Raga [2], Bunskil et. al. [5] has reported that the luminescence of Lead Iodide samples prepared by clearing zone-refined crystals consists of a complex emission band.

Ammonium Nickel Sulphate successfully grown by simple gel technique. Then these grown crystals were characterized by XRD, IR and Thermal analysis i.e.TGA and DTA. XRD reveals that the parameters of the gel grown crystals are mostly matching with the ASTM data of the Ammonium Nickel Sulphate. IR confirms that there is strong interaction between free water molecules. While the thermal analysis indicates that the water molecules are present in the Ammonium Nickel Sulphate.

Microstrip antenna loaded with shorting pin for reducing size is well known area of research. Recently it has been proposed that by replacing the shorting pin with a chip resistor of low resistance value, the required antenna size can be significantly reduced for the same antenna operating at a high frequency. Moreover the antenna bandwidth is also enhanced. To demonstrate the capability of such a chip-resistor loading technique, related design for a rectangular microstrip antenna has been studied. In this paper the design of chip-resistor-loaded rectangular microstrip patch antenna with probe-feed is presented. These antenna designs have the advantages of small antenna size and wide impedance bandwidth, compared to a conventional rectangular patch antenna. The proposed antenna is simulated using computer simulation technology (CST) Microwave Studio. The simulated results show that the proposed antenna resonates at 897.48 MHz, which is much lower than that of (2.4448 GHz) conventional patch antenna; moreover the -10 dB return loss impedance bandwidth is 7.6%, about 4.9 times that (1.4%) of a conventional patch antenna. This suggests that antenna size reduction can be greater by using a chip resistor.

The Indian banking sector has played a stellar role in channelising savings of the household and the industry to productive investment avenues in an efficient manner and has been instrumental in the economic development of the country. The liberalization of the banking sector since 1991, has been a key contributory factor in the improved efficiency and competitiveness of the Indian banking sector. One of the key developments in the banking sector is the increased adoption of technology to better meet customer requirements, improve efficiencies, reduce costs and ensure customer delight. Though it was the private sector and foreign banks which pioneered the technological revolution in Indian banking, the public sector banks have also begun to implement technological solutions in a rapid scale in order to attract and retain customers. Net banking, phone banking, self service ATM’s, NEFT, RTGS etc., are not merely buzzwords but have become ubiquitous. With the emergence of alternative investment avenues and the growing number of institutions offering savings and investment advice, banks have come to understand that it is customer satisfaction and delight which would ultimately decide their success and profitability and are therefore taking steps to understand and satisfy needs of the customers by designing processes, systems in tune with changing customer requirements. Innovative strategies to attract and retain customers have become a key focus area of the top management and this trend is set to continue. Considering the fact that in the new economy, mind share leads to market share and mind share is influenced not only by the promotions and advertisements but more importantly on favourable customer perception which in turn is based on satisfaction with regard to products, services and interaction, this paper is an attempt to study the levels of customer satisfaction in the public and private sector banks.

In the globalization arena, the concept of e-learning has emerged in the education sector. The corporate houses have found e-learning to be a convenient medium to deliver training to their employees. In this scenario, the content that is delivered need to be reusable, interoperable and portable. Hence the content should be developed based on the SCORM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) standards. This paper focuses on the various deployment issues in the implementation of SCORM and the strategies to overcome these issues.

Soil is the motherland of microorganisms; numbers of microorganism are found in soil which includes fungi; yeast, algae and bacteria. Each organism is able to produce an enzyme to survive in environment. Some organisms produce amylase, protease, lipase, nuclease etc. These organisms produce an enzyme broadly of two types extracellular and intracellular enzymes. The substrate for DNase producing bacteria in soil is decaying plant cells, animal cells and microbial cells. Deoxyribonucleases have great application in industrial as well as therapeutic fields. Our attempt was to isolate an efficient deoxyribonuclease producing bacteria from soil as soil is the richest source of microorganisms. Of the factors affecting the production of deoxyribonuclease, aeration is one of them. We have estimated the amount of oxygen required for maximum deoxyribonuclease production.