To my point of view, these disciplines, which I will discuss in this article, are not only the foundation for Buddhist people but also should be followed and practiced all people in the world. The Buddhist heart of the people birth with the three essences: Dana–charity, Sila–morality and Bhavana – meditation. In this article I will portray just only discipline for the householders. It is foundation for Buddhist people and other but will give the great fruition to all. That is why, make sure to understand well first and practiced it systematically. If so, you will face with wonderful fruition in your life.

The present study aimed to identify the use of techniques for the analysis of balance sheet for granting of credit GIROCAIXA, Feature of the Program of Social Integration, PIS in Caixa Economica Federal, Rolim de Moura; a case study was performed , having as a research instrument a semi-structured interview conducted with the manager responsible for the sector of credit. On the basis of the documentary research, it was possible to characterize the modality GIROCAIXA Feature of PIS, as being a line of working capital which uses features of PIS, whose main attraction is its interest rate; the research allowed view the limitations in its release, as well as its purpose and applicability of the resource, which is unique for working capital of Micro and Small Enterprises. When it is observed that the Caixa Economica Federal, Rolim de Moura uses the financial statements for the analysis of the ability to pay of a company as a requirement for the granting of credit, it was observed that the release of the credit line GIROCAIXAFeature of PIS, the accounting information is not taken into account, because the size of the enterprises (micro and small) and the reliability of the financial statements, which generally do not portray the reality of the company, because the statements are only fiscal, not showing what actually happened.

Discuss Thuraiyur as a historical place – General descriptions of Temples – Thuraiyur Temples - Nandikeswaraswamy Temple - Kasi Viswanathaswami Temple – Temples regulated the people with the humaneness born of the spirit of Dharma - temple was the local theatre which provided recreation to the local population through festivals and cultural performances.

This research paper focused on the impact of weaving on family environment a sociological analysis. The present study weavers mainly those who have inherited this occupation, are in a pitiable condition weaving to the poor socio-economic conditions. The majority of them are wage weavers who earn minimal wages in spite of working for more than ten hours a day it is interesting to note that the educational status among the weavers community was not discouraging. Weaving is the process of making cloth, rugs, blankets and other products by crossing two sets of threads over and under each other. Various types of weaving are done in the villages of India. Indian wearers have made a distinct place in the world, this sector has not attained proper awareness as far as weaving related health problems and perils are concerned.

Co-operative bank forms an integral part of banking system in India. This bank operates mainly for the benefit of rural area, particularly the agricultural sector. Cooperative Banks in general and District Central Cooperative Banks in particular have to play major role in the upliftment of Economy. DCC Banks have direct access to agriculture and rural sector. The place of DCC Banks in cooperative banking is unique. They are intermediate between State Cooperative Bank and Primary Credit Cooperative Societies. After New Economic Policy, there is a sea change in governance and working of DCC Banks. Although, the DCC Banks have responded to the banking challenges, yet Non-Performing Assets is a major critical problem of the majority DCC Banks in Maharashtra.Latur District Central Cooperative Bank, Latur is playing major role in providing credit to rural sector through various schemes such as crop loan, vehicle purchasing, minor irrigation, tractor financing, cattle purchasing, rural artisans, home construction, self-help groups, etc. LDCC Bank, Latur is facing various problems in providing credit facilities to people and major problem is of Non-Performing Assets. This paper makes an attempt to assess impact of NPAon LDCC Bank, Latur. In this research paper, a detailed analysis has been made to highlight certain points related with NPA, its norms, provisions, Gross NPA, Net NPA, Ratio of Gross NPAwith Total Advance and its impact on LDCC Bank, Latur.

-Concept mapping can be contrasted with the similar idea of mind mapping, which is often restricted to radial hierarchies and tree structures. Among the various schema and techniques for visualizing ideas, processes, organizations.. The present paper was aimed to test the six major hypotheses. The Present study is of quasi- experimental in nature (pre- test, post –test design) which includes experimental and control group of secondary school students. The study involves the development of concept maps with other a supporting materials to reachcertain selected concepts in science for experimental group, whereas control group were used to study the effectiveness of concept mapping as teaching strategy. The Present study is of quasi-experimental in nature ( pre- test, post –test design) which includes experimental and control group of secondary school students. The study involves the development of concept maps with other a supporting materials to reach certain selected concepts in science for experimental group, whereas control group were used to study the effectiveness of concept mapping as teaching strategy. Self prepared concept mapping scale has reliability varying with age from 0.83 to 0.93 and it is valid. It is found that concept mapping was effective teaching strategy compared to conventional method of teaching. Concept mapping as a teaching strategy improved achievement in science. Concept mapping as a teaching strategy helped in attainment of concepts. Concept mapping was effective tools to evaluate science concepts. Boys and Girls do not differ in their concept mapping ability.

Gandhi in his living, thinking, teaching and in his death is an in his death is an inexhaustible subject, with no beginning and no end. At the outset we should acknowledge that Gandhi was not an Economist as such. He was much more than that. He has a saint, a Mahatma and the father of Nation. He had not studied economics as a subject in the curriculum not had he the opportunity of reading standard books on modern economics. He drew his thoughts on economic affairs from three sources, The First was his ethical and spiritual conviction, the second was his close involvement with the economic condition of the people particularly the rural people who formed over 80% of the country in his day, and the third was his reading and reflection and the result of his putting into action what he read of the utopian Buskin's 'unto this last' and Tolstoy's 'The kingdom of God is within' you. His thoughts were shaped by Bible also and some time he read Marx's Das Capital.

Wireless communications offer organizations and users many benefits such as portability and flexibility, increased productivity, and lower installation costs. Wireless technologies cover a broad range of differing capabilities oriented toward different uses and needs. Wireless local area network (WLAN) devices, for instance, allow users to move their laptops from place to place within their offices without the need for wires and without losing network connectivity. Less wiring means greater flexibility, increased efficiency, and reduced wiring costs. Ad hoc networks, such as those enabled by Bluetooth, allow data synchronization with network systems and application sharing between devices. Bluetooth functionality also eliminates cables for printer and other peripheral device connections. Handheld devices such as personal digital assistants (PDA) and cell phones allow remote users to synchronize personal databases and provide access to network services such as wireless e-mail, Web browsing, and Internet access. Moreover, these technologies can offer dramatic cost savings and new capabilities to diverse applications ranging from retail settings to manufacturing shop floors to first responders. In this paper, I discuss about the architecture of Wireless, its range, benefits and its security risks.

Paddy is the major food crop in Karnataka state and one of the staple foodgrains for more than two-third of the population of the state. Intensive paddy production is associated with high consumption of irrigational water and fertilisers.Paddy production is carried out with certain inputs or resources that enhance its productivity. The extent to which this productivity can be affected by these inputs depends on how the inputs are used. For instance, when a piece of land is being cultivated, its productivity will depend on the resources that are applied to it, but more importantly on how these resources are used or applied.

This paper is an attempt to analyze the novella, The Reluctant Fundamentalist, to foreground the traces of Western Dominance in the behavior of the protagonist, Changez Khan. Changez Khan, like many other South Asian Students, is allured by American dreams and thus becomes the pray of Hegemonic discourses. His national identity gets swayed by dazzling American opportunities of career and he wakes up only when he is jolted by 9/11 incident. Suddenly he finds the traces of hegemony around him and his new revelations turn him to his nation. He tries to frame counter discourse against the dominant hegemony, which he consider anti-Muslim. This paper reveals existence of hidden dark secrets of Western Ideology in the psyche of a Pakistani Muslim in particular and gives a wakeup call to the youth of Third World Countries in general.

It took almost six decades to justify the road shown by Satyajit Ray a.k.a. Manik Da through the mastery of Kaushik Ganguly. Pather Panchali (The Road of Song) was released in 1955, the first film of Apu trilogy; Apur Panchali got screened in front of all cinephiles in 2014 that added another feather to director, Kaushik Ganguly. Apur Panchali brings in a real depiction of the struggle faced by a person who preferred to stay behind the doors than choosing to stay before the lens.

The importance of accounting, reporting and auditing is all pervasive and getting more vigour and complexity with the widespread corporations, social awareness, constitutional provisions and the globalisation In carrying out the expectations of the stakeholders of all corners the accountancy is to use the various concepts, conventions, doctrines, postulates, assumptions etc. One of the fundamental accounting assumptions is Going Concern. The Going Concern Assumption refers to the assumption that the accounting entities will run for infinite life stream. That is it will not stop its operations in forcible future. The accounting and reporting are done predominantly based on this assumption. But with the change in the social, legal and the business environmental factors the efficiency of the Going Concern is at stake. The accounting information generated based on this assumption does not provide true picture of the entity. The time has come to have a revisit on the concept of Going Concern Assumption. My objective of the paper is to focus the limitations of the going concern assumption arising out of the changing business scenario and suggest possible ways out for consideration.

-Corporate social responsibility is a term describing a company's obligation to be accountable to all of its stakeholders in all its operations and activities. Socially responsible companies consider the full scope of their impact on communities and the environment when making decisions, balancing the needs of stakeholders with their need to make a profit. The present paper primarily discusses the Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives by Indian Companies and Challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility. This paper consists of several sections dealing with Introduction of Corporate Social Responsibility, Objective of the Study, Research Methodology, Scope of the Study, Need for Corporate Social Responsibility, Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives by Indian Companies and Challenges of Corporate Social Responsibility and Conclusion of the Study.

-Organizations today usually require a team of specialist professionals, with the engineers, technicians and the supportive manpower. Procurement and retention of skilled manpower within the organizations has become a difficult task. Due to the huge demand for the skilled workforce in the cities like Poona, Mumbai, Bangalore etc., the employee mobility has increased to severe. The implementation of modern Human Resource Management techniques with a different approach has become a very vital need of these businesses. The industries are implementing integrated solutions to better streamline business processes across all the functions and practices across the country. So there has been a great need for implementation of these techniques in local areas to deal with major HR challenges.

-Social exclusion is the denial of equal opportunities imposed by certain groups of society on others, leading to the inability of an individual to participate in the basic political, economic and social functioning of society.Amartya Sen draws attention to various meanings and dimensions of the concept of social exclusion. He draws a distinction between situations where some people are kept out (or left out), and where some people are included (forcibly) on deeply unfavourable terms. In this backdrop the paper will discuss about socio-economic development of SC in India and to evaluate some reviews and studies has been drawn from different sources. Further the paper will provide an insight about economic discrimination had obvious impacts on the earnings of SC households, and reflected in the incidence of high poverty among them. Finally in conclusion it very important to consider scheduled castes people development in first place social development in all spheres and economic development providing sufficient livelihood opportunities so that they can come on par with the higher society strata.

Microfinance is a type of banking service that is provided to unemployed or low-income individuals or groups who would otherwise have no other means of gaining financial services. Micro finance through Self Help Group (SHG) has been recognized internationally as the modern tool to combat poverty and for rural development. Micro finance and SHGs are effective in reducing poverty, empowering women and creating awareness which finally results in sustainable development of the nation. The main aim of microfinance is to empower women. In this paper the role played by Microfinance in women’s empowerment are considered into three dimensions namely psychological, social and economical. Analysis showed that there is a gradual increase in the all the three factors among rural women’s. From the interaction among the respondents it is noticed that some members are expecting the NGO to come up with more training sessions in income generating activities. All they need is a way to develop their skills and talents by participating in various training programs. There is a definite improvement in psychological well being and social empowerment among rural women as a result of participating in micro finance through SHG program.

This paper first covers the traditional meaning of 'gaming' and 'playing' followed by the changes fostered by the use of internet. Online gaming as an emerging phenomena is then discussed in the light of changing trends in the available resources, opportunities and lifestyle of the modern youth. The purpose of this paper is to study the lived experience of online gamers and to derive core psychosocial constructs from their inner life. Using the qualitative research method of semi-structured interviews, five case-accounts are used to explore what meanings does an engagement in an online game carry for them. Understandings around their motivations, dissociations, negotiations with reality as well as social adaptation are critically arrived at, using theoretical concepts and citations from personal stories. As this up-and-coming trend is becoming increasingly popular, its future implications are discussed by considering its ramifications in the area of education, clinic and society as a whole.

Industry has a major role to play in the economic development of the underdeveloped countries like India. The basic objective of study is to underlying the availability of small and large scale industries are the increase in the supply of manufactured goods, the promotion of capital formation, the development of indigenous entrepreneurial talents and skills and the creation of employment opportunities. This study is an attempt to know the availability of small scale & large scale Industries in Dhule Districts of North Maharashtra Region.

Today, we are living in the era of science and technology and the impact of science has been very strong on traditional religious beliefs. The impact of science has been particularly strong on traditional religious beliefs. “Many basic religious concepts are crumbling under the pressure of modern science and are no longer acceptable to the intellectual and the well informed man. It is no longer possible to assert truth derived merely through theological speculations or 1 based on the authority of religious scriptures in isolation to scientific consideration.” In general, by the word Soul, Atma, or Self, it is suggested that, in man there is a permanent everlasting and absolute entity which is the unchanging substance, behind the changing phenomenal world. The ‘Soul’ or ‘Self’ in man is considered as the thinker of the thoughts, feeler of sensations, etc. According to Buddhism, idea of Soul, Atma, or Self, is an imaginary, false belief which has no corresponding reality, and it produces harmful thoughts of ‘me’ and ‘mine’, selfish desire, craving, attachment, hatred, ill-will, conceit, pride, egoism and other defilements, impurities and problems. Ayurveda has accepted the concept of ‘Soul’ (Atma), which is also known as ‘Purusha.’ This research paper is an attempt to review the Buddhist concept of ‘Anatta’(No-Soul), in the context of Ayurveda. Ayurveda is based on Indian philosophical systems for its fundamental concepts and we cannot understand Ayurveda unless and until we have the knowledge of Indian philosophical systems (Darshan Shastras).

Training and employee development are typically functions of the human resources department. Large organizations with thousands of employees may have a separate, dedicated training and development department; however, many smaller companies rely on human resources staff to support the training needs of the entire organization. Creating a training and development structure depends on a variety of factors, such as your business and training goals, employee performance, IT capabilities and human resources staff expertise. This study deals with the training and development practices followed for the employees in the organization. Training in core, supervisory, and leadership skills – available in-class and on-line. This study conducted on effectiveness of training and development among the employees.

A short span of fifteen years the SHG movement has recorded remarkable progress (29.24 lakh SHGs in operation on 31 March 2007 with a cumulative loan of 180,407,42 million), much still remains to be done. Even if we consider only the BPLpopulation of the country (24.2 per cent -26 crore), the above achievement seems to be minuscule.

Sculptures have added beauty to archaeology. They have created prominent place in the field of archaeology.The study of ancient Indian culture is largely supported by the archaeological evidence and the ancient sculptures spread across the country are one of the major archaeological and artistic evidence to this study. The sculptor never looks at the stone or rock as it is but he visualizes a beautiful sculpture. He removes the unwanted part and carves out the sculpture with all emotions.

This article aims to examine the role of SHG loan in agriculture. It also analysed the savings and loan utilization pattern of the women members of SHG practicing agriculture in Khanapur taluk of Belgaum district. The important findings were that the loans taken by the women SHG members have helped them to utilize that loan for different types of agricultural activities. They include purchasing of fertilizers, hiring of labour and tractor charges, harvesting and clearing mud tracks on agricultural fields. The women members of SHGs practicing agriculture should be properly and adequately financed so that they can sustain their livelihood and carry some income-generating activities through which they can increase their income.

The very first day of the year 2014 turned out to be promising one, as the much awaited Lokpal bill became an act after receiving signatures from the President of India on January 1, 2014. It brought cheer to all the citizens who were waiting for the act to be made to curb corruption in the country. The Lokpal and Lokayukta bill was pending in the Parliament since many years. It was due to the efforts of India against corruption movement that the bill again came to life & demand was raised to make it a law as early as possible.

The idea of Human Right is as old as the state itself. Man as a member of the human society has some rights in order to survive, as well as, to make his life better. Human rights are concerned with the dignity of the individual and level of self-esteem that secures identity and promotes human grace. Thus in this sense this paper deals with the historical evolution of human rights since Magna Carta of 1215 in international and since Vedic age in Indian perspective.

The world economy is in great change, with uncertainty being only constant across borders, industries and markets. The imperative for business and all over the globe and in India in particularly is to understand the nature of this change and leverage it effectively to achieve corporate goals of its driving the next wave of economy growth. To take advantage of that growth, we will have to not only apply new technology but also new thinking and information technology allows and encourages the conduct of many aspects of commercial activity by electronic means, at least in part. The forms of agreement and other contractual documents are likely to be created using computer and may be transmitted in electronic form anywhere in world.From the legal perspective, one of the most significant issues in electronic commerce is how to create enforceable digital contracts for the sale of goods and services or to ensure that a digital transaction will be at least enforceable and valid as traditional contracts. So the need of the hour is to know about the order technologies used to make contracts unlike traditional contracts and its authentication of documents and to prove before the court of law. The modern contracts are formed through intermediaries, the definition of intermediary is intended to cover both professional and non-professional intermediary (other than the originator and addressee) who may perform any of the functions of an intermediary.

As long as the traditional values and belief systems about men’s and women’s places as well as roles in the society remain unchanged, men and women will continue to have gendered experiences in higher education and in the workplace. The present paper aims at studying the women leadership in higher education with reference to their success as leaders, barriers and strategies for overcoming these barriers.

Background: The chances of food contamination largely depend on the health status of food handlers & their hygiene behaviors and practices. The present study was conducted to assess health status of food handlers and kitchen holders, working in kitchen. Objective. : To assess the awareness of the kitchen holders and home makers regarding safety and sanitary handling of food product. Methodology: The study was carried out using the following tools for the analyze the awareness of the kitchen holders and home makers regarding safety and sanitary handling of food product. Self designed questionnaire was used in the study. Statistical Analysis: SPSS Statistic 20 for statistical processing. Descriptive statistics of frequency to analyze general characteristics, and food contamination pattern. Results and Discussion: Both male and female are not much aware about food contamination. But females were keep their kitchen clean and dry and having good sanitary habits more than male so females are much aware than male about food handling practices. Conclusion: The health status and the level of personal hygiene of the food handlers in the eating establishments were found to be unsatisfactory. Food hygiene can be best promoted by educating the kitchen holders about personal hygiene.

-Professionalism has always been in the area of interest for people. It deals with the art of being perfect in your area of work. Professionalism means to be complete in oneself and that one is not required to be reminded of duties and responsibilities. Considering teaching as profession has always been a hot topic. There is a school of thought that opines for the teaching as a profession as it requires necessary hard work, skills and qualification along with training and internship, where as the other school of thought opines against teaching as a profession as it does not include any official ceremony for awarding professional qualification and that there is no single organization where the teachers are registered as a professional. As such there are many view points of this. The preent research just focuses on the professionalism of a Male teacher as compared to a Female teacher.

The Ga?ga, Râma and the Indian epics are inseparable.The Descent of Gangâ from the celestial world to the earth is a celebrated episode in the Râmâya?a of Vâlmîki. The theme was brought under the head of úîlpaúâstra in course of time and was famous as Siva-Gangâdharamûrti[1].

The major aim of the present study was to assess the social support and stress among HIV positive patients and normals. The sample of 200 (100 patients and 100 normals) was chosen from Gulbarga District on whom the social support and stress scales were administered. After scoring, the data were subjected to t-test. The results revealed that there is significant difference in stress of the sample subgroups. The study also revealed significant gender difference in the amount of stress.

In Electrical drive system, occurrence of any fault may degrade the entire system’s performance. Online fault detection plays a vital role in drive system to detect and rectifying the fault in drive systems used in safety critical applications. In this paper, suitable Electrical fault detection for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor using Artificial Neural Network is proposed. The neural network based method is highly efficient computing method and is suited to detect faults that develop gradually in a system. An appropriate selection of the feature extractor will provide the neural network with adequate significant details in the pattern set, so that the highest degree of accuracy in the neural network performance can be obtained. The discrete wavelet transform permits a systematic decomposition of a signal into its sub-band levels as a preprocessing of the system. Since different faults have different effects for stator currents, the wavelet transform can extract the features efficiently. The proposed approach deals with the fault detection system incorporating a neural network which is trained using Levenberg-Marquart algorithm and a Discrete Wavelet Transform based feature extraction block for Permanent magnet synchronous motor drive system.

Indian leaders have long realized that a literate population is an asset to the country not only because of the contribution that the educated make to productivity but also because of the social benefits that accrue in terms of lowering of fertility and infant and child mortality and the improvements in the education levels and skills of the coming generations. Compared to the situation in 1951, the improvement in literacy in Gujarat is remarkable. From literacy rates of barely 29 and 12 per cent for men and women, respectively according to 1951 Census, they have increased to 80 per cent for males and 58 per cent for females by 2001.

Today, we often use this word Upekkha concerning naughty children or pupils. That means, people remain indifferent to the welfare of their children or pupils whether they behave well or not. It amounts to sheer neglect of duties. In the case of Upekkha, the persons concerned are taken into consideration with an unbiased mind free from extremes of love and hate. Upekkha can occur in the mind of ordinary people. But Buddha's Upekkha can be attained only after the mastery of the three fore-runners, namely metta, karuna, and mudita.

Women's position in Buddhism is unique. The Buddha gave women full freedom to participate in a religious life. The Buddha was the first religious teacher who gave this religious freedom to women. Before the Buddha, women were not even allowed to enter any place of worship or to recite any religious scripture. During the Buddha's time in India, women's position in society was very low. The Buddha was criticized by the prevailing establishment when he gave this freedom to women. Buddha allowed women to prove themselves and to show that they too had the capacity like men to attain the highest position in the religious way of life by attaining Arahantahood.However real freedom is not equal pay for equal work, it is not the right to vote, it is not the right to dress as one pleases, and it is not the opportunity to work side by side with men in the political, social and religious area. Real freedom is freedom from the bondage of suffering. This freedom has been given to women by the Buddha. No amount of public debates, demonstrations or universal charters can bring about this freedom. This freedom can be achieved only through spiritual development. It can only be achieved by the practice of generosity, morality, infinite compassion and loving kindness, and wisdom as taught by the Buddha.

In brief, the Dhamma,the essence of the Buddha's teaching can be summed up in two principles: the Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Noble Path. The first covers the side of doctrine, and the Primary response it elicits understands; the second covers the side of discipline, in the broadest sense of that word, and the primary response it calls for is practice. The two doctrines can be called Dhamma and Vinaya.The Eightfold Noble Path is divided into three sections: the first is Paññâ (wisdom) and includes the first two factors of Sammâ-Ditthi (Right View or Understanding) and Sammâ-Sankappa (Right Thought); second is Sila (morality) which includes Sammâ-Vacca (Right Speech), Sammâ-Kammanta (Right Action) and Sammâ-Ajiva (Right Livelihood); the third division is Samadhi (concentration) including the final three elements of the Path-Sammâ-Vâyama (Right Effort), Sammâ-Sati (Right Mindfulness) and Sammâ-Samâdhi ( Right Concentration). Investigation is important to each group. Although it is virtually identical with the Paññâ section of the Path, the faculty of reasoned contemplation has significant role to play in the development of both Sila and Samadhi, and Samadhi and Sila in turn both support.

Buddha encouraged his disciples to develop sympathetic or appreciative joy when other are happy, which is an effective antidote to jealousy. They adopt a congratulatory attitude by rejoicing when others prosper and succeed. This may not be hard to do when our loved ones prosper and succeed, but is rather difficult with regard to our adversaries. Just think: “Do we not want to prosper and succeed?Do we not wish to be blessed with happiness?” Just as what we would want for ourselves, wouldn't the others too want to be blessed with prosperity, success and happiness?” Maintaining such a mental attitude can free a person from much suffering as well as from falling to ruin, especially when ill-will and malicious actions develop from jealous thoughts. It also prevents one from hindering others in making good progress.On the other hand, we must have patience with others who are envy of our success. Their reaction can sometimes arise because we have not acted with humility. We must be considerate by not flaunting our achievements before others who are less successful. During moments of success, we must recall our past failures so that we many understand better the feeling of others who have performed less well. When others act against us because of jealousy, guard ourselves against resentment. We should remain ourselves that we like others, are owners of our respective deeds(Kamma).

Attrition is a critical issue and pretty high in the industry these days. It's the major problem which highlights in all the organizations. Though the term 'ATTRITION' is common, many would be at a loss to define what actually Attrition is, “Attrition is said to be the gradual reduction in the number of employees through retirement, resignation or death. It can also be said as Employee Turnover or Employee Defection” Whenever a well-trained and well-adapted employee leaves the organization, it creates a vacuum. The main objectives of this study is to know the reasons, why attrition occurs, to identify the factors which make employees dissatisfy, to know the satisfactory level of employees towards their job and working conditions.

“Books are the quietest and the most constant friends, they are the most accessible and wisest of counselors, and the most patient of teachers.” - Charles W. Eliot. The above statement of Charles W. Eliot indicates that how books are essential in the new digital Era. No doubt, The Technology revolution has brought many changes to the way librarians and library staff manages their day to provide information to users. However, in a fast changing, expanding diverse global digital information environment, libraries are facing a variety of new challenges from multiple sectors of the information society.

Wireless body area networks are a key component to the healthcare applications. The real time patient’s medical data can be collected by using simple wearable sensors on the human body. The body sensors on patients gather all criticalhealth information and report it to remote healthcare services immediately for monitoring real time conditions. We present the main characteristic and challenges associated with Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) and present Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) based authentication scheme. The proposed scheme authenticates the security between the aggregation node and base station. Security analysis shows our scheme can guarantee for data confidentiality integrity and authentication.

-The word Iraq is originated in the old ages, which is derived from the words Oraak or Onuk, which means settler. The word Ark in the Aramaic language means place, therefore, according to some historical sources the word Iraq means the place in which man settles, and in Iraq the first human settlement started in the early beginning of creation. It is said that some historical sources affirm that the word Oraak means the base of the root, which later on the name of the Sumerian town Warkaa is derived from it, it is a town in Samawa at south Iraq. The Sumerian civilization began there. Iraq hadthe oldest and largest civilization in the world they contributed to development the world , in the same time , Europe was living the dark ages and ignorance , So, the European countries began racing to find a foothold in various ways in the rich countries of Asia. Iraq were among the first of those countries, which attracted world's attention.

-Globalization is a newly emerging phenomenon. Education, as a service industry, is part of globalization process under the umbrella of General Agreement on Trade & Services (GATS). Globalization has a wide ranging potential to influence all sectors of development. Besides its impact on the pace and pattern of economic development, it also casts its shadow on the system of education. It is also necessary that while deciding about the fee structure and other student levies, the tendency towards commercialization of education should be guarded against.

Shorapur is the headquarters of the taluk in Yadgir district. It was known in the old an days by the name of Surapura. After the advent of Muslim rule, it began to be called as Shorapur. Not only Shorapur is historically famous but it also a place of some religious importance. It was the Capital of a line of rulers whose domain comprised the area which extended from the Bhima River to the Krishna. It became prominent during the First War of Independence in 1857, when the Bedar Raja of Shorapur revolted against the British rule1.

Mappila Literature had a deviation in its theme and language selection in the beginning of 20th Century. It become more popular and secular by selecting social issues as its theme.Pulikkottil haider is the of such Change.

The purpose of this study was to compare the motor fitness variables between individual and dual sport athletes. The present study was conducted on a sample of fifty (N=50), which includes twenty five each, individual sport (N =25, mean ± SD: age 15.52 ± 1.16 years, 1 height 157.16 ± 0.75cm, weight 48.52 ± 1.46 kg, BMI 19.63 ± 0.51) and dual sport (N =25, mean 2 ± SD: age 15.32 ± 1.03 years, height 156.24 ± 0.88 cm, weight 48.16 ± 1.69 kg, BMI 19.74 ± 0.59) male athletes selected from various schools affiliated to Punjab School Education Board. Purposive sampling technique was applied. All the participants were informed about the aim and methodology of the study and they volunteered to participate in this study. All the participants were assessed for height, weight and selected motor fitness characteristics. The height of the subjects was measured with anthropometric rod to the nearest 0.5 cm. The weight of subjects was measured by using portable weighing machine to the nearest 0.5 kg. Sit-ups test was used to assess the muscular strength. Shuttle run test was used to monitor the agility. The vertical jump test was used to measure explosive power of the legs, speed was determined by 50 meters dash whereas 600 yards run or walk test was used to measure cardiovascular endurance of the subjects. The independent samples t-test was applied to assess the differences between individual and dual sport athletes. The findings of present study revealed significant differences between individual and dual sport athletes with regard to the variables strength (p<0.05), agility (p<0.05), power (p<0.05), speed (p<0.05) and endurance (p<0.05). While comparing the means, individual sport athletes have been found better on strength, agility, power, speed and endurance.

The advent of IT Revolution in its present day universality, develops an increasing need for learning English chiefly for its winning merit of possessing communicative content. The modern option is to learn English more for its communicative functionality than for its literary charm. This choice is made imperatively in the context of using English for purposes of interactive communication in the wider sectors of professional activities. This paper throws light on the critical study of how the professionals like teachers, technocrats and entrepreneurs are to learn English for using it for effective communication among themselves and outside world business sector.

-Intellectual property refers to creation of mind, the effect of IPRS is therefore monopoly over commercial exploitation of the idea, for a certain period, while IPRs such as Copyrights, Patents, and Trademarks are centuries old, the extension of IPRS to living being and knowledge related to them is relatively recent. Traditional knowledge widely knows as a valuable attributes of biological diversity and is one of the most important sources of sustainable development is most of the developing countries. Traditional knowledge is associated with many areas such as agricultural, medicine, folklore, food, arts and architecture, music, dance etc, when biological resources are main components utilized. This knowledge has been used for centuries by indigenous and local communities under local laws, customs and traditions.

In this paper a design of Experiments (DOE) approach in a feasibility and design study of a metamaterial structure is presented. The frequency of interest is 40 GHz and the technology used is multilayer Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramic (LTCC). The chosen approach for the Double Negative Metamaterial implementation is a loaded Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) transmission line. The design goals are a resonant frequency of 40 GHz and minimum insertion loss at that frequency. The electromagnetic performance of the loaded transmission line is simulated with a full wave time domain commercial simulator. The results of these simulations are incorporated into the DOE technique. First, the significant factors in achieving each of the goals are identified, then statistical models are developed for the two output variables and applied to optimize the structure.

In this paper we discuss several results concerning generalized probabilistic Metric spaces and fixed point theorem on topological spaces .

Scheduled tribe communities live in about 15 percent of the country’s areas in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains to forest, hills and inaccessible areas. These Scheduled tribe groups are act different stages of socio, economic and educational development. Dehbhan Commission (1961) mention for different layers among scheduled tribes, act the base of which is a group of tribal “in an extremely under developed stage and act the topmost level a layer that can well afford to forgo any further help”. The non-availability of reliable data pertaining to the working and living conditions of the scheduled tribe communities caused a great hindrance in formulating appropriate welfare schemes for these communities. As already mentioned the government of India is also under constitutional obligation to protect the interest of the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe communities and uplift them socially and economically.

The situation of Scheduled caste women empowerment in India needs special attention. They are one of the largest socially segregated groups anywhere in the world, and make up 2% of the world’s total population. Scheduled caste women empowerment constitute half of the ca. 200 million Scheduled caste population and 16.3 of the total Indian female population. However, Scheduled caste women empowerment has to deal with them more often. Women are discriminated against not only by people of higher castes, but also within their own communities. Men are dominant in communities. Women empowerment are active in large numbers in the movement but most leadership positions in the organizations, local bodies and associations have until now been held by men.

-Scheduled Castes or Dalits in India, earlier known by different nomenclatures, have asserted, through the ages, for their rights of justice and equality and organized numerous types of movements in several parts of the country. A few of these movements have achieved partial success in their goals but many of them have failed miserably due to reasons like structural rigidity of the Hindu society being expressed by the religious scriptures, economic vulnerability of the people involved in the movements and the resultant lack of their susceptibility along with asserted leadership and so forth. Dalit mobilization movements have left some definite marks on little improvements in socio-religious conditions of the Dalits and proved to be instrumental, at least indirectly, in bringing some changes in others attitudes and behaviour enabling them to be somewhat liberal and accommodative. At the systemic level, these movements have also created some situations locally which, either separately or through their organic linkages, have forced the society for introspection and for undergoing varieties of changes. This has certainly been coupled with active roles played by other social forces operative at a much wider scale.

At 1800, India had a significant presence in the world as a manufacturing country. Possibly about 15-20 per cent of its working population, or 15-20 million persons were employed in industry at that time. All of it was small-scale artisanal industry, and the great majority of the production units were family-labour oriented or 'households'.

-The word "inflation" refers to a general prices rise measured against a standard level of purchasing power. Previously the term was used to refer to an increase in the money supply, which is now referred to as expansionary monetary policy or monetary inflation. Inflation is measured by comparing two sets of goods at two points in time, and computing the increase in cost. There are, therefore, many measures of inflation depending on the specific circumstances. WPI is calculated on the basis of average rate of change in the wholesale market. This new wholesale price index would give a more accurate figure for inflation.

-The banks' efficiency does not depend on banks performance only, but customer is a king to make the banks successful in market. Today's customer has become more aware and hence, customer is the focal point of success of every business. Moreover, there is enough evidence that the overall performance of a firm is linked with customer satisfaction. The customer orientation builds long term relationships resulting in customer satisfaction and cash flows to the banks. It is in this context that customer service has to be analyzed and appropriate strategies drawn up, not only to attract new customers, but also to retain existing ones, because customer behaviour helps to judge the efficiency of the banks. Perception is very important facet of behaviour to evaluate anything about products and services.The key success for IT enabled serves lies in knowing the customers perception towards such services. Therefore, it is important to understand about customer's perception and how it develops the behaviour of an individual.

Our research is aimed at providing practical means for specification of programming languages and increasing the reliability of programming language compilers.The question of compiler correctness as well as the rigorous specification ofprogramming languages is a big issue for software developers and users. An errorintroduced by compilation due to either incorrect implementation of the compileror a misinterpretation of the programming language specification can cause severeproblems, especially if it occurs in a safety-critical application. To address this problem, formal methods have been used. However, despite a large body of workin the area, the problem is still waiting for a proper solution. The main difficultywith the existing methods is their low scalability.

The objective of this paper is to analyse the rural sanitation and its need for sustainable Rural Development, with a view to awareness, acceptance and performance of the rural people in the uses of rural sanitation. Rural sanitation figures prominently in the National Agenda for governance. At present, the extent of sanitation coverage in India is around 16 per cent of all rural households. This figure is one of the lowest in the world, at par with countries like Nigeria and Afghanistan and possibly lower than Bangladesh. India, one of the most densely populated subcontinents in the world, had the lowest sanitation coverage. In 1991, only about a tenth of the Indian rural population of about 627 million reported access to latrines (Census of India, 1991). By 2001, sanitation coverage in rural India had increased to about 36 per cent with 22 per cent in rural areas.The importance of rural sanitation cannot be ignored as it directly affect the quality of life of children and women in this country. In order to overcome these issues the strategies and approaches have been developed and implemented through various measures to make all people to avail the sanitation facilities to achieve the cent percent sanitation in the villages. It is therefore found that due to lack of awareness and regular follow- up activities, it is yet to be achieve the sanitation for all people live in rural area.