The paper attempts to study the socio-economic status and levels of living of different types of labour’ households in Prakasam district. A multi stage random sampling method is used to select 150 labour households. For the study Prakasam district is selected purposively on the basis of highest percentage of households depended on non- farm activities. Three villages are selected from the three revenue divisions on the above criteria. A proportionate sampling technique will be employed to select 50 labour households each village, altogether 150 samples are selected for this study. The empirical evidence of the study clearly shows that the Standard of Living Index very low for majority of painting labours and construction labours. The Estimated Index of Standard of living for labour households belonging to Construction labour households is 39 per cent and where as it is 47 per cent for labour household belonging to self employed labours. Nearly 82 per cent of the painting labour, 70 per cent of the construction labour classes have lowest standard of living. Index of deprivation reveals that around 40 per cent of the total sample labour households are most deprived state for the selected social indicators and 26.67 per cent are moderately deprived state, 27.33 per cent are in less deprived state where as only 5.33 per cent of the total sample households were not deprived state.

Decentralization allows poor people a greater voice. Literature also suggests that different levels of government may need to be simultaneously involved in the same broad services delivery area but in different ways in urban development in India. The paper reviews the urban development and empowering the slums dwellers by taking strong and effective initiatives in policy implementation so as to eradicate poverty and provide basic amenities and services along with hygiene food security in urban areas. In conclusion it is may be say there is a need for strong research and development in urban development so that the government may take actions in providing all the facilities for slums development in India.

Women’s access to higher education is critical at all levels of the higher education system. Over the last few decades, national policies and practices have considerably improved the participation of women in higher education, ensuring that there is an ever-increasing pool of women who are able to seek employment in the higher education sector and eventually achieve positions of responsibility within higher education institutions and ministries. Poor access to higher education is accompanied by under-representation of women in science and technology and a clustering of women in the traditional female studies of arts, humanities, languages, education, nursing and medicine.

Twelve Years a Slave is a historical drama movie and an adaptation of the memoire of Solomon Northup, a slave. His struggle for survival and its consequent emancipation forms the main theme of the memoire and the movie version. This article probes into the historical relevance of testimony in portraying the trauma. Testimony, its importance and how the traumatic incidents in the life of Solomon are represented in the movie are discussed. It also deals with the importance of memories in the representation of trauma with reference to the movie.

Rayalaseema Region is basically backward in development and drought affected area in Andhra Pradesh. Even though backward region but some of the major towns like Ananthapur, Chittoor, Kadapa, Kurnool and Tirupati are showing significant changes in retailing. The present study is an attempt to understand the relation between shopper demographics and factors influencing on their shopping behaviour towards organised retailing. Six factors based key dimensions of store attribute preferences were identified through exploratory factor analysis. Based on these identified factors shoppers of organised retailing preferring shopper interface and enhanced shopping experience as a top priorities. The results highlight that demographic groups were given different perception on six factors of organised retailing.

Module is a form of self-instructional package and thus regarded as relatively recent phenomena. It enables the learner to have a control over his learning and accepts greater responsibility for learning. Since strategy demands greater maturity on the part of learner, the modules are more appropriate for more mature students. In recent years, the consent of modular curriculum has been under discussion in secondary schools. In modular approach, all the capabilities required to perform are closely inter-related. Modules can be developed separately for each of inter-related tasks. The purpose of this article is to explore the important role that modules play in mathematics teaching and how we can use modules to develop creative challenges that lead to improvement in mathematics at plus one level.

Value is a principle a standards or a quality that is considered worthwhile or desirable. It is consciously preferred choice of the concept of destructible behavior satisfying the needs and interest having an elements on stability and is validated by social approval .The purpose of the present study was to assess the values among the male and female youth of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and Uttarpardesh (U.P). Value assessment scale developed and standardized by Dr.A.K Ojha and Dr. Mahesh Bhargava was used. Sample consists of 100 youths 50 from J&K and 50 from U.P. Here the t test was used to compare the six categories of values I.e. Theoretical, Aesthetic, political, Economic, Social and Religious values among youths. Results reveal that Aesthetic, Religious and Social values are higher among Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) youth while as Theoretical, Economic and Political values are higher among the youths of Uttarpardesh (U.P). Hence it is recommended to enhance the political, economic and theoretical values among the youth of Jammu and Kashmir. While as to enhance the religious, aesthetic and social values among the youth of Uttarpardesh.

The present paper focuses on the topic of electoral performance of major political parties in India as well as in Punjab. The data in the article shows that Congress party has been the dominant force in India as well as in Punjab though in the late 20th century and in the beginning of 21st century, the coalition politics is there which affected the one party rule of Congress. The issue of coalition politics in Punjab has also been examined which shows that it is the SAD (Shiromani Akali Dal) which always needs for an ally to successfully contest the elections. The article also looks into and theorise the vote banks in the Punjab politics as well as in Indian politics.

The History of agricultural development from the initial days of mankind has been the history of use of Seeds, cultivation of new crops and crop varieties. In the early days it was obtained through the cultivation of indigenous but useful plant and those taken through interaction. Selections of superior type from cultivated plants constitute the next stage of progress. In the course of time many useful assorting where made and there was gradual but steady progress towards crop improvement. Later through the use of well-known techniques of selection hybridization. and polyploidesation many new and better varieties were developed by the scientists.(singh G.N and other 1987) With the application of new agricultural strategy (Green Revolution ) agricultural productivity has shown market improvements. This is a common phenomenon in irrigated areas of Western Maharashtra. The period during Seventies has Witnessed considerable increase in the quality and quantity of crop production .Favorable Government policies have lead to the availabilities of High Yielding Varieties through Government agencies, co-operatives and private sector. All these efforts were resulted into overall increase in agricultural productivity. However, in satara district there is regional disparity of the distribution Seeds Agencies and varieties. In the present paper an attempt has been made to bring out the Spatial Distribution in the Seeds Agencies and varieties of different crop in satara district. The study is based on Primary and secondary data.

The prominent question of debate in current scenario is the role of international finance in economic development of India. The objective of this analytical study is to evaluate the performance and impact of international finance on developing economies, in special consideration of Indian economy. The study of this paper is conducted by collecting primary data as well as secondary data. In the developing economies there has been a large need of foreign investment to increase the productivity as well as to build up the exchange reserves which are needed to meet the trade deficit. Foreign institutional investors provide a channel through which countries can receive the finance from external sources. Broadly there are two types of financing is required in developing countries. One emerging from huge deficit of balance of payments and another is for development in particular segments of economy.

The study was intended to find out the D.T.Ed. Trainees attitude towardsEDUSAT in five Districts of Tamil Nadu, India. Random Sampling Technique wasused to compose a sample of 510 D.T.Ed. Trainees. Mean,Standard Deviation and t values were calculated for the analysis of data. The result revealed that the femaletrainees have more favourable attitude towards EDUSATthan the male trainees andthe gender had significant difference in attitude towards EDUSAT of D.T.Ed.trainees.

The issue of women and social change in India is not as simple as itappears. Historical contingencies have been an important factor in changing oursociety. Gender has been a central ‘issue’ India since the colonial encounter. Anoverwhelming preoccupation with the ’’woman’s question’’ arose from the 19thcentury social reform movement, crucially informed anti-colonial nationalism, and remains a point of crisis in India’s cultural, social , and political space. Therecognition of gender as an issue forms the basis for India’s women’s movement.

The study was intended to find out the Problem solving ability of B.Ed.Trainees in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu, India. Random Sampling Techniquewas used to compose a sample of 700 B.Ed. Trainees. Mean, Standard Deviationand t values were calculated for the analysis of data. The result revealed that the level of Problem solving ability of B.Ed. Trainees is low. The male and femalestudents caused significant difference and rural and urban area students, arts andscience group students caused no significant difference in respect of their Problemsolving ability.

The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of static stretching and PNF technique on flexibility for obesity person Men with excess weight from Pondicherry state served as sources of the subjects for this study. The investigator randomly selected 100 obesity men as subjects. The selected subject’s average age was 30 years. They were (N=100) subjected to medical examination. Subjects suffering from any form of chronic diseases such as blood pressure, diabetes, arthritis excreta, were not selected. To the remaining 30 subjects an ideal body fat percentage test was administered that is the skin fold method. It was observed that the body fat percentages of the subjects was slightly greater than fifteen percentages (normal 10 to 15 percentage) indicating that this subjects (n=30) had excess body fat accumulation. Further the selected subjects were free from the chronic diseases arising from obesity. Based on the percentage of body fat the selected group (N=30) was equated into three experimental groups.

Women and women related issues are the most important concerns for the Governments in the World. Governments in India have been taking constant efforts to improve their socio-economic status in the society through its policies and development programme. Government of Tamil Nadu has been implementing and making a number of schemes for the overall welfare of women, particularly in rural areas. It seems that Governments in the World consider that women development is a base for their country’s progress and believe that they are the change makers from bottom to top level. The long-term growth journey of women is possible only by bring them under the umbrella of viable and potential socio-economic organizations. Self-Help Group (SHG), a way for reaching the unreached in rural India through collective actions, is one such an organization being formed on the principle of sustainable development of women, especially in the villages. Womenwho are having common socio-economic features have come forward voluntarilyand organize SHGs in their areas to improve their standard of living. Public sectorand commercial banks have been providing adequate micro finance to SHGs forstarting small business. SHGs get loans from the banks and involve in theproduction activities. Getting and using the loans from SHGs by women at thegrassroots level involve numerous processes and forms. As a group/team, womenare continuously working for their self and society development that takes India tothe global level for its success.

Teaching is a profession where both performer and performance equally matters. The paper is an attempt to combine teacher and teaching termed here as personality and professionality. Personality is a complex entity but felt very easily by behaviour of the concerned person. Many theories have been put forward by social scientists to explain constructs of personality. The ‘Big Five Personality Traits’ is the best measure to explain requirements in respect of a profession and teaching in this paper.Professionality is best explained in terms of Commitment, Competence and Performance domains. Details of dimensions of these domains have been discussed specifically relating to teaching profession. In the end it has been emphasized that there is a ‘teacher type’ personality and there are some commonly agreed domains of work in teaching. Ateacher needs to be fit in terms of both personality as well as professionality for becoming an effective teacher.

The present study conducted in the Pudukkottai district of Tamil Nadu state has observed the structure and performance of Pudukkottai District Central Co-operative Bank Limited with special reference to deposit mobilization, lending and financial performance. The study is completely based on the both primary and secondary data. This study aims at analyzing the structure of agricultural loan of the Cooperative Bank and borrowing & repaying capacity of farmers in Arimalam Village of Pudukkottai District. Due to the insufficiency and discrepancy of secondary data, the researcher had to collect the primary information too for the amenable data. The primary data have been collected from the 30 sample respondents with the help of the interview schedule specially designed for this purpose. The direct personal interview method is adopted for collecting information, during the reference period 2013-14.

-On addition of surfactants to triphenyl methane dyes,the colour intensityof the dyes decreases.The purpose of addition of surfactants therefore to the deeplycoloured solutions of organic triphenyl methane(TPM) dyes is to decolourised thedyes. The complexes formed shows a large bathochromic shift. The composition ofthe chelates of heavy metal ions Cu(II),Ni(II),Cd(II),Hg(II) & Cr(III) was studied indetails in presence & absence of sodium lauryl sulphate(SLS) an anionicsurfactant.The stability constants were evaluated. The analytical studies are carried out to prove the utility of eriochrome azurol-B(EAB) for microdetermination of metal ions under study.

The government of India started the cooperative movement of India in 1904. Then the government therefore decided to develop the cooperatives as the institutional agency to tackle the problem of usury and rural indebtedness, which has become a curse for population. In such a situation cooperative banks operate as a balancing centre. At present there are several cooperative banks which are performing multipurpose functions of financial, administrative, supervisory and development in nature of expansion and development of cooperative credit system. The study of the women bank’s different loan schemes provided to the customers is herewith undertaken. The customer has taken more than one type of loan from the banks. Ahilyadevi Urban Co-operative Bank Ltd, Solapur occupy a key position in the Women Co-operative credit structure. Such banks are aimed at meeting the credit requirement of member of the bank. Bank has been systematically arranged credit structure so that the members can easily assimilate the true spirit. This article highlights different loan schemes and customer’s satisfactory level about the loan practices of Ahilyadevi Urban co-operative bank Ltd, in Solapur District.

The present study has been designed to compare academic achievement and emotional maturity and to investigate the relationship between them among secondary school students of working and non-working mothers. A sample of 100 secondary school students of class XI from Burdwan district (in India) was selected. Emotional maturity Scale (Singh & Bhargava, 1991) was employed to measure the emotional maturity of the students. The data was analyzed using mean, S.D., t-test and correlation. The aggregate score (percentage) of the sample students in the board examination was taken to show their level of academic achievement. The results reported that academic achievement of male and female students of working and non-working mothers differ significantly. Significant difference was also observed in the emotional maturity between the male students of Working Mothers and Non-Working Mothers and between the students of Working Mothers and Non- Working Mothers. The study also revealed that negligible relationship exists between academic achievement and emotional maturity of secondary school students of working and non-working mothers.

The advent of Europeans in Tamil Country paved the way for the spread of western education and establishment of educational institutions at all the level. In the early period of Twentieth Century, there were only some “Zilla” Schools, several Taluk Schools, Missionary Educational Institutions in the South Arcot District. To impart higher education, there was only one College at Cuddalore run by Jesuit Mission. But there were no adequate opportunities and hostel facilities for all the students to get degree in large scale in this District. Realising the need for a University, Lord Pentland, the Governor of Madras advised Annamalai Chettiar to start a college at Chidambaram, which was later developed into a University called ‘Annamalai University’in 1929.

The advent of Europeans in Tamil Country paved the way for the spread of western education and establishment of educational institutions at all the level. In the early period of Twentieth Century, there were only some “Zilla” Schools, several Taluk Schools, Missionary Educational Institutions in the South Arcot District. To impart higher education, there was only one College at Cuddalore run by Jesuit Mission. But there were no adequate opportunities and hostel facilities for all the students to get degree in large scale in this District. Realising the need for a University, Lord Pentland, the Governor of Madras advised Annamalai Chettiar to start a college at Chidambaram, which was later developed into a University called ‘Annamalai University’ in 1929.

In the present paper, I have tried to use the major opinion of human existence, to analysis a major area of concern and inquiry regarding philosophical thought. We know that existence of man is two types namely, mental and physical existence. Mental existence is important in human live. Large numbers of person are losing his own existence by different types of cause. How a man will to be existing mentally?-in this paper I am trying to explore this problems, regarding the concept of Heidegger, Sartre etc.

The present study aimed at finding the effect of handedness on intelligence level of students. The sample consisted of 150 intermediate, graduate, and postgraduate students of Lucknow district including an equal number of left and right handers. Laterality Assessment Inventory and Raven Standard Progressive Matrices Test were used to assess handedness and intelligence respectively. Results indicated that left handed participants were significantly more intelligent than the right handed participants (p < .05) and time taken by the right handers was significantly greater than that of the left handers (p < .05).

Education in its general sense is a form of learning in which the knowledge, skills, and habits of a group of people are transferred from one generation to the next through teaching, training, or research. Education, no doubt, remains the most outstanding development priority in the world today. The core purpose of education unquestionably, is human development. Achievement, success and failure play an important role in the lives and activities of human beings. Educational aspiration is one of the important factors which effect the performance of a child. Level of Educational Aspiration is undoubtedly a research issue sought after by the educational psychologists. The study is an attempt to see is there any relationship between educational aspiration and academic achievement of secondary school students.

Much research progress has been made in the study of branding, but many opportunities still exist. In the era of cut throat competition there is tremendous pressure on business houses for survival and growth. For this they have to win the confidence of the customers. Branding is an important activity through which business can attract customers and retain in the market for a long time. Brand is the "name, term, design, symbol, or any other feature that identifies one seller's product distinct from those of other sellers.” We might think of “identifies and distinguishes” as the practical or tangible functions of a brand, but these are only the visible tips of the iceberg. Below the surface, the brand may perform other functions and convey other meanings. A brand might convey or evoke associations, memories, experiences, emotions, colours, sounds, symbols, values, and images. We might think of these latter properties as intangibles. Brands are used in marketing and advertising.

Microfinance is the provision of broad range of financial services such as deposits, loans, payment services, money transfers and insurance to poor people and low income households and their micro enterprises. It is an effective tool for making the banking services accessible to the rural unbanked areas. The study examined the awareness level of rural women about microfinance services provided by banks and analyzed the effect of educational qualification to level of awareness about microfinance services. The study is undertaken in rural areas of Malappuram district in Kerala. Both primary and secondary data are used. Secondary data collected from various secondary sources i.e. published articles, journals, reports, books and websites, Primary data collected with the help of interview schedule among rural women. The researcher has used percentage method, Likert’s scale analysis, mean and ANOVA test for analysis Purpose. The study proves that that the overall awareness level of rural women about microfinance services are aware to some extend which are provided by banks and awareness level of microfinance services are ranked by the respondents, first rank on micro savings, second rank to microcredit and put last rank to micro insurance .The study revealed that there is a significant relationship between the educational status of the respondents and awareness level of different microfinance services. It concluded that rural women are aware to some extend about the microfinance services provided by banks and that the awareness levels of respondents are depending upon their educational qualification.

As a liberal democratic system and with a parliamentary form of government, Indian political system has been living with several political parties, national as well as regional, which are actively engaged in the struggle for power. It was in the second half of the 19th century that several politically active groups began emerging in India. This process got substantiated in 1885 when the Indian National Congress was formed. In 1906, Muslim League, in 1916, the Hindu Mahasabha and in 1924, the Communist Party were formed. After independence, the adoption of a full-fledged democratic constitutional system set the stage for the emergence of several political parties.

In India, the expanding NGOs activity in the field of environment is a welcome sign for making people aware about the environmental problems. NGOs also create an open forum for dialogue among all concerned, co-coordinate with the agencies involved, and provide inputs for policy making. At the grassroots level, they deal with locally relevant environmental issues. Since 1970 Non-government organizations have played an increasingly important role in promoting environmental awareness. The present paper is based on secondary sources. The present paper discuss the concept of Non-Governmental Organization (NGO), emergence of environmental NGOs at International level and in India, methods and strategies adopted by environmental NGOs, role and contributions of NGOs for environmental protection, and limitations in the performance of environmental NGOs in India.

Good teaching is more a giving of right questions than a giving of right answers. - Josef Albers (1888-1976) It is quite obvious that the students who learn English as a Second Language (ESL) naturally want to develop the English knowledge for their academic and communicative purposes. To achieve this goal, they have to start with the requiring essentials. One of them is to develop their questioning skills. It is clear that questioning is an art which enables the ESL learners to tap into different parts of the cognitive domain. The right questions can get learners talking, discussing, reflecting, and writing their thoughts; and further, pique their interest, make them wonder why, get them to think, and motivate them to make connections with the learning contents. The only way to encourage questions in the learning process is to create a complete question-asking environment in the classroom or lecture hall. A good question-asking environment is a fragile and delicate thing. Thus, it must be nurtured through the varieties or types of questions in English. Doing so can definitely make a significant contribution to the quality of English language Learning.

The basic concern of this study is to reflect on the clash between the efficiency of technical studies ante theoretical needs praticistas labor market and as such discussion can be minimized with the use of workshops and technical education. The article uses the field of Social Communication, with a marked emphasis on Journalism, to observe how the employment of this pedagogical tool can collaborate in this intention. A bibliographic research was performed considering the contributions of authors like VIEIRA and VOLQUIND (2002), KEYS (1997) AND GAUTHIER (1999), among others, looking for stress how the expansion and privatization of the Brazilian Higher Education advocates the adoption of new teaching techniques and that these should provide greater satisfaction of all those involved in this process: Academia, academic and labor market.

Education is considered a right of every child without differentiation of race, sex, region and religion. Education plays very important role in the development of a child’s personality. It is also considered that education is vital for nation development and there is a strong correlation between education and economic development of a country. It [Education] plays a critical role in building human capabilities and accelerates economic growth through knowledge, skill and creative strength of a society (Indian Economic Survey 2007-08). Educated people are more crucial for the nation building, then ever, in the present globalization. Every nation in the world is trying its best to educate maximum people through all possible modes of education.

Kadu kuruba are also called Betta Kuruba they are staying at Mysore district and also in Kodagu, Dakshina Kannada, Hassan, we discussed about Mysore and Kodagu district Kadu kuruba people. Kurubas who live on the plains and at the periphery of my stream and society may be called Anekurubas while those who live in the forest are called kadukurubas the term kadukurubas is often used as a synonymy for kadukuruba but in fact these are two group of Kkadukuruba.

Solapur district is also known as ‘Drought Prone Area’. Drought is caused due to deficiency of water that depends on rainfall, which falls in uneven pattern across the country. Droughts occur due to failure of monsoons over a region. Within a short period of time, the amount of moisture in soils begin to decrease which then leads to decrease in flow of rivers, water levels in lakes, reservoirs and wells after several weeks or months. As the economy of our country is often absorbed with the gamble of monsoons, studies regarding drought become expected. Thus, an attempt is made in the present study to analyse rainfall status and assess the drought area of Solapur district in meteorological aspect using Geographical Information System (GIS). GIS provides tools to incorporate spatial and temporal variations of rainfall resources data. This paper analysis of drought prone area for each tahsil and rainfall is calculated by frequency analysis. Spatial interruption of drought prone area is use map in Arc view GIS 9.3 software.

These papers to view that Concept of marketing service and challenges ahead, As well as in these papers collect various review of literature, and I discussed figure of Development and Challenges in the macro and market environment. The term service marketing is used rather loosely today. It has come to stand for an ultimate goal of customer relationship management by businesses. It has also come to mean delivery of information of high relevance to an individual. In any case, given the huge and rapidly growing amounts of computerized information, and the unprecedented level of competition for customers, service marketing is one of the most important trends in data processing and businesses.And lastlyI concluded thatin Globalizations age marketing is a very significant because depend on marketing any business expansions so that’s why any businessman to create a very good marketing

Certain world regions become a geopolitical unit due to their absolute and relative location, availability of strategic resources, closeness to trade routes, etc. The Middle-East is the best example, which has been an extremely important geopolitical unit since historical times. Since the silk route days, it has played a vital role of linking Asia with Europe and Africa. Aglance at the world map would show the Middle-East as a territorial knot of the three continents. It is not just its absolute location that makes it a significant geopolitical unit but its location vis-à-vis its neighbouring political-economic environment. The Middle-Eastern countries either get influenced or influence developed countries of the European Union located to its northwest and developing countries located to its east and southwest. Further, availability of strategic resources like oil and petroleum and technoeconomic capacity to exploit them allows these countries to manoeuvre the economic or political crisis. Most of the countries depend on the Middle-East for their energy demands and, therefore, oil prices make their national economics highly volatile. Suez Canal that connects the Mediterranean with the Red Sea route, is the major artery of the oil trade; adding into the geostrategic importance of the region. Consequently, control over oil reserves and Suez Canal is of prime geopolitical significance. How far the political regimes achieve success in exploiting the given geostrategic location to their advantages determine the geopolitical balance of the region. At this backdrop, the present paper attempts to understand the geopolitics in the Middle-East in the post-Arab Spring phase

The concept of religious freedom embodied in the Indian Constitution is largely based on western ideas; nevertheless India’s philosophical, cultural and political background furnished a favourable climate for the reception of this concept. India’s historical past dating back over four thousand years gives sample testimony of its Catholicity and toleration. Indeed, India has been described as a land of religious toleration. There exists multi-religious groups in the country, but in spite of this the constitution stands for a secular state. State has not identified itself with any particular religion but respects all faiths and religions equally. All religious groups or institutions enjoy equal constitutional protection without any form of discrimination. For the proper appreciation of the subject, the religious background has to be taken into account. India is among very few countries which has a predominantly religious outlook from ages. Chronologically, Indian History may be divided into Ancient, Medieval and British epochs. Most of the rulers of the first period were Hindus and those of the second were Muslim. The third period takes in British rule and the subsequent period of independence. In this study an attempt is made to trace the evolution of the freedom of religion in the pre and post independent era.

Traditional medicine plays an important role in scientific research, particularly when the literature and field work data have been properly evaluated. Senna is wonder medicinal plant. Senna is widely used in Ayurveda, Unani, Siddha, Allopathy and other traditional systems of medicine mainly because of the laxative property of its aerial parts. The main aim of the paper is to estimate the cost of cultivation and net income generated from the cultivation of senna in Sivagangai District. The present study is based on both primary and secondary data covered only four months period (2011). Primary data has been collected through interview schedule. The total household sample is 75. The secondary data were collected from books and journals and websites. Percentage analysis, averages, and standard deviation were used for the analysis. It can be inferred that invariably most of the sample farmers (73.33 per cent) attributed the reason of high income for the choice of Senna cultivation. However, 19.67 per cent of the sample farmers said that they were traditionally growing Senna cultivation, while 8 per cent attributed the reason of short duration. It is understood that the farmers produced 236.93 kgs of senna and earned Rs.7916.28 per acre while their net returns per acre were Rs.5229.35 respectively.

The present study is an attempt to analyse the history of the Muslims’ settlement in different parts of Tamilnadu. There are about 3 to 4 million Tamil Muslims in India mostly in Tamil Nadu state and also in neighbouring Kerala. A significant Tamil-speaking Muslim population numbering 1.8 million or more live in the Northern, Eastern provinces and Colombo in Sri Lanka and many other pockets across central, southwest provinces; however they are listed as a separate ethnic group in official statistics. There are around 500,000 in Malaysia and 20,000 in Singapore. Tamil Muslims are largely urban traders rather than farmers. There is a substantial diaspora of Tamil Muslims, particularly in South East Asia, which has seen their presence as early as the 13th century.

The most vital thing for any human being is undoubtedly - survival. In modern 21 century man posses scientific knowledge. In pursuance of his everincreasing quest for better quality of life and materialistic comforts, he has been indiscriminately consuming natural resources which unfortunately led to a serious ecological imbalance like Acid rain, Global Warming and the consequential sea rise, Ozone Depletion, Water and Air Pollution, Extinction of numerous animal and plant species, loss of biodiversity, Industrial disasters etc,.

This present study explores the environmental awareness and itsimpact among the primary school students. As the primary stage students are given much emphasis on building up environmental awareness followed by real life situation how to protect the environment for sustainable development. Here an attempt has been made to study the environmental education and awareness among the primary school students and to find out the significant difference between the urban students and rural students as well as boys and girls as to environmental awareness and its impact on students.

The following study tries to stress on the link between the maternal education and gender inequality through investment in girl child schooling in India. Child schooling is universally acknowledged as one of the prerequisites of human development and so it is compulsory as far as education in India is concerned. The gender inequality in child schooling in India might be a result of the difference in the perceived need for girls and boys education, due to the existing economic and sociocultural factors in play. In case of boys it is considered more of a necessity to educate them, as it is the male head (partner) in a household, who is expected to support the family economically. But in case of girls, investment in education seems to be either optional for parents and sometimes unnecessary. Maternal education not only helps in the development of half of the human resources, but in improving the quality of life as a whole and also tend to promote education of their girl children while providing better guidance to all their children. Mother’s with greater autonomy and higher education show a significant preference in investing in daughter’s education. The most significant effect is that of maternal education on girls’ school participation. We will try to link it with mothers educational level and also their inclination towards a girl child in terms of a girls importance in the society

A Co-operative organisation is a form of economic organisation, in which persons voluntarily pool their resources on the basis of equality of advancement of their economic interests. The user-owners are known as member they derive two kinds of benefit from the Co-operative First, the members can receive more and better service from Co-operatives, if they use it properly. Second, profits are distributed to the member. It functions on the basis of certain conditions or principles, which the participants agree to observe. Some definitions given by prominent Co-operative leaders all over the world have been quoted below:According to International Co-operative Alliance, “a Co-operative is an autonomous association of persons united voluntarily to meet their common, economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations through a jointly owned and democratically controlled enterprise. According to the Co-operative Planning Committee (1946), “Co-operation is the form of organisation, in which persons voluntarily associate together on the basis of equality for the promotion of their economic interests. Those, who come together, have a common economic aim, which they cannot achieve by individual, isolated action because of the weakness of the economic condition of a large majority of them. This element of individual weakness is overcome by the pooling of their resources by making self-help effective through mutual aid and by strengthening the bonds of moral solidarity between them.

Teaching of English in Tamilnadu at secondary and collegiate levels is to be revised forthwith for the sake of providing ample scope for self-education for engineering graduates. Self-direction in learning English is to be the way for the students for achieving self-education. As a result of it, they will be turned as the users of English rather than languishing as learners of English as ever before. This paper throws light on how the Macaulay Model of teaching English is to blame for this kind of academic lacunathat is haunting the supply chain of educational devices for educating the students in terms of their acquiring the working knowledge of English on their own.This will be consistent with the modern educational approach of making the teaching of English as learner-centred and not teacher-centred. It logically follows that the learner student will have to have academic autonomy mostly in terms of self-direction.

The colored textile effluents have a lot of chronic effect on human life .The presence of colour for effluents is due to the utilization of different dyes in textile industry. In the present work easily available low cost adsorbent i.e. corn cob was used to remove malachite green dye from effluent. Malachite Green dye is selected because it is not easily degradable and is H toxic in nature. The effect of different parameters like p ,contact time,adsorbent dose, and temperature were studied .The result showed that 80%dye was removed H when p =9 and contact time is 120 mins. When the temperature increases from 298Kto 308K the adsorption capacity also increases. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherm were studied. The H amount of adsorption increases with increasing adsorption dose, contact time, p and temperature. The ultrasonic velocity of the dye solution was also studied. The result showed that, the velocity increases with adsorption. The kinetic study shows that pseudo second order model is more fitted than pseudo first order model. This effect is observed due to swelling of the structure of the adsorbent which enables large number of dye molecules adsorbed on adsorbent body.

This article focuses on elder attitudes of their care in the family : a sociological analysis The last century has witnessed a rapid increase in the population of the elderly people in the developed and industrialized countries. for most of the nation’s history, caring for the elderly was a family affair carried out largely by women in the home. As the twenty-first century unfolds, however, elder care in the india is an increasingly complex enterprise, with much personal care in family. the study revealed that most of the elderly felt the attitude of the younger generation is unsatisfactory towards them especially those who were in old age homes in terms of getting respect, love and affection from the family members instead they were considered as burden for others. Women living in the families had a positive attitude towards elder. The social relationship of the elderly women living in families and those living in old age home also differed. Noticeably there was a fall in the overall efficiency, sociability, degree of involvement in work and hobbies. On the other hand, better social relations were maintained by the family dwellers because they had regular interaction, expressions of feelings and support from the family.Once it has become clear that elders can no longer be safe living completely independently, families most often look to one of three solutions: provision of inhome assistance moving the elder in with a family member, or moving the elder into a care facility in the community.

In India, onion is an important commercial crop. It is widely grown is different parts of the country. Onion is an important fresh vegetable consumed all over the world. At present, India stands second larger producer of onion in the world next only to China. India ranks first in acreage in the world covering about 480 thousand ha (21 per cent of the world area) and second in production after China, with over 15 million tons The present study was undertaken to ascertain the cost and returns of onion cultivation in Vilathikulam block of Thoothukudi District. The study reveals that out of the total cost, cost Aconstituted Rs 29433.20 i.e 26.81 per cent of the total cost and cost C was Rs 735.36 (2.68 per cent). Among the cost items, plucking cost was the major component, accounting for Rs 7890 (26.81per cent) of the total cost. The marketing and rent on land cost accounted for second and third largest share of 16.77 per cent and 13.06 per cent respectively of the total cost.

Human resources and data engineering are two components that numerous firms are looking to use them as key weapons to contend. Data frameworks particularly produced for human resource administration alluded as human resource data framework (HRIS) is a coordinated framework important together, record, store, oversee, convey and present information for human resource and thus advances viability of human resource framework. Human resource innovation or human resource data framework shapes a co-operation between human resource administration and data engineering. Human resource information system (HRIS) is not new idea yet it is recovering step by step with evolving environment. Its significant part is in human resource planning (HRP) which itself a pivotal movement in any association. Inadequate HRPcan prompt additional or less quantities of representatives than required. Both over and under number of representatives can make crappy situations. There has been an extensive increment in the quantity of associations assembling, putting away and breaking down data in regards to their human resources through the utilization of human resource data framework. HRIS has turned into a basic variable in making business aggressive and powerful. This paper concentrates on the part and criticalness of HRIS towards business intensity. The paper will likewise highlight the need, parts, benefits and capacities of HRIS.

This paper attempts to study the social, economic and educational status of brick workers and also to determine the reasons for choosing this sector and level of satisfaction towards working conditions. For this a sample 50 workers of Brick sector in Gulbarga city has been taken for the study and data collected through Interview method. Results are computed and reported in the study.

The present study was undertaken to assess the water quality of the selected distributaries of river Cauvery in Tiruchirappalli district. Water samples were collected during 3 seasons (winter, southwest monsoon and northeast monsoon) and analysed for 14 physico-chemical parameters. While water from Cauvery was found fit for all uses (including domestic use) in all the three seasons, water from all the distributaries was found to be unfit for domestic use during winter; and water from Koolayar channel was unfit for domestic use in northeast monsoon too. However, water from all the channels in all the seasons were found suitable for irrigation and recreational uses. The sewage discharge, open defecation and agricultural run-off were the main sources of pollution.

Even though the Government of Karnataka has formulated and implemented various schemes for the furtherance of the social, economic and overall development of rural women, when the present position of women in taken into account these schemes do not appear effective in enhancing the confidence and capability of these women. The government, with the joint collaboration of various departments, has taken up the work of woman development with only one aim and adherence to achieve the overall development women by rendering them financial support in the form of subsidy through different projects directly or through banks to eradicate poverty of these women. With a view to make women financially independent the State Government has established the State Women Development Corporation (Stree-Shakti: Women Empowerment, 2003).

Tourism in present times is considered as a major catalyst for bringing social and economic changes. Tourism has developed worldwide as the thirst of knowledge and enjoying the beauty of different places has become easier with development of well connected transportation systems all over the world. Tourism industry therefore, has emerged as a fastest growing industry contributing immensely to growth and development of an economy. India has a rich cultural and geographical diversity since time immemorial.

Indian novelists could not remain a poof from these currents and henceforth they were not exclusively concerned with the exploration and interpretation of a social milieu, but dealt with new subjects of human existence and man’s quest for self in all its complicated situations. As the researcher analyzes the history represented in Khushwant Singh’s novels, it will not be inappropriate on the researcher’s part to project some light on the origin of historical fiction. Historical fiction, viewed in this light, has greater capacity to reveal truth of its time which could not be learnt otherwise. History-fiction overlaps have, thus, undergone a considerable change and can, if not replaced, definitely supplement each other.

Under the British Constitution or constitution of United States of America right to constitutional remedy was available to person who had suffered legal injury. This position of law has been styled as right to locus standi but with the advent of judicial activism in this field right to locus standi has been relaxed and expanded in the British and American constitution including constitution of India. Right to life and personal liberty provided under Article 21 is the anchor sheet of judicial activism. The expression “personal liberty” covers a variety of rights which go to constitute the personal liberty. The activist interpretation of Article 21 has pave the way of several New fundamental at rights. For instance right to privacy, right to shelter, right to speedily trial right, to free legal aid right to get food, right to education and right to monetary compensation for violation fundamental rights etc. have been interpreted to be in corporate in the purview of Article 21.

The development of human society was associated with the varying process and progressive forces of cultural activities. In some primitive societies there was an almost complete absence of differentiated political institutions. In the historical process conflict among the several ethnic groups for economic and political supremacy was the process of human history in nature and this process was hastened by the growth of economic activities coincided with the expansion of human ideas. The Meitei state itself evolved and developed with inclusion of numerous ethnic groups through a long process of war and conflicts. The growth of population as well as the development of economic system based on private ownership led to the emergence of organized social structure in the form of family, lineage and clan groups. Some societies like Meithei’s were structured in an established order in which father was the family head and there were heads of the lineages and clans. In course of time the clan leader attaining certain powers and privileges could establish powerful territory which brought weaker groups under his suzerainty. Nongda Lairen Pakhangba, who made a firm and stronghold position at Kangla pioneered in the process of the unification of clan principalities and other groups into a powerful state.

The present study has been conducted to find out the level of job satisfaction among the teacher educators working in the non-aided B.Ed. Colleges located in of Nasik district. Level of job satisfaction can be evaluated with reference to gender, marital status, professional development and management of institution. The sample of 110 teacher educators from non-aided B.Ed. Colleges of Nasik district was selected as sample for present study. The conclusions of the present study is that maximum number of teacher educators working in non-aided B.Ed.Colleges are disssatisfied, below average satisfaction and highly dissatisfied level of job satisfaction. It was found that the factors like gender, marital status and management of institution does not play a significant role in deciding the level of satisfaction about their jobs working in non-aided B.Ed. Colleges. But there is a significant difference is found in job satisfaction of teacher educators working in the non-aided B.Ed. Colleges with reference to Professional development like qualifying NET or SET examinations and obtaining the M.Phil. and Ph.D. degrees.

Alienation can be seen as an individual’s inability to establish contact with the personal dimension, so that interaction with the world remains guided by biological needs and social norms, rather than by the individual’s personal values and aspirations.Thepresent study examines the feeling of alienation among male and female adolescents in relation to their academic achievement. It is a comparative study of high and low achievers. The research was conducted on 100 students studying at secondary level, randomly selected from six schools of Sonipat, district in Haryana.Out of which 50 students are male and 50 are female. “Student Alienation Scale” developed by “Dr. R. R. Sharma” was used to collectthe data regarding the feeling of alienation among adolescents. The results of the study indicated that significant difference was not observed between male and female adolescents and also there was no significant difference between high and low achievers regarding the feeling of alienation.

India is primarily an agriculture based country where a large proportion of population is living in rural areas. The term rural development is a comprehensive and multidimensional concept which implies overall development of rural areas to improve the quality of life of rural people and covers the development of agriculture and allied activities in rural areas. It is a well-known fact that rural development is vital and one of the most important factors for the growth of country’s economy. The purpose of this paper was to depict the role of rural development in economic growth. This study used qualitative methodology. Conclusion extracted from the study supported a positive link between rural development and economic growth.

The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and its applications in the IT services industry have paved as a very viable platform for various innovative products offering and contemporary out of the mark business practices. One of such examples is cloud computing services with the help of which, organizations find themselves on greater ease and with more degree of freedom as far as collaborative work is concerned. This paper tries to explore the contemporary cloud service delivery modes available as product offerings for IT service consumers both from ITand ancillary industries.

In Buddhist psychology, compassion is a form of empathy. We sense others’ buffering as like our own and naturally wish them deep freedom from it. A compassionate mind, as opposed to a cruel and angry one, is understood to be much more closely attuned to our actual condition. Thus, compassion is informed by the wisdom that understands our basic situation: the inner causes of our suffering and our potential for freedom and goodness. From a Buddhist perspective, compassion with wisdom is the foundation of emotional healing.

Indian education system has its long traditional history and different types of mile stones. Our educationalists are respected at global level, because of our standard of education. There are more physicians, engineers, computer experts serving various countries throughout the world. All credit goes to the school level education system. As we are all well known if the foundation is good the building is also good, likewise the school system of our country gets its own credit in its way. Now a days the computer based learning is an inevitable part in learning. One who doesn’t know computer he/she is considers just like an illiterate also computer utility comes as part of our life in various ways. In this study the researcher wants to explore the impact of the SMART school system as introduced recently in all schools among the school children. The 6th to 10thstandard studying school children have been taken for this study. The data were properly analyzed with the application of statistical tools and result were analyzed statically.

The Purpose of the study was to compare the degree of aggression between university level throwers and jumpers. The age of the subjects were ranging from 18 - 25 years. For the present study twenty five Throwers and twenty five Jumpers from All India Intervarsity Athletic Meet 2013-14 were selected randomly as the subjects for the study. The Sports Aggression Inventory Questionnaire of Aggression by Anand Kumar & Prem Shanker Shukla was used. The ‘t’test was employed to compare the degree of Aggression between Throwers and Jumpers. The level of significance was set at 0.05 level of confidence. The mean of the score of thrower was 14.24 and jumper was 11.20. The calculated t- value was 3.827 which showed significant difference between the aggression levels of University level Throwers & Jumpers. The aggression level of throwers was found to be higher than the jumpers.

Marketing decisions involve creating the right product for the selected target group. This typically encompasses research and data analysis, as well as the use of tools such as focus groups, to determine how well the product meets the wants and needs of the target group.

The purpose of this paper is to focus on the work life balance of medical practitioners. The present study tried to explore the factors responsible in maintaining work life balance for individuals associated with medical field. Exploratory factor analysis was used to determine the latent factors. The findings from study revealed that significant relationship exists between the job stress and family life of an individual. This study concluded that in order to improve work life balance of medical professionals the restructuring of individual job is required.

Hugli, the westernmost distributary of Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is characterised by numerous transient islands. These are evolved by bio-tidal accretion processes and are active grounds for natural hazards to act in. The present study concentrates on the inter island relocation of Lohachara and Ghoramara islanders to Sagar island of the Hugli estuary and socio economic challenges they faced therein.

Postcolonial is a set of theories in philosophy, film, political sciences and literature that deal with the cultural legacy of colonial rule. Post literature addresses the problems and consequences of the decolonization of a country and of a nation, especially the political and cultural independence of formally subjugated colonial people. Most of the Arundhati Roy novels deal with social and cultural problems. In one of her novel, she portrayed about social discrimination. This paper discusses about theme of social discrimination, feministic aspects male chauvinism and socio psychological aspects in her first novel “The God of Small Things”.

The Indian corrugated packaging industry is presently emerging as one of the fastest growth industry. The significance of corrugated packaging in India has been increasing in the recent period. Corrugated packaging plays an important role in supply chain management when used as shipping containers. The advancement of technology in manufacturing of corrugated boxes and printing has brought the boom in the industry.

It is evident from present investigation that Capsicum species with varieties under study have great potential of organic acid accumulation in order to maintain the water balance. Organic acids generally bind to monovalent cations such as Na+ and provide a buffering action. Apart from this leaves with higher acidity status indicates as centre of organic metabolism. Leaf contains highest value of protein than root, stem and fruit. This high value of protein in leaf may have metabolic significance. Variety Sankeshwari is the best genotype from the view point of nitrogen uptake andassimilation.

Girish Karnad is a front rank dramatist in contemporary Indian literature. He represents the best tradition of Kannada drama which found its finest expression in the plays of T.P. Kailasam, Huyilgol, Garuda, Samsa and Adya. We find various genres in his plays. He was highly influenced by romantic plays, comedies, tragedies both Greek and Shakespearean, poetic plays and blank verse. He took legend, history and myth for the plots of his three plays – Yayati, Tughlaq and Hayavadana respectively. He translated his own plays Tughlaq and Hayavadana into English which are noticeable for consummate excellence of dramatic technique. He creates a close rapport between stagecraft and playwriting in the English transcreations of his two plays Tughlaq and Hayavadana which have been successfully staged.

“There are five natural element known as “Panchmahabhutas”. These elements are The Earth, The water, The Fire, The Air, and The Ether. Among this water is one of the five potent element on which the entire universe has been sustaining .The water is the most important nature resource on the earth occupies almost 71% of It is Surface. Water is most necessary to live and to improve the quality of life and it’s the basic ingredient of growth the united nation’s organization has estimated that 2025 two third of humanity might face fresh water shortage. Oceans are the store house of water and act as main supplier for the process of evaporation, condensation, and prescription resulting in run off and recharge .All this process together from the hydrologic cycle and serve the basis of life any change destabilize the equilibrium stage causing critical situation for the survival of life with the growing demand of water due to rapid increase in population the implications will be very serious in near future. Hence these is need of water Harvesting in India Utility and demand of water effect of climatic change of water resources, rainfall variability of water resources, ground water resource and requirement’s water resources in India, Maharashtra and Solapur district are some of the important issues to consider for research related with water resource.