Background and Aim: Using cervical collars is one of the treatment methods for releaving cervical pain. The effect of limb orthotics on proprioception and postural stability has been suggested. There is not sufficient studies about the effect of cervical collars on static and dynamic stability, and the effect of soft and hard collars have not been compared with one another. The objective of this study is investigating and comparing the immediate effect of soft and hard cervical collars on static postural stability in healthy young subjects. Methods & Materials: In standing position on firm surface with closed eyes, both soft and hard collars decreased the stability and there was not any significant difference among collars. In standing positions on soft surface with closed and opened eyes, using none of the soft and hard collars did not change the stability. This quasi experimental study through repeated measure method has been conducted on 65 healthy young male and female college students. Static stability was evaluated by modified Clinical Test for Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIB) in conditions without collar and by soft and hard cervical collars and were compared between the conditions. Results: Conclusion: Our results suggest that in static conditions, without vision, both collars decrease the stability in healthy young subjects. So considering the evaluation of stability and prevention of balance disturbance during the collar prescription seems to be necessary.

Background and Aim: Wearing spectacles is the most common procedure for correction of refractive error and because of its close relationship with eye; the standards of frame & lens of glasses play a very important role in preventing vision problems. The purpose of this study was to compare spherical & cylindrical power and prismatic effect of plastic ophthalmic lenses with Iranian national standards. Material & Method: In this Cross sectional-Comparative study 48 plastic ophthalmic single vision lenses were inspected & compared with relative national standards i.e.: ISIRI 8715-1:1385. Results: The spherical power factor with instruments set as step 0.01, all the cases(-1.00,-3.00,-6.00) were in tolerance with limits of the standards (±0.12 D) .The instrument was set for 0.01 step for cylindrical power, at -6.00 D 100% of lenses had no cylindrical power. At -3.00 & -1.00 D about 99% were in tolerance with the standards (±0.09 D).The effect of horizontal & vertical prism, at the power of -6.00 all lenses show prismatic effect but 99% were in tolerance with the standards (±0.85D). At the power of -3.00 & -1.00 D, prismatic effect of lenses were in tolerance with relative standards (±0.55, ±0.35), respectively. Conclusion: All single vision were collected from famous companies showed the quality of passing all factors of tests & gained Iranian national standards i.e.: ISIRI 8715-1:1385.

Background and Aim: Handwriting is an important functional task frequently used in all grades beginning in kindergarten .Children are expected to acquire a level of handwriting proficiency that enables them to make skillful use of handwriting as a tool to carry out their work at school. So handwriting fluency in a written examination requires the writer to maintain sufficient speed. The aim of the study was to examine and compare the speed of hand writing skills between girls and boys students. Material and Method: This Discriptive analytic survey with the technique of cluster sampling was carried out on the 2 sample schools on the areas of two & sixth in great Tehran in 1386-7(s.y).The outcome of measurement were the “speed of copying’’ and “writing of memorized poem”. The subjects included 315 students (193 female, 122 male) of which were 18 left handed girls and 12 left handed boys. Result : The results of this study revealed that the speed of writing of copying was 37/05 words/min ,while the speed of writing a memorized poem was 31/1 words/min in the girls and boys students. Conclusion: There were no significant differences between the speed of hand writing among boys and girls and also between Right & Left handed students. However being left or right handed is an important factor in poem memorizing and right handed were faster than left handed.

Background and Aim: Anxiety, as one of the most common and costly problems in Iran and all over the world, comprises both physical and mental disorders. Previous research has proposed that spinal reflex modulation may mediate anxiety-related changes in postural control. This study aimed to investigate if the H-reflex parameters are influenced by state anxiety. Materials and Methods: A group of 20 healthy female university students with a low anxiety score (lower than 42, based upon the Schpilberger’s questionnaire) were recruited in this study and the Hreflex of their Soleus muscle was recorded in four positions. The tested positions included the standard prone lying (the reference position), standing on level ground; and two stability threatening positions including standing on the center and at the edge of a one-meter height stool. The outcome measures were the latency, amplitude and the amplitude needed to record the reflex. Results: No significant differences were shown in the latency of the H-reflex among the four tested positions (p>0.05). In terms of the amplitude of the reflex, however, significant differences were found between all positions when compared to the reference position (prone lying) (p=0.001). There are significant differences among all four positions in amplitude needed to record the H-reflex (p=0.034), while the Bonferoni test revealed the significant difference only between the position of standing at the edge of the height relative to the standard prone lying position (p=0.041). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that any postural perturbation results in brain activities and affects more on the amplitudes rather than the latency of the H-reflex. These findings may be helpful in a better understanding of the standing balance in healthy people and people suffering from postural instabilities, fear of falling, elderly persons and also hemiplegic patients.

Background and Aim: Researchers have already reported the hormonal responses of the effects of isolated resistance exercise or whole body vibration (WBV). However, no documents are available on the combination of the resistance exercise plus WBV on biomarkers, particularly salivary α-amylase activity as well as free testosterone to cortisol ratio (FTCR). Materials and Methods: To discover this, thirty young football players were randomly allocated into three WBV (n=10), resistance exercise (n=10), and a combination of both (n=10). The subjects took nine sessions of exercise during a three-week period. The WBV included one minute exercise followed by one minute rest for 10 minutes with 50 Hz frequency, four mm. transverse translation andin semi-squat standing condition. The resistive exercise included three-period exercises with 70% one-maximal repetition with a two-minute rest interval. The third group carried out the resistance exercise firstly and then WBV. The pre / post salivary samples were collected. Results: It showed that the concentration of the cortisol and the salivary α-amylaseactivity increased significantly. The testosterone increased among all groups following the first session, but significantly decreased at the last session. The statistical analysis showed a significant increase in cortisol concentration only in WBV group (p=0.004). Conclusion: The results confirmed that hormone secretion requires an acceptable threshold of both intensity and duration of training. In addition, secretion of the α-salivary amylase responses to various physiologic stresses immediately. In submaximal exercises, there is probably no difference among training techniques, WHB and strengthening exercises. The current study also emphasizes on salivary α-amylaseactivity immediately following physiological stresses.

Background and Aim: Hyperkyphosis can lead to reduced respiratory capacity, postural disturbance and increased risk of falling. Despite the evidences about the more postural stiffness and kyphosis in elderly compared with young subjects and despite the known role of sex hormones and menopause in lowering the bone density, there is not any study about the effect of sex on the amount of thoracic kyphosis. The objective of this study is measuring and comparing the amount of spinal thoracic kyphosis and postural stiffness between the old females and males. Methods and Materials: In this descriptive-analytical study, in 36 healthy old subjects (21female and 15 male) the amount of spinal thoracic kyphosis was measured by flexible ruler mounted between the spinous process T12 and C7 during, relaxed and erect postures. The difference of the kyphosis in relaxed and erect posture was used as an index of postural stiffness. The kyphosis and postural stiffness was compared between the females and males. Results: The average amount of kyphosis in relaxed and erect standing didn’t have statistically significant difference between females and males. The subjects in both groups could decrease theirs kyphosis in standing erect position (P=0.0001), but the amount of this decrease (postural stiffness) was not different between the females and males. Conclusion: In old women (which aren’t osteoporotic) hormonal changes due to menopause didn’t induce a statistically significant difference compared to old men in kyphosis and postural stiffness.Postural stiffness was increased by increasing the BMI that could suggest the BMI as an efficient factor in reducing the mobility of the spine.

Background and Aim: Machine-made life along with the industrialization of the societies has caused Nthe human to deal with a kind of stressful environment made up of aching sound and vibration sources. Noisiness has been one of the biggest problems of today’s world that the people are in danger of its painful effects. Auditory disorder is the most common reason for Adult Acquired Hearing Loss.As a result, protection against auditory disorders seems to be necessary. Method: In accordance with the importance of this idea, a number of researches in the field of nutrition which resulted in finding the relation between NIHL1 and vitamins1 have been carried out.Through the assessment the fact that vitamins can have both preventative and curing influence on NIHL has been evident. Furthermore, it has been discovered that the deficiency of above-mentioned instances can in a way increase the sensitivity of auditory system to noise. Result: There are various mechanisms for NIHL, and each vitamin in a way can go against the destructive affection of it (NIHL). For instance, vitamins A,C and E along with Magnesium can wipe out the free radicals produced by noise exposure. Making use of Antioxidants combinations like vitamin E can prevent auditory cells from death and Noise Induced Hearing Loss from coming about. Conclusion: Vitamin A deficiency increases the sensitivity of auditory system to noise and as a result increases the susceptibility to NIHL. Vitamin C by preventing DNA Oxidation and Lipid Peroxidation in Cochlea has preventive and therapeutic effects on NIHL. Vitamin B12, B6 Deficiency and Folic Acid by damaging Stereo Vascular increase the vulnerability to NIHl. The mechanism and how vitamins affect each of above-mentioned instances will be covered within the article in details.

Background and Aim The geriatric process consists of stages of progressive and unrevisable changes during the life.This change starts from the age of 35 to 40, but usually a person over 60 years old is considered as elderly. With regard to the geriatric physiopathology process, osteoporosis and the following bone fracture caused by a fall, is one of the most common and serious problems in elderly people. Other important factors responsible for old people`s bedridden at hospital are respectively as follow:femoral fractures, sub durra hemorrhage, and injury or damage of brain. Only after being involved in a problem or injury the elders notice the risk factors and the ways to prevent them. Therefore,the investigation and recognition of precaution measures are necessary in case of osteoporosis and falling in elder people. The primary prevention of falling in elderly people is the prevention of osteoporosis. Therefore, screening of peripheral and central bone density is necessary for those who are at risk. The present article is a review study which has been prepared by gathering and reviewing thirty articles about recognition of risk factors and preventing osteoporosis and falling down in elderly people.From review of literature it was concluded that the following measures should be taken in order to prevent the elderly people from any kind of injury: A - Identification and Assessment of elderly people with high risk exposure B - Decreasing or eliminating the risk factors by: - Body & physical exercise - Taking tablets - Appropriate diet - Multiple interventions