This is an editorial.

Tobacco use is a primary cause of many oral diseases and adverse oral conditions and it is a risk factor for oral cancer, periodontal diseases, congenital defects such as cleft lip and palate in children whose mother smokes during pregnancy. A cross sectional study was conducted among 190 adult tobacco users in Charpaterdoho Union, Madarganj Upazilla, Jamalpur District, during the period from July 2013 to December 2013 to assess the oral health status of the adult tobacco users in rural area of Bangladesh. Data were collectedby using pre tested interview administered questionnaire andto assess the oral health status intra oral examination was performed by a dental surgeon assisted by two trained and calibrated investigators. Both descriptive and inferential statistics has been used for analysis of data with the help of Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS (Version 21) software on the basis of different variables. The study result revealed that out of 190 respondents maximum 61 (32.1%) belongs to 18-28 years age group, majority 116 (61.1) % were male. Among the respondents tobacco used in different ways like cigarette, ‘Gul’, ‘Zorda’, betel leaf, ‘Sadapata’ consumption where cigarette was the commonly used form of tobacco and the least commonly used form of tobacco was betel leaf and ‘Sadapata’. In intra oral examination this study result revealed that around 50 (26%) respondents dentition condition was healthy, and 121 (63.7%) respondents had less than 25% decayed teeth, 115(60.5%) respondents had periodontitis, around less than three fourth 132 (69.5%)had gingivitis,almost all (95.3%) had dental deposition or plaque and 155 (81.6%) respond- ents had no functional prosthesis. In logistic regression analysis monthly family income level (p =.004) was significantly associated with oral health status when the adjusted with other variables (education, sex, age). Sex and age were not associated with oral health status. Exposure to tobacco is a signifi- cant, modifiable risk factor for different oral diseases, so the changing attitude can be occurred by giving adequate information and motivation to the mass people along with dental health education.

Aim and objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prognosis of pain and tenderness in endodontic treatment of deciduous teeth using LSTR 3-MixMP therapy. Materials and method: The treatment was performed on selected 60 patients of 60 teeth which were divided into two groups; Group-A(n=30) and Group-B(n=30).In group-A patients were diagnosed initial pulpitis or reversible pulpitis (vital inflamed pulp) and in group-B patients were diagnosed as non-vital necrosed pulp with or without inter-radicular lesion. In both groups carious lesion and previ- ous restorative materials were removed and the cavity was prepared in such a way which was termed as “Medication cavity”. The cavity was cleaned and dried and then LSTR 3Mix MP therapy was placed at the orifice of root canals or on the bottom of the pulp chamber and then sealed with glass-ionomer cement and further reinforced with composite resin. Resolution of clinical signs and symptoms; pain and tenderness to percussion were evaluated at one week, one month, six months and one year inter- val. Result: In all cases clinical symptoms such as pain and tenderness to percussion disappeared after treatment in both groups but group B showed better clinical success. Finally all the cases were evalu- ated as successful. Conclusion: Based on the present study it can be concluded that endodontically involved deciduous teeth in both vital (inflamed) and non-vital teeth associated with pain and tenderness were treated successfully by LSTR 3-Mix MP therapy.

Objectives: The present study was undertaken to diagnose sandfly as a vector of visceral leismaniasis by PCR in Bangladesh. Place and period of study: The study was conducted in Fulbaria Upazilla of Mymensing District during 2001-2004. Materials & Methods: The study was conducted in the department of Microbiology, National Institude of Preventive and social medicine (NIPSOM), Mohakhali, Dhaka. DNA extraction from Sand Fly: All the procedure followed for DNA extraction from Bone marrow is same for sandfly except AL buffer where instead of AL buffer ATL buffer were added. The primers used are constructed from kDNA of L. (L) donovani. DD8 strain to amplify a fragment of 354 bp in length. Results: PCR of extracted DNA from sandfly (P.argentipes) revealed 354 bp bands similar to buffy coat and bone mamow samples containing DNA of L. Donovani. This might be the first demonstration of L.donovani parasite in sand fly vector in Bangladesh. Conclusion: The present study shows that PCR is a good diagnostic tool for the demonstration of L.donovani parasite for the P.argentips sp in Bangladesh.

Objectives:The purpose of the study was to evaluate the role of high resolution ultrasonography to differentiate between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Materials & Methods:The study was conducted in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, BSMMU,Dhaka, Bangladesh, during a period of January -2010 to December - 2011. A total number of 41 patients with clinical evidence of palpable cervical lymph nodes in oral squamous cell carcinoma were evaluated with high resolution ultrasonography. To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of high resolutionultrasonography, the high resolution ultrasonography findings were compared and correlat- ed with histopathological examination after neck dissection. Results: All patients were pre-operatively examined by palpation and high resolution ultrasonography evaluation was done.Among them 41 study subjects, on high resolution ultrasonography evaluation 23(56.09%) lymph nodes were metastatic and 18(43.90%) lymph nodes were reactive. After postop- erative excisional histopathology examination 22(53.66%) lymph nodes were metastatic and 19(46.34%) lymph nodes were reactive in nature. Correlation of vascular flow pattern with histopatho- logical diagnosis showed that central flow for benign nodes, mixed & peripheral flow for malignant nodes were highly significant parameters (P<0.001). High resolution ultrasonography has specificity 78.94%, sensitivity 86.36% and diagnostic accuracy of the high resolution ultrasonography was 82.92%. Conclusion: High resolution ultrasonography can plays a definite role as an adjunct to the clinical evaluation of palpable cervical lymph nodes and proves its value as an important noninvasive investi- gation procedure for differentiating between benign and malignant cervical lymph nodes in oral squa- mous cell carcinoma.

Human resource management (HRM) is fundamental of any organization because of its utility. A cross-sectional was conducted from January to December, 2016 in two district hospitals named Gen- eral Hospital, Munshiganj and 100 Bedded District Hospital, Narsingdi with the objective to assess the status of HRM. Purposively 144 hospital staffs were selected and interviewed by using semi-struc- tured questionnaire and record review. The collected data were processed and analyzed meticulously with the help of SPSS (Version 21) software on the basis of different variables. The study revealed that the mean age was 36.6 ± 1.8 years, 71.5 % were clinical and nursing personnel, other category of respondents were support services and other personnel (22.2%), administrative personnel (6.3 %).Most (96.5 %) of the respondents were recruited by Government, after recruitment 52.1% hospital staffs mentioned scope of training facilities either work-based or instruction based exists in workplace, 63.9 % needed to be trained, 80.6% wished further career plan. Working environment found friendly by 39.6 % hospital staffs, where as average found by 50.0%. The recommendations for further improvement of HRM of their workplace was to increase training facilities by 31.9%, other recommen- dations were to increase manpower, improvement of monitoring and supervision. From this study some effort in the training, increase of manpower , performance appraisal can ensure better quality of service at district hospitals.

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissues (periodontium) which surround and support the teeth, that results in attachment loss and alveolar bone destruction leads to ultimate tooth loss. It is caused by the bacteria present in dental plaque, which is a tenacious substance that forms on teeth and gingiva just after teeth are brushed. Periodontal treatment is aimed at controlling the infection in order to stop the progression of the disease and to be able to maintain a healthy periodontium. Mechanical debridement of supragingival and subgingival biofilms, together with adequate oral hygiene measures is the standard periodontal therapy. This mechanical subgingi- val biofilm debridement consists of an initial (nonsurgical /phase I) phase involving scaling and root planing (SRP) and the elimination of plaque retentive factors, followed by a surgical phase (if needed) including the elevation of a tissue flap and bone remodeling in further stages. The adjunct use of antibiotics has proven to additionally improve the outcome of periodontal treatment. A clinical case of a 40-years-old male patient with generalized severe chronic periodontitis with localized gingival swell- ing was treated with nonsurgical (phase I) periodontal therapy that was confined to oral hygiene instruction (OHI), SRP with an adjunct antimicrobial regimen.

Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are the most important occupational health problems particularly in dentists. Technological advancements in the field of dental equipment and material- shave not fully eliminated the musculoskeletal problems of dentists. Methods: This systematic review began with a search of a range of a relevant articles from May to July 2017 in Google Scholar with the key words musculoskeletal disorders, dental practitioners, dentist, risk factors. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the manuscript a total 13 origi- nal articles were included for this review work. Results : This review work observed the highest overall prevalence of MSDs among dental practition- ers were 92% with the most prevalent regions for pain in dentists have been shown to be the neck (41-75.7%), lower back (35–73.5 %) and shoulder (29–43.3%). Different risk factors have been identi- fied, including inadequate postures, long working hours without pause, direct inspection, physical load, repetitive movements etc. Conclusion: Overall, the review emphasizes that MSDs represent a significant burden for the dental professionals. Further studies are required including large sample size to be able to reach valid conclusion and be able to generalize results.