It is an editorial

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is a common malignant tumor, carrying a poor prognosis, and despite advances in oncology, this rate has not improved significantly for decades. It has recently been evaluated that the immunologic checkpoint inhibitors become a novel promising strategic immunotherapy in the treatment of metastatic cancer. Therefore, our current review article will discuss the biological role and impact of the immune checkpoint inhibitor in HNC.

Teachers are the main elements of dental education and naturally their performance has an essential role in health service efficiency. It is a series of activities and actions that are interconnected and relate to a specific purpose in the last two decades, the importance of teaching evaluation has been emphasized in higher education. Many medical and dental schools have searched for ways to effectively and constructively evaluate performances of their faculty members. The most common sources of evaluation data have been students, peers, and teachers themselves1. Teacher evaluation is often designed to serve two purposes- to measure teacher competence and to foster professional development and growth. The goal of any effective evaluation process must be growth of good teacher2. Everyone wants to see our teachers grow and help them maximize their potential. Therefore the process is not one of “Got You” but rather one of facilitating growth. One of the qualities we need to have as educational leaders is that of humility and we should want to see our teachers succeed3. This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among the teachers of three dental colleges of Dhaka city in last one year (2010-2011). Data were collected by convenience sampling. One public dental college and two private dental colleges were chosen according to the convenience of the researcher.34 teachers participated the study 34 (n-34) by semi structured self-administered questionnaire to explore their views regarding teacher’s evaluation in undergraduate dental education. All the answers were recorded by writing and checked at the end of the interview.

The present study demonstrates that, treatment with the nhexane extract of Tinospora crispa was able to ameliorate chronic hepatotoxicity due to oxidative stress e.g. Paracetamol induced hepatotoxicity. Considering the biochemical and histological parameters together, it was observed that hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations of the n-hexane extract post treated group was increased to significant level and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration was reduced to significantly lower level compared to the paracetamol treated groups. This study suggests near normal alleviation of paracetamol induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats.

Cancer is a major cause of death throughout the world. Oral cancer is one of the six most frequently occurring cancer.1 In Bangladesh, the number of new cancer cases of whole body per year is about 200000 of which oral cancer is about 20%.2 In our neighboring country India, accounts for thirty-five percent of all newly diagnosed cancers in men. The etiology of oral cancer is well established in most instances with consumption of tobacco in any form and alcohol being the most common etiologic agents. Recently, however, exposure to the human papilloma virus has been implicated in young patients with oral carcinoma. The exact mechanism of carcinogenesis in this setting remains to be elucidated .3 Surgery is the most well established mode of initial definitive treatment for a majority of oral cancers. The factors that affect the choice of treatment are related to the tumor and the patient. Primary site, location, proximity to bone and depth of infiltration are factors, which influence particular surgical approach. Advanced reconstructive techniques that allow free transfer of soft tissue and bone improve the functional and aesthetic outcomes following major ablative surgery .Over the course of the past thirty years there has been improvement in the overall survival of patients with oral carcinoma largely due to the improved understanding of the biology of local progression, early identification and treatment of metastatic lymph nodes in the neck and employment of adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy or chemotherapy. Either the role of surgery in oral cancer has evolved with integration of multidisciplinary treatment approaches employing chemotherapy and radiotherapy sequentially or concurrently .Surgical expertise is required for rehabilitation of functional and aesthetic defects created by initial treatment of cancer. Thus, surgery and services of a surgeon remain central to the management of oral cancer.4 A cross sectional study of 31patients undergoing surgery for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma was carried out at Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery ,Dhaka Dental college & hospital from May 2016 to July2017. Here 31 patients, of them male 13 and female 18 having 31 to 80years age ranges of oral squamous cell carcinoma who underwent surgery and reconstruction were included in this study. All patients were referred to oncologist after surgery. Aim of this study was to assess the status of disease, to provide the patient surgical treatment as a first line therapy, to find out any post-operative complications.

Objectives: To test the hypothesis that there is no difference between adults with Class I crowded (CICR) and Class I normal (CIN) occlusions with respect to width of the maxillary and mandibular arches and gender comparisons Study Design: Cross sectional study. Place of study: Department of Orthodontics & Dentofacial Orthopedics of Dhaka Dental College &Hospital, Dhaka. Period of study: Two years after approve of the protocol. Sample selection: In this study, 52 pairs of study models were selected from the patients and students of the Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics Department of Dhaka Dental Collage and Hospital and were divided into two groups, 27 pair of dental casts with normal occlusion, 25 pair of dental casts with Class I crowded malocclusion including equal males and female samples. Results: The result of this study evaluated two study groups (Normal occlusion and Class I crowded). Between different arch dimension maxillary arch widths were found to have significantly smaller in Class I crowded malocclusion compared with Normal Class I occlusion. Conclusion: In conclusion, the hypothesis was partially rejected by the finding of the study.

Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma which occurs closely to the mandible has a tendency to invade mandible. An accurate preoperative evaluation of mandibular invasion is important for optimum treatment planning. Aim of this study is to determine the accuracy of CBCT in detection of mandibular invasion in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Study design: In this prospective observational study 35 patients of histologically proven squamous cell carcinoma which was close proximity to the mandible were selected. The results of preoperative CBCT scan of mandible were compared with that of post operative histopathology of bone and thus sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, positive predictive value were calculated. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of CBCT were 96%, 90.90%, 96%, 90.90%, 97.14% respectively (Chi squared with Yates correction equals 21.844 with 1 degrees of freedom, p value < o.oooo1). Conclusion: Cone beam computed tomography is a sensitive test and has an acceptable range of specificity.

Context: Problems with the fallopian tubes can lead to infertility. Disease can be defined and measured only in terms of deviation from normal structure. Detailed morphological and histological knowledge is essential for the diagnosis and management of fallopian tube disease. Objectives: To identify the outer diameter of the infundibulum and its changes with advancing age. Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive type of study. Period and place: Department of anatomy, Dhaka Medical College from July 2008 to June 2009. Materials: Present study was performed on post mortem fallopian tubes of 60 Bangladeshi female. Among them lowest age was 12 years and highest age was 50 years. Methods: Samples were divided into three differential age groups: Group A (10-13 years), Group B (14-45 years), Group C (46-50 years). All samples were studied morphologically and histologically. Results: The mean outer diameter of the infundibulum of the right and left fallopian tubes ranged from 0.80±0.01 to 1.03±0.22 mm. The difference between all the groups were statistically significant (p < 0.001). Conclusion: There was change in outer diameter of the infundibulum of fallopian tubes of left and right in relation to age.

The buccal fat pad is a special type of fat tissue, which is located anterior to the masseter muscle and deep to the buccinator muscle. It provides gliding motion between muscles, protects the neurovascular bundles from injuries and maintains facial convexity. The use of the buccal fat pad is promoted for the reconstruction of postsurgical intraoral defects in verrucous carcinoma because of its easy to harvest and rich in vascular supply. Here we present a case of 65 years old male with verrucous carcinoma of left buccal mucosa and retro molar trigone came to the Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Dhaka Dental College & Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh which was successfully managed by surgical excision of lesion and reconstruction with buccal fat pad.