An attempt was made to apply solid state fermentation for the production of single cell protein using fruit peels of Banana, orange and papaya peels respectively and their different combinations were used for optimization of single cell protein production of Aspergillus nige at different pH and incubation period. Substrate of fruit peel was used in different combination to maximize protein content in A.niger.4th combination gave the best result of maximum production of 1.352 mg/ml of protein on 8 days of incubation and at pH 7 which is directly related to maximum fungal growth.

microRNAs are small noncoding, single-stranded RNA gene product about 20-24nt long that are processed by Dicer from precursor with a characteristic hairpin secondary structure. Precise regulation of miRNAs activity during various stages of growth and in specific cell types is of central importance for normal development because miRNAs affect morphology of plants and animals by Regulation of the gene expression at the post-transcriptional level which is involved in critical developmental events. Thus, in the present study the focus is on the animal miRNAs and prediction of the miRNA target, affected proteins by miRNA and miRNA homolog of Mousegammaherpes virus68. Present analyses are based on sequence complimentaries between miRNA and mRNAs. As a result, we predicted 98 targets for 49 mature miRNA sequences and among these 58 mature miRNA sequences were already published in database. The study of affected proteins revealed that very less number of miRNAs, protein products are known and they mostly involved in diverse processes like elements of signal recognition. Homology analyses for miRNAs suggested that 17 miRNAs of Mousegammaherpes virus68 show 379 miRNA homologs for different animal species.

Sow productivity traits are very important in swine production and formulating its breeding strategies. In present study a total of 1076 records of two different genetic groups i.e. 50% (n=760) and 75% (n=712) Crossbred Large White Yorkshire (LWY) x Desi, from the year 1999 to 2008 maintained at AICRP on Pigs, Livestock Farm, JNKVV, Adhartal, Jabalpur (M.P.) were considered for the study. Least square analysis of variance was performed to study the effect of years, seasons and genetic groups on litter size and litter weights at birth and weaning ages. Least square meals of litter weights at birth were observed to be lowest (5.38+0.49) in year 1999 and highest (7.92+0.31) in year 2008 and for litter weights at weaning the lowest (46.48+7.13) in year 2004 and 67.33+6.91 in year (2003). No definite trend over the years were observed, these difference among the years could be due to difference in management practices and hygienic conditions. The genetic group-wise Least Square Means ranged from 7.10±0.31 (75% LWY) to 7.85±0.31 (50% LWY) for litter size at birth while 6.41±0.25 (75% LWY) to 6.92±0.25 (50% LWY) litter size at weaning. The h2 estimate was quite low 0.189 and 0.101 for the litter size at birth and weaning respectively. It can be concluded that 50% exotic germ plasm of LWY is more suitable in terms of sow productivity traits than 75% in tropical-hot-humid environment

Labeo bata, which belongs to the family Cyprinidae, has high economical importance and esteemed table fish worldwide. The present investigation identified six polymorphic microsatellite loci namely, Lr28, Lr29, Lr36, Lr38, Lro37 and Lro50 and two monomorphic loci Lro39 and MFW11. The observations showed that the primer from L. rohita and Cyprinus carpio, both belong to family Cyprinidae, could be used to identify microsatellite loci in L. bata. DNA sequencing of the identified microsatellite loci confirmed the presence of repeat motif.

Antibody phage technology greatly facilitates the isolation of good-quality monoclonal antibodies to virtually any target antigen. Large combinatorial phage display libraries of human antibodies are routinely being used for the identification of antibody candidates for clinical applications. However, preclinical studies in rodents would benefit from the availability of good-quality single-pot mouse synthetic naïve antibody libraries, which at present are not available. Such libraries would be particularly useful for the generation of murine antibodies against self or highly conserved antigens or in case of highly toxic or deadly pathogenic antigens which do not allow animal immunization

Nipah viruses are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes or bats and horses to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in many parts of the world. Their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses and they are designated as Biosafety level 4 pathogens. Many of the viruses are becoming resistant to some antiviral drugs e.g. Admantanes. Therefore, it is necessary to look for an alternative approach to combat the antiviral resistance. Nipah virus contains two membrane glycoproteins: the G glycoprotein, which is required for cell attachment, and the F glycoprotein, which is required for the fusion of the viral and host -cell membranes. The glycoprotein G plays an important role in the immunogenecity in the host cell. In the present work, in silico epitope prediction for glycoprotein-G in Nipah virus was carried out using variety of online tools. For B-cell epitope prediction, BCPREDS server and for the T-cell (MHC-I & MHC-II), IEDB analysis tool was used. In order to perform the docking study, top ranked predicted epitopes for the MHC class-I and MHC class-II were modeled using the Hhpred server. Subsequently, the predicted epitopes for the MHC-I and MHC-II were docked with their respective receptor using the PatchDock server. The lower energy score reveals higher binding affinity of predicted epitopes toward the receptor. It was found that the epitopes ‘QTEGVSNLV’ and ‘LMMTRLAV’ were showing highest binding affinity for the MHC-I and the epitopes ‘SRPGQSQCPRFNTCP’ and ‘GQSQCPRFNTCPEIC’ were showing highest binding affinity for the MHC-II. For the B-cell, epitope ‘TNVWTPPNPNTVYHCSAVYN’ was highest ranked epitope. These predicted epitopes might be promising vaccine candidates for Nipah virus.

The prokaryotes and eukaryotes are separated by roughly three billion years of evolution, when bacterial and eukaryote division is thought to have taken place. During this time there have been countless chances for the genes in two organisms to diverge by mutation, to change gene structure by gene fusion or fission and to acquire new genes for a function by horizontal transfer or functional displacement of one gene by another within a genome. In the present study we have compared & analyzed the metabolic pathways of A. thaliana & E.coli to understand the extant of conservation of enzymes in their metabolic pathways. Present study indicate that the A. thaliana, a flowering plant and E.col, a gram negative bacteria were found sharing significant similarity in their metabolic pathways.

Phytomedicine such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic, antifungal, antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. Reports of activity in the field of antibacterial Tea tree oil research are widely conflicting, probably owing to inter- and intra-assay variation in susceptibility testing. However, several high-quality investigations have examined the relationship between component structure and antibacterial activity and these are in close agreement. The mechanism of action of tea tree oil and three of its components, 1,8-cineole, terpinen-4-ol, and alpha terpineol, against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated. In addition, numerous research groups have sought to elucidate the antibacterial mechanisms of action of selected components of tea tree oil. These compounds represent novel leads, and future studies may allow the development of a pharmacologically acceptable antimicrobial agent or class of agents. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial activity of the oil. Specific mechanisms of antibacterial activity are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.

Target identification is the first step in the drug and vaccine discovery process , in silico subtractive genomics is widely used in this process. We used this in silico approach for identification of essential proteins in Streptococcus pyogenes strain M1, a Gram-positive bacterium, which is an important human pathogen. S. pyogenes causes wide variety of disease, including pharyngitis (streptococcal sore throat), scarlet fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, septicemia, toxic shock syndrome, necrotizing fasciitis (flesh-eating disease) and the sequelae, rheumatic fever and acute glomerulonephritis in humans. Further, using the KEGG Automatic Annotation Server, we identified six unique metabolic pathways that exist in this bacterium but not in human and some essential S. pyogenes proteins that are involved in these bacterial pathways. Analysis using CELLO, showed that essential S. pyogenes strain M1 proteins were membrane proteins and thus more amenable as drug targets. Therefore, based on identification, six drug target have been identified and their genes: SPy_1283, SPy_0890, SPy_0399, SPy_1849, SPy_1652, SPy _1233 whereas homology modeling for 6-phosphofructokinase were performed for inhibitor designing. This work has a lot of potential in research work for development of strategies for control and treatment of S.pyogenes , including targets that have been identified with this technique and various other aspects.