The present waste handling techniques in the States of India were examined. Results indicated that around 7% of waste is being composted in India at present. The cities having composting facilities have grown from 22 in the year 2008 to 115 cities at present. Also, out of the total 369 compost plant in India, 177 are in operation and 192 are at planned stage. Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average. Delhi is the largest producer of municipal solid waste in India, producing nearly 8000 metric tons of solid waste every day, which is projected to rise to 17,000-25,000 tonnes/day by the year 2021. Out of the generated waste approximately 6,500 to 7000 MT per day is collected. Approximately 650 MT per day of waste is composted and the remaining is sent to a landfill. There are four Compost plants in Delhi i.e. Okhla, Bawana, Tikri and Bhalswa. Visits to the compost plants showed that the compost plants in Delhi were operating at less than their design capacity. The quality of compost being produced at Okhla compost plant and Bawana compost plant was good and adhered to the specifications stipulated by Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB). The compost being produced at the Bhalswa and Tikri compost plants were not of the desired quality

A combination of analytical techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were employed to characterize clays from different regions from Tunisia. The X-ray diffraction studies showed that the clay samples consist predominantly of clay minerals such as kaolinite, smectite, illite and halloysite, and quartz with trace amounts of magnetite, dolomite, calcite and gypsum minerals. The thermal analysis revealed thermograms that provided valuable information on the purity of materials and the mode of the reactions of the various clay samples.

An adaptive filter is a filter containing coefficients that are updated by some type of adaptive algorithm to improve or somehow optimize the filter’s response to a desired performance criterion. Hence, the process not only examines new filter coefficient values, but also retains the advances made in previous "generations". Computer simulations of the algorithm's performances are presented

This paper focuses on the University exam van routing, a biggest problem during exam times for universities in India. There are so many colleges affiliated to a given university in various cities apart from each other. So, university send a number of vans for the exam paper distribution tasks. Every day before every exam university vans have to cover all the colleges while distributing the question papers as well as collecting the answer sheets from there. These vans are distributing papers to various colleges in their respective routes. It may happen that the route followed by the driver is longer than the optimal route or two vans met at the same college. And the van is also having capacity constraints. In this paper we create a simulation of conceptual world in which university is centrally localized and all the colleges are randomly placed apart from each other. The suggested procedure for solving this problem is ACO met heuristic. The main objective of this paper is to minimize the number of vans required to complete the same task and to find the best optimal route for every van. Further we reorder the nodes to create a dynamic scenario of our problem and again calculate the best optimal path using ACO approach.

The increasing demand for cellular communications leads to the development of Long Term Evolution (LTE). LTE is the evolution for existing 3G mobile networks which offers higher capacity, efficient utilization of radio resources, lower latency. As a core functionality of LTE downlink radio resource management, packet scheduling algorithms plays a vital role. Maximum SNR( Max SNR), Round Robin, Proportional Fair are the conventional scheduling algorithms. The main contribution of Max SNR is towards maximizing system throughput. Round Robin and Proportional algorithms tries to please the fairness among the users. In this paper two new scheduling Algorithms has been proposed in order to give higher capacity than Round Robin and higher fairness than Max SNR.

Wireless sensor networks are becoming increasingly important in recent years due to their ability to detect and convey real-time information for many civilian and military applications. Wireless sensor network deployed thousand of nodes in not easily accessible places that operate with batteries. It can be difficult or impossible to replace or recharge the batteries of the sensor nodes. So to maximize the network lifetime has become a big challenge in the Wireless network. This paper presents a brief survey on various techniques employed for maximizing network lifetime of a wireless sensor networks. We also address some other challenges related to network lifetime of wireless sensor networks that need to be considered in future designs.

In this paper there is a study of multiple linear regression analysis (MLR) to develop a regression equation for prediction of IC50 values of cephalosporin derivatives. IC50 values are considered in their –log IC50 i.e. pIC50 terms. MLR is applied in stepwise regression analysis by means of forward selection method. 22 compounds of cephalosporin were selected for present study. 3D structures of these compounds were prepared with the help of chemsketch and saved as a mol file. Various indices like winer, detour, randic, harary, balban, schultz molecular topological indices, topological distance indices T(N-N), T(N-S), T(N-O), 3D Morse indices, Sum of Keir-Hall electro topological state (Ss), various combinations of 3D Morse and Keir Hall topological state, (NS)X, αXX were calculated with the help of Dragon software. The IC50 values in terms of pIC50 were collected from literature. Then a stepwise regression analysis between pIC50 and selected indices was carried out by Microsoft excel software. A multiple linear regression equation was developed. There occurs strong correlation (R2 = 0.642, pearson product moment correlation coefficient, r2 = 0.801) between observed and predicted values of pIC50 by developed regression equation. The developed equation/ model can be employed for suggesting some other cephalosporin molecules with improved IC50 which can be proposed for further practical study/ verification.

The present work focuses on the ultrasonic pulse velocity of crushing sand –lime-cement-phosphogypsum building bricks produced under a static compaction of 20MPa. It is observed that these bricks have sufficient Ultrasonic pulse velocity Tests were also conducted to study the relationship between ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) with strength of bricks.. The results suggest that compressive and flexural strength values may approximately be determined without a destructive testing by using the non-destructive UPV measurements.

The probability of a transmitted bit error is generally termed as BER. It is calculated by the ratio of incorrectly transmitted bits to total transmitted bits. Regardless of the data destination, an optical transport system (OTS) must provide the predefined bit-error rate (BER) performance. Optical data links also face a tradeoff between optical power and unrepeated distance. Although bit error rates are typically on the order of 10-6 to 10-9at 155 Mb/s, this is adequate for some applications such as voice and video transmission; recent experiments have shown that error rates as low as 10-l2 can be obtained at 200 Mb/s using different protocols on free-space optical links. This paper provides enough background material for calculating the bit-error rate (BER) of coherent light wave systems. However, the BER, and hence the receiver sensitivity, depend on the modulation format as well as on the demodulation scheme used by the coherent receiver. This paper explains each system separately.

With the advancement of MOS devices over 40 years ago, SiO2 has been used as an efficient gate dielectric. The need for increased speed at constant power density has led to shrinking of MOSFET dimensions and as per scaling rules; the oxide thickness is also reduced in step. With scaling reaching sub nanometer technology nodes, the introduction of novel materials became inevitable as scaling of SiO2 raises a serious concern in terms of tunneling current and oxide breakdown. High-k gate technology is emerging as a strong alternative for replacing the conventional SiO2 dielectrics gates in scaled MOSFETs for both high performance and low power applications. High-k oxides offer a solution to leakage problems that occur as gate oxide thickness’ are scaled down. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the SiO2 with a thicker layer of higher dielectric constant. Considering scaling issues various criteria of selection of dielectric and detailed study of various dielectrics are studied in this paper. Since high-k dielectric is not as favorable as the native oxide (SiO2) some factors need to be considered while replacing SiO2 by other dielectric materials.

Ontology is important concept for software engineering to formally represent knowledge in a way software can process the knowledge and reason about it. The software engineering ontology assists in defining information for the exchange of semantic project information framework. This paper gives an analysis of what software engineering ontology model is, what it consists of and what it is used for in the form of usage example scenarios. The usage scenarios presented in the paper highlight characteristics of the software engineering ontology model and design in UML. The software engineering ontology assists in defining information for the exchange of semantic project information and is used as a communication framework. Its end users are software engineers sharing domain knowledge as well as instance knowledge of software engineering.

Phosphogypsum (calcium sulfate) is a naturally occurring part of the process of creating phosphoric acid (H3PO4), an essential component of many modern fertilizers. For every tonne of phosphoric acid made, from the reaction of phosphate rock with acid, commonly sulfuric acid, about 3 t of phosphogypsum are created. There are three options for managing phosphogypsum: (i) disposal or dumping, (ii) stacking, (iii) use-in, for example, agriculture, construction, or landfill.The need to reduce solid waste volume has caused scientists to invent new construction materials produced using waste materials. In this study, phosphogypsum (PG) from Tunisia, crushing sand (CS), natural hydraulic lime (NHL), cement (C) and water are used in solid bricks production. phosphogypsum, crushing sand, natural hydraulic lime and cement were mixed, humidified, compacted and cured for periods of 28, 56 and 90 days. The compressive strength, density, water absorption, saturation coefficient and leaching test of the bricks were measured.The obtained results showed that CS-NHL-C-PG bricks are found to be conforming to physical requirements of clay or shale building brick grade SW (severe weathering), bricks intended for use when high and uniform resistance to damage caused by cyclic freezing is desired and where the brick may be frozen when saturated with water. Therefore, CS-NHL-C-PG bricks can replace the clay or shale brick grade SW

Enterprise resource planning is one of the major set of modules of enterprise systems being implemented in various organizations across the globe. It seeks to standardize, streamline, and integrate the various operations and information flows in a company by synergizing its resources, that is, men, material, money, and machinery, through IT. ERP is one of the most advanced business management applications available in the market today and supports most of the business processes of manufacturing as well as service companies in a wide variety of industries. Today, almost every large company is standardizing its business processes on ERP systems. ERP automates the tasks involved in performing a business process-such as order fulfilment, which involves taking an order from a customer, shipping it, and billing for it. It is the solution for the better project management. Expert Systems are computer systems or programs that use artificial intelligence techniques to solve problems that ordinarily require a knowledgeable human. The method used to construct such systems, knowledge engineering, extracts a set of rules and data from an expert or several experts through extensive questioning. Expert systems imitate human experts in many different fields of expertise. Such systems contain rules that help a common individual answer expert question. Expert systems are designed to be ‘expert’ only in a very narrow and specific task or subject field. They contain the acquired expert knowledge and try to imitate the expert’s evaluation processes to offer a conclusion.

In real life systems, the information may be inaccurate or might have linguistic representation. In such cases the estimation of precise values of probability becomes very difficult. In order to handle this situation, triangular fuzzy approach is used to evaluate the failure rate status. In this paper we introduced triangular fuzzy fault tree analysis for evaluating failure range of the refrigeration cycle system.