Objective: Psychological wellbeing and ego-resiliency are highly affected in a chronic disease like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), where psychological interventions are considered as an option. The present study, therefore, aimed to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) on psychological wellbeing and ego-resiliency of T2DM in Sabzevar, Iran.

Simultaneous treatment with metformin and sitagliptin had no effect on insulin resistance proteins Akt and GLUT4 in type 2 diabetic adipose tissue.

Objective: Due to the lack of information about the positive or negative effects of L-carnitine, chromium, vitamin D, and the uptake of a safe dietary supplement to reduce the effects of diabetes, it seems essential to determine the effects of these drugs on diabetes. Materials and Methods: Wistar rats were divided into 12 groups, control, diabetic, and intact, each of which was treated with metformin, L-carnitine, vitamin D, and chromium or a combination of L-carnitine, vitamin D, and chromium. The serum levels of liver function parameters, iron, TIBC, Catalase and GPX activities were measured. Data were statistically analyzed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS 18 software. Statistical significance among the groups was determined using LSD test, and P-value< 0.05 was considered significant in all cases. Results: AST activity in diabetic groups and those receiving chromium and L-carnitine has significantly reduced (P-value= 0.009). A significant reduction in ALT and ALP activity in the diabetic groups receiving vitamin D and combined and non-diabetic groups receiving metformin were observed, in contrast to a significant increase in ALT activity in diabetic recipients of L-carnitine (P-value= 0.009). Conclusion: L-carnitine, chromium, and vitamin D supplements have synergistic effects and a combination of them has the best protective effect on factors that have been studied.

Objective: Obesity is one of the major public health problems in Turkey and worldwide. This study was conducted to determine the trends of the obesity prevalence in Turkey from 2008 to 2016 by analysing sociodemographic data. Materials and Methods: This study was cross-sectional. Analysis was performed based on 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 data from Health Survey by Turkish Statistical Institute. Of the 128484 individuals who participated in Turkish Health Research, the body mass index (BMI) of 87205 individuals with aged 15 and older has been calculated. Categorical variables were represented as frequency (%) and continuous variables were represented as mean (±standard deviation) within parentheses. The data were analyzed with SPSS 20 software. Results: Our findings showed that 16.2% of the individuals 15 years and over was obese (18.7% among women and 13.5% among men P-value< 0.001) in 2008, and the prevalence increased to 22 % in 2016 (26% among women and 17% among men P-value< 0.001). The ratios of obesity were higher among the individuals having a low education (P-value< 0.001) and income level (P-value< 0.001; between 2010-2016) compared to other groups. Conclusion: Our study demonstrated alarming rates of obesity, particularly among women, among the population 55 to 64 years of age regardless of gender, which was closely associated with low education and income levels. It is crucial to gain healthy lifestyle behaviors within the society and implement strategies and policies for diverse risk groups.

Objective: The study assessed the knowledge, attitude and management practices of diabetes patients attending medical out- patient department in Federal Capital Territory Abuja. Materials and Methods: A total of 120 randomly selected respondents between 18 - 65 years were assessed using standard methods in a cross-sectional survey involving the use of validated semi-structured questionnaires. Results: The findings revealed that 60% of patients were without health insurance despite the fact that they are educated; 53% have been diagnosed and began their treatment between 2 and 5 years. For the knowledge indicators, 50% of the patients know two types of diabetes, 35% were able to list two types of diabetes while 56.70% could not list any type of diabetes. Attitude assessment among the diabetic patients revealed that 79.17%, 62.50%, 68.33% and 51.67% visit a physician; do monitor their blood glucose, have altered their eating habit and agreed that sedentary lifestyle is not good respectively; 41.67% of the respondents read health materials. In the area of lifestyle, changes made by the diabetic patients include check-up (3.33%), diet (18.33%) and exercise (20.00); 40.00% and 14.17% made a combination of two and three lifestyle changes respectively. Majority of the respondents do have their blood glucose level checked monthly. Conclusion: Based on the research findings, the diabetic patients’ knowledge, attitude and dietary practices are contributing factors to their high fasting blood glucose and poor nutrition status.

Objective: Appetite regulation has a great impact on energy homeostasis. This study aimed to compare the response agouti-related protein (AGRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) to a single high intensity interval training (HIIT) in obese and underweight men. Materials and Methods: This semi-experimental research conducted on 40 obese and underweight men who were divided into four groups including experimental groups (10 obese, and 10 underweight men) and control groups (10 obese, and 10 underweight controls). Both groups were evaluated by biochemical measurements in two stages of pre-test and post-test. HIIT was carried out to the experimental groups during one session. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and T-test using SPSS 21 software. Results: NPY levels showed a significant difference in pre and post-test in both experimental groups, NPY increased 6.14% in obese men and 25.50% in underweight men, which was significant in both obese (P-value= 0.002) and underweight (P-value= 0.007) groups. In addition, AGRP levels increased 1.91% in obese men and 6.65% in underweight men, although this was not significant (P-value= 0.098). However, no significant differences were observed among groups in the levels of NPY and AGRP (P-value= 0.114). Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that HIIT can increase the amount of AGRP and NPY in obese and underweight men. Therefore, appetite neuropeptides increase after a training session, which should be considered in the balance of energy and food intake after exercise.

Edema is a rare complication induced by insulin therapy, which is mostly developed after initiation or intensification of insulin treatment in diabetic patients. Edema can either be localized or generalized. Our patient was a 34-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes. She was under treatment with oral agents medication, but recently insulin therapy was initiated for her due to inability to control her hyperglycemia and development of diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient referred while suffering from bilateral lower extremity edema. During follow-up, her edema resolved spontaneously without any specific treatments. In this patient, the diagnosis of edema was based on ruling out other causes, along with more accurate blood glucose control during diabetic ketoacidosis process and spontaneous recovery. Based on our finding, it can be concluded that insulin-induced edema is not a worrisome problem and in most cases, its symptoms resolve without treatment and through restricting the consumption of water and salt.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver is known in the general public as an epidemic disease. The purpose of this mini-review was to determine a link between physical education (PA) and the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) determine the influence of an exercise method (volume and kind of exercise) on being health outcome. Body mass index (BMI) was the good criteria for classifying obesity. It is ranges from underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) to severe or unhealthy obesity (=40 kg/m2). Most time exercise was sufficient to reduce advanced fibrosis in almost 50% including moderated aerobic exercise for 2.5–5 hours a week, or 1–2.5 hours a week on vigorous intense exercise. Different intensities of physical activity is affected on fatty liver factors and volume and exercise method stimulate improvements in related health outcome measures in obese people. Prolonged inactivity time was increased the prevalence of NAFLD. The final results were shown the influence of PA at different intensities and volume on NAFLD. Then a healthy lifestyle can improve the quality of life and physical health.

Edema is a rare complication induced by insulin therapy, which is mostly developed after initiation or intensification of insulin treatment in diabetic patients. Edema can either be localized or generalized. Our patient was a 34-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes. She was under treatment with oral agents medication, but recently insulin therapy was initiated for her due to inability to control her hyperglycemia and development of diabetic ketoacidosis. The patient referred while suffering from bilateral lower extremity edema. During follow-up, her edema resolved spontaneously without any specific treatments. In this patient, the diagnosis of edema was based on ruling out other causes, along with more accurate blood glucose control during diabetic ketoacidosis process and spontaneous recovery. Based on our finding, it can be concluded that insulin-induced edema is not a worrisome problem and in most cases, its symptoms resolve without treatment and through restricting the consumption of water and salt.