Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of six weeks of endurance training on the expression of autophagy-related genes (Beclin-1, ULK-1) in the heart tissue (Myocardium) of rats with diabetes.

Objective: Introduction: Diabetes is a chronic disease that engages affected person for long time and endangers mental health of affected persons. Purpose of this paper is examining the effect of training courses of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on resilience of women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Yazd City. Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study with two groups of experiment and control. In order to admit and reject the hypotheses, a resilience questionnaire has been used. Sample size was 30 females in 30-60 years old with T2DM that have participated in this research as available and they have been set in two groups. To analyze the data, SPSS version 16 and multivariate analysis of covariance statistical test have been used. Results: Findings showed a significant increase in experimental group in resilience scale in the post-test (P= 0.01). In quarterly follow-up step, this effect was persistent too (P< 0.05). Conclusion: Course of ACT can cause increasing resilience in T2DM women in Yazd City. So it can be used as an effective intervention.

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenism marked with hirsutism and ovarian dysfunction. These conditions may lead to the risk of insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. These conditions are related to PCOS complications hence our aim was to study and investigate the relationship between high-sensitivity C - reactive protein (hs-CPR) level and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level in PCOS patients. Materials and Methods: Female patients visiting the obstetrics and gynecology outpatient department (OPD), aged between 19 and 45 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25 to 29 kg/m2. The individuals fulfilling the National Institute of Health (NIH) criteria for PCOS; including amenorrhea or oligomenorrhea and had been clinically diagnosed with hyperandrogenism were served as subjects. Results: Two hundred and ten individuals with HbA1c of 5.4% have a higher risk of cardiovascular disorders. The study showed the association between increased cardiac risk as measured by hs-CRP and patients with normal HbA1c values with a sensitivity of 77.2% and specificity of 75.99%. The HbA1c cutoff value can be used in the PCOS patients to assess the cardiac risk due to association of HbA1c cut off value with false positivity rate of 15.24%. Conclusion: In PCOS patients with chronic low-grade inflammation, IR, and the degree of inflammation associated with HbA1c value was observed.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by insulin resistance and insulin secretory defect. Deficiency of cellular immunity is known as one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of T2DM. lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase( LCK) is an important gene involved in the intracellular signaling pathways of lymphocytes. This study aimed at determining and comparing LCK gene expression levels in diabetic patients compared with the healthy controls. Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, 60 people, including 30 T2DM and 30 healthy people were included. The expression levels of the LCK gene were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction and the obtained data were analyzed by T-test in GraphPad Prism6 software. Results: The expression level of the LCK gene was increased in diabetic samples compared with the healthy samples (P= 0.0001). Conclusion: The results suggested that changes in the expression levels of LCK gene can play a role in the pathogenesis of T2DM.

Objective: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of the most common chronic diseases. The CYP450 plays an important role in the biosynthesis of steroid hormones and the hormonal activity is mediated by the androgen receptor (AR) and the enzyme 5-alpha reductase (5aR). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between these factors in T2DM. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was performed with 60 volunteers, including 30 diabetics and 30 healthy individuals. Demographic information of individuals was recorded and levels of CYP450, 5aR, and AR were measured in serum by ELISA. Data were analyzed by SPSS v.26 version and the significance level was less than 5%. Results: There were no significant difference between diabetics and healthy individuals in gender (P= 1), body mass index (P= 0.199), diastolic pressure(P= 0.466), uric acid(P= 0.202), creatinine(P= 0.627), low-density lipoprotein (P= 0.572), high-density lipoprotein(P=0.692); But there was a significant difference in systolic pressure(P= 0.034), triglyceride(P= 0.0001), and insulin(P= 0.003), between diabetics and healthy individuals. The distribution of CYP450, 5aR and AR in two groups shows that the level of all three factors is higher in diabetic people (P= 0.0001). Also, glycosylated hemoglobin and insulin have a direct relationship with CYP450 (P= 0.0001, R=0.494; P= 0.043, R=0.263), 5aR (P= 0.0001, R=0.808; P= 0.016, R=0.309) and with AR (P= 0.0001, R=0.836; P= 0.011, R=0.326). Conclusion: These results showed that there was a relationship between the levels of CYP450, 5aR, and ARs with T2DM which may explain hormonal changes in diabetic people and the different responses to treatment.

Objective: In obese children, there is a greater likelihood that they will become obese adults, and they will have negative physical and psychological outcomes. The aim of this study was to determine the mediating role of parental nutritional style in the relationship between parental coping styles and childhood obesity.

Objective: High-fat diet (HFD) rises the susceptibility of both obesity and consequently Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD). We designed a study to investigate the improving effects of herbal extract (HE, the combination of turmeric, ginger, boswellia, and cat’s claw extract) on the risk of high AGEs-fat diet 60% (HFD) mice induced colitis and obesity. Materials and Methods: Four-week-old C57BL/6 male mice after 2 weeks adaptation with normal diet were fed with either HFD or normal diets. After 6 weeks of being on diet, animals received HE for 16 weeks. Obesity index markers were determined as well as histological studies using H&E (Hematoxylin-eosin) staining. Colonic expression of IL-1ß was determined. Data analysis was performed by utilizing Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test for post-hoc comparisons, and SPSS (version 17.0) and GraphPad Prism Software (Version 8.0, USA). Results: HE decreased histological scores (by 6-fold) in HFD diet-fed mice, and reduced myeloperoxidase activity (by 2.2-fold), and ratio of colon weight to length (by 4-fold) in HFD diet-fed mice. Moreover, HE prevented intestinal permeability through the restoration of ZO-1 (by 4-fold) and immune homeostasis by modulation of IL-1ß (by 2.4-fold) expression. Conclusion: HFD induced obesity-associated colitis. HE decreased the colitis symptoms in HFD diet-fed mice, with the reduction of inflammation.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of motivational interviewing based on the ability, information, and motivation (AIM) model on adherence to treatment and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in female patients with type 2 diabetes. Materials and Methods: In this randomized controlled clinical trial 60 women with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from the 73 patients who referred to the endocrinology department of Imam Hossein Hospital in Tehran province from December 2018 to April 2019. The experimental group (n= 30) was treated with family empowerment therapy based on self-compassion for eight weekly 90-minute sessions while the control group (n= 30) received the usual hospital treatments. Data collection instrument was Morisky medication adherence scale and HbA1c measurements in three phases. Multivariate repeated measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. Data analysis was carried out using SPSS-21 software package. Results: The findings showed that the mean score of adherence to treatment in the group treated with motivational interviewing based on the AIM model was significantly higher than that of the control group (P= 0.001). In addition, women with diabetes in the experimental group had a significantly lower mean HbA1c score compared to the control group (P= 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that motivational interviewing based on the AIM model can be effective in improving adherence to treatment and reducing HbA1c in women with type 2 diabetes.

Given the prevalence of diabetes and the increasing number of diabetics, it is essential to find medicines to decrease the chronic complications of diabetes. Several studies have demonstrated that chronic hyperglycemia and its complications are directly related to protein glycation. Thus, identifying natural inhibitors to stop glycation of proteins may play a crucial role in managing the chronic complications of diabetes. Currently, various natural and synthetic compounds with anti-glycation attributes have been reported. The use of natural compounds in herbs (medicinal and non-medicinal) may be of particular importance due to fewer side effects and a wide range of therapeutic properties. Accordingly, this mini-review provides a list of common natural medicines and synthetic compounds with anti-glycation activity. As well, it provides brief information on the formation of advanced glycosylated end products (AGEs), their side effects, and glycation prevention mechanisms.